No Home for Syrians: Re1lections from Turkey
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1 No Home for Syrians: Re1lections from Turkey Secil E. Ertorer, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Sociology & Centre for Refugee Studies York University Pathways to Prosperity 2015 National Conference, November 30, 2015
2 Syrian Refugees in Numbers 2
3 Major source countries of refugees Syria is the top source country of refugees Largest displaced popula5on worldwide 1 in 4 refugees is Syrian Source: UNHCR Global Trends 2014: World At War
4 Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries Egypt 3% Iraq 6% Jordan 15% Lebanon 25% Turkey 51% Kilis Turkey 2m Lebanon 1m Jordan 630k Iraq 245k Egypt 128k Turkey Lebanon Jordan Iraq Egypt Source: UNHCR, November
5 Syrian Refugees in Turkey 5
6 Arriving Turkey Open border policy (?) Wait times vary Human smugglers Passport High cost Long processing time If you have a Free Syrian Army ID, they would let you cross the border without checking your bags or anything (Yasir, 25) 6
7 Legal status Guests (2011) Law on Foreigners and International Protection (2014) Temporary protection Mass migration 7
8 Application for asylum ASAM - UNHCR partner min. 2 years 8
9 Lost generation 149k was born in Turkey 400k out of school Stateless, uneducated children Source: Ministry of Health, November 2015 Ministry of Education, November 2015
10 Syrians in Turkey 1) Camp refugees (13%) 2) Urban refugees (87%) 3) Refugees in Transit 10
11 Camp Refugees 11
12 Camp refugees 25 refugee camps in 11 cities 6 container,19 tent cities refugees Source: AFAD, November, 2015
13 Urban Refugees (1.7 million) Observations in Ankara 13
14 Housing No housing allowance Homeless refugees Önder district, Ankara Industrial area Urban transformation project 14
15 15
16 Households 2-3 families Basic furniture 16
17 Survival Informal labour market Begging Help of neighbours Starvation Prostitution Child marriage 17
18 Employment Cheap labour, child labour Main sectors: Construction, agriculture, manufacturing hours a day/ 6 to 7 days a week I am paid 40 tl per day and consider myself one of the luckiest. I get exhausted everyday, working 12 hours, carrying heavy loads (Amed, 32) 18
19 Social assistance No systematic assistance by local or national authorities 19
20 Schooling Access to education 20% attended school in 2014 Limited access to information and registration 20
21 Health care Access to basic health care Limited access to information and registration 21
22 Social integration Host society: o Social tensions o Myths about government spendings o Cheap labour à unemployment among host population à hostility against Syrians Administrative: o Lack of integration programs (employment, housing, language courses, etc.) 22
23 Transit Refugees Observations in Izmir 23
24 Gate to Europe ~6.7km Chios ~5.2km Kos 24
25 Basmane district Point of arrival & departure 25
26 Streets of Basmane Hotel district no vacancy, not affordable for many Need money for smugglers 26
27 Streets of Basmane 27
28 Sanitation 28
29 Stores Life-jacket & rubber ring capital 29
30 Packing for Europe Life jacket A change of clothes Lemon/sea-sickness tablets Passports, IDs, documents Laser pen Bandages Dates We have a reality that s forced upon us (Ali, 19) 30
31 Passage? to Europe Human smugglers They take their money, put them on boats, and send them to death (Cem, activist, 52) Died/killed: 3K (in 2015) People reached the European destination: over 300K 31
32 Conclusion - Main issues No realistic future in Turkey o Legal refugee status o Uncertainty and mistrust o Employment o Schooling o Housing o Social assistance o Social tensions in the society Nobody would like to stay here under these conditions because legally, you are a nobody. Fathi, 32 Risk lives to build a new life in Europe 32
33 Recommendations Urban refugees o Rights and status o Measures for integration (housing, health and employment) Refugees in transit o Abolish reliance on illegal means o Safe passage - URGENT! o Increased regional policy and protection International community o Financial support to host countries o Policies for welcoming Syrians and save lives 33
34 QUESTIONS& COMMENTS: Victoria Esses and Jean McRae, Pathways to Prosperity York University & SSHRC (research funding) Research participants, assistants, interpreters. All of you for being here today. 34
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