New Immigrants. Chapter 15 Section 1 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century Riddlebarger
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1 New Immigrants Chapter 15 Section 1 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century Riddlebarger
2 Changing Patterns of Immigration
3 Why did they come? A. Personal freedom B. Religious persecution C. Political turmoil D. Escape poverty/starvation E. Economic Opportunity
4 The Old Immigrants US has been called a nation of immigrants as all of our (non-native American) ancestors came to the US as immigrants. A : 10 million arrivals a. Old Immigrants b. Mostly from Northern and Western Europe c. Protestant Christians d. Culture is fairly similar to those already here
5 Many (Europeans) were attracted by the cheap/easy access of open farming land in the US non-european Immigrants 25,000 Chinese in 1840 s-50 s California Gold Rush Later, more Chinese come as railroad labor Transcontinental Railroad 1880 s immigration laws reduce Chinese arrivals Still around 90,000 Chinese in US by 1900
6 The New Immigrants 18 million arrivals between A. Place of origin a. Many from Southern or Eastern Europe b. Many are not Protestant Christians i. Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christians or Jews c. Other points of origin i. Arab, Armenian and French Canadian arrivals ii. East Asians in smaller numbers 1. Japanese in 1880 s a. 1st on sugar plantation in Hawaii then many come to mainland d. Dramatic change in make-up of US population (diversity) i. By 1910, 1 in 12 were foreign born
7 How did the new immigrants differ from the old?
8 Old and New Immigrants Old Arrived before 1880 From Northern and Western Europe Mainy Protestant Christian Culturally similar to original settlers Settled in rural and urban locations (why?) New Arrived From Southern and Eastern Europe Catholics, Jews & Orthodox Christians Often culturally different from original settlers Mostly settled in urban areas (why?)
9 Coming to America There were probably as many reasons for coming to America as there were people who came. - John F. Kennedy A Nation of Immigrants
10 Desire for a better life Leaving one s homeland is usually not an easy decision- separation from loved ones and a cultural that you know A. Varied reasons for leaving a. Russian Jews fled religious persecution i. Pogroms b. Southern & Eastern Europeans flee poverty and lack of opportunity i. Rising European population with jobs and land scarce c. US seen as land of opportunity i. Work hard, save money = prosperity
11 The Journey to America A. Family decision a. Often, all would be involved b. Father, or eldest son, usually came first i. Work and save money to pay for passage of remaining family c. Travels to port cities via train, wagon or on foot i. May have to wait weeks for a departing ship B restrictions a. Changes force immigrants to gain approval from steamship authorities before boarding i. ID, $30, background (prison, poorhouse, mental institution?) ii. Medical exam & vaccinations C. Travel a. Most in steerage (bottom of ship) i. Crowded and unsanitary b. Pass through immigration station upon arrival
12 1911 Government Report: The ventilation is almost always inadequate and the air soon becomes foul. The unattended vomit of the seasick, the odors of the not too clean bodies, the reek of food and the awful stench of the nearby toilet rooms make the atmosphere of the steerage such that it is a marvel that human flesh can endure it All of these conditions are naturally aggravated by the crowding.
13 Well, I came to America because I heard the streets were paved with gold. When I got here, I found out three things: first, the streets weren t paved with gold; second, they weren t paved at all; and third, I was expected to pave them. Old Italian story
14 Ellis Island A Immigration station opened in New York harbor a. 112 million pass through in the next 62 years B. Inspection upon arrival a. 1st or 2nd Class passengers inspected on board ship b. Steerage passengers went through checkpoint on Ellis Island c. Could take up to 5 hours (fail and you are deported) d. Doctors look for disease or disability C. Quarantine a. Some held for weeks or longer before being allowed to enter (20% in peak years) b. 5 of 6 detainees eventually get cleared D. Clearance a. New arrivals begin new life either on own or meet family
15 Russian Jewish immigrant upon arrival in 1910 meeting her father for the first time I saw a man coming forward and he was so beautiful I didn t know he was my father...later on I realized why he looked so familiar to me. He looked exactly like I did...but that s when I met him for the first time. And I fell in love with him and he with me.
16 Angel Island A. West Coast arrivals after 1910 enter through center in San Francisco Bay a. Some pass through quickly b. Chinese immigrants often detained for weeks, or months, awaiting entry B. Prison-like conditions for detainees a. Locked in barracks and supervised when allowed outside C. For those allowed to enter, more hard times await a. Poverty and discrimination face many new arrivals
17 Anonymous Chinese immigrant: Imprisoned in the wooden building day after day, My freedom withheld; how can I bear to talk about it? I look to see who is happy but they only sit quietly. I am anxious and depressed and cannot fall asleep After experiencing such loneliness and sorrow, Why not just return home and learn to plow the field?
18 Building Urban Communities A. Many find a better life than that which they left a. Still experience hardships i. Crowded cities ii. Low-paying, unskilled jobs iii. Results in poor housing- slums B. Where they settle a. Generally, near others from their homeland b. Common language and culture helped adaptation to new life c. Cities become patchwork of ethnic clusters i. Work to keep cultures alive 1. Religion C. Benevolent Societies a. Work to help immigrants through hard times b. Various aid offered
19 New York City, 2007
20 How did Ellis Island and Angel Island differ?
21 Nativist Response
22 Immigrants seen as strengthening American economy by keeping factories running and building up American cities May native-born Americans see them as a threat Too different to fit in Blamed for crime, poverty and violence Nativists also saw them as bad for the economy Worked for lower wages Causes job loss for others and lower wages for all Oppose further immigration & want government restrictions
23 Limiting Chinese Immigration A. Chinese tolerated but not welcomed for many years B. Faltering economy (1873) & resulting job loss is blamed on Chinese C. The Chinese Must Go gains support in California a. State laws take away Chinese rights D. Congress passes Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) a. Bans Chinese immigration for 10 years b. No Chinese already here can become citizens i. Law was renewed in 1892 ii. 1902: Ban on Chinese immigration indefinitely c. 1st law passed explicitly based on race/ethnicity
24 Limiting Japanese Immigration A. West Coast nativists also resent Japanese B. Results in San Francisco school segregation in 1906 a. Japanese kids must attend separate school from white kids C. Japanese government angrily protests D. Gentleman s Agreement (1907) a. President Theodore Roosevelt b. Japan stops sending unskilled labor to US in return for San Francisco ending school segregation
25 Deterring other immigrants A. Some want to ban Southern & Eastern European arrivals a. Claim they can t blend in here i. Poor, illiterate, non-protestant B. Demands for Literacy Test requirement a. An exam to determine whether they could read English C. Passed in 1917 over President Wilson s veto D. Others are not so hostile a. Would rather teach newcomers to help assimilate them
26 Why did Nativists oppose immigration?
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