Introduction. The Security Council. The situation in South Sudan. Student Officer: Mila Escajadillo. Deputy President of the Security Council

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1 Forum: Issue: The Security Council The situation in South Sudan Student Officer: Mila Escajadillo Position: Deputy President of the Security Council Introduction South Sudan, one of the world s youngest nations, is a country in Africa bordered by Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. Since its separation from Sudan in 2011, South Sudan has faced ethnic tensions within the nation that have killed and displaced many civilians. In order to build sustainable peace in the nation, it is critical to build a solid legal foundation in South Sudan. Because South Sudan only gained independence in 2011, its constitution and government Caption # 1: Map of South Sudan set-up are not yet well established. Without this, it is impossible for South Sudan s government to ensure the rights of its people and appropriately represent them. Another critical issue is that of providing humanitarian aid to the people who have been affected by these conflicts. Because many affected people are located in remote areas of South Sudan, most of the aid that is sent to them does not reach them, or is not distributed effectively. Unfortunately, this means that the people who need the aid the most are unable to obtain it. MYMUN Research Report Page 1 of 8

2 Definition of Key Terms Dinka One of the 60 ethnic groups in South Sudan. The Dinka compose about 35.8% of South Sudan s population of 11.5 million. Their cultural practices and heritage are closely related to those of the Nuer; it is believed that these tribes split because of conflicts over cattle. Salva Kiir, South Sudan s president, is of Dinka ethnicity. Nuer Another ethnic group in South Sudan, comprising about 15.6% of the population. They are very similar to the Dinka in appearance, language and customs. The former vice president of South Sudan, Riek Machar, is of Nuer ethnicity. Sudan s People s Liberation Movement (SPLM) Originally a rebel force in the south, the SPLM is now working with the United Nations to maintain peace in South Sudan. The Sudan s People s Liberation Army (SPLA) is an army under the SPLM, and is currently South Sudan s presidential guard. It should be noted that SPLM and SPLA are often used interchangeably. United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) A peacekeeping mission from the United Nations set up in 2011 by Security Council Resolution Its objective is to consolidate peace and security, and help establish conditions for development in the Republic of South Sudan, with a view to strengthening the capacity of the Government of South Sudan to govern effectively and democratically and establish good relations with its neighbours. As of December 2014, it is composed of 11,433 uniformed personnel (troops, military officers and police), 1,372 local civillian staff, 411 UN volunteers, and 834 international civillian personnel. MYMUN Research Report Page 2 of 8

3 Background Information 2011 independence In January 2011, the people of South Sudan voted in favor of full separation from Sudan, with a nearly 99% majority. This poll was a part of the January 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the government of Sudan and the Sudan s People s Liberation Movement, which promised the people of South Sudan a referendum after a six-year interim period. Even after independence, South Sudan faced various issues within the nation due to the various ethnic groups within the country, the country s lack of governmental infrastructure, and conflicts over South Sudan s dependence on oil. More recently, South Sudan is also facing an immense food crisis, and President Salva Kiir is failing to provide the basic needs for its people. Start of the civil war In August 2011, there were ethnic clashes in the state of Jonglei that killed at least 600 people. The Murle tribe stole cattle, burned homes and hospitals, and kidnapped children from the Lou Nuer tribe in retaliation to a similar attack by the Lou Nuer in 2010 in Pibor. Despite the Lou Nuer warning the UN and the SPLA not to interfere, the UNMISS deployed peacekeepers against the Lou Nuer and attempted to establish peace between the fighting groups. However, the fighting continued, and by the start of 2012, Pibor stated that there had been 3,141 people killed, 1,293 children abducted and 375,186 cows stolen Civil War In July 2013, President Salva Kiir dismissed Vice President Riek Machar and the rest of the cabinet from office. At the same time, South Sudan was facing oil conflicts with Sudan, since Sudan was threatening to cut oil export pipelines in the Red Sea because of the SPLM supporting rebel groups in Sudan. Because oil is one of the only sources of government income in South Sudan, this would have been incredibly detrimental to their economy. On 15 December 2013, violence erupted in Juba, South Sudan s capital. Fights broke out between Dinka and Nuer soldiers in South Sudan s presidential guard (the SPLA), and Dinka troops in the SPLA began to attack Nuer groups in Juba. Meanwhile, President Salva Kiir accused his ex-vice president, Riek Machar, of plotting to overthrow him, and then accused the UN of sheltering rebel forces and attempting to take over his presidency. In addition to the fighting among members of the SPLA, there has been fighting in the streets of Juba and reported door-to-door searches for ethnic Nuer. MYMUN Research Report Page 3 of 8

4 Key issues Attempts at ceasefires Unfortunately, every recent ceasefire made between the government of South Sudan and the rebel forces has been broken within days. One such agreement, signed in Addis Ababa on 23 January 2014, was seen as a critical first step in continuing discussions between the parties involved. However, on 26 January, a rebel spokesperson said that government forces had attacked rebel groups in the country. A similar agreement was struck on 9 May 2014, but was violated the next day by government troops. Most recently, on 25 August 2014, the two parties signed another peace agreement, which did not last either. The main reason for this agreement s failure is that the parties signed onto the preamble, which called for the cessation of all fighting; however, neither party agreed to the annex of the agreement, which detailed measures to stop fighting. Oil conflicts Before the split, Sudan was the second largest producer of oil in the world. Even now, the South Sudanese government s main source of revenue is oil, making up 98% of its income but total oil production has declined since the nation declared independence. Oil pipelines run from Sudan down into South Sudan, which has proven to be a source of conflict in recent years. Because of its heavy dependency on Sudan for oil facilities and ports to export oil, there have been disputes over transit fees between the two nations. In 2012, South Sudan shut down all oil production because of one of these disputes. Production was restored in April 2013; nevertheless, there is still much conflict between Sudan and South Sudan in the oil business, especially with regards to transit fees. Humanitarian crisis Displaced people Approximately 1.8 million people in South Sudan have been displaced because of violence. Of these people, an estimated 100,000 people are living on UN bases in South Sudan, and almost 450,000 have fled to neighboring countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan and Uganda. It is nearly impossible for these displaced to receive aid, since their locations often pose safety hazards to humanitarian workers and other logistical difficulties. MYMUN Research Report Page 4 of 8

5 Food crisis With an estimated 2.2 million facing either crisis or emergency levels of food security, South Sudan is currently facing the worst food crisis in the world. The majority of these people, and those most likely to be affected, are not anywhere within reach of aid from the UN or other foreign bodies and humanitarian organizations, leaving them starving and incapable of receiving help. Those who manage to flee to UN Camps are still malnourished. Healthcare crisis The World Health Organization rates South Sudan s healthcare crisis as Grade 3 the highest category of humanitarian emergency. The main three diseases that are affecting the population of South Sudan are cholera (6000 cases as of September 2014), a disease that affects the small intestine and is carried through food and water; kala-azar (4000 cases as of September 2014), a deadly disease carried by sandflies; and measles, an easily spread virus (3500 cases as of September 2014). These diseases continue to infect the people of South Sudan, yet not enough health care is being provided to curb their spread. Timeline of Events Date January 2005 April January 2011 Description of event The Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) ends civil war in Sudan. The agreement grants autonomy in the south for a six-year period, and schedules a referendum for when this period is over. Islamic Law will be in place in the North, but not in the South. A permanent ceasefire is also called for, and oil revenues will be split between the north and the south. Sudan holds first elections in 20 years. With a 68% vote, Omar Hassan al- Bashir is elected President of Sudan. Salva Kiir, with a 75% vote, wins Presidency of the Government of South Sudan. South Sudan votes for full independence from Sudan. A six-month transition period begins. 9 July 2011 South Sudan celebrates its first independence day. August 2011 July 2011 Clashes in Jonglei between the Murla and the Lou Nuer tribes. South Sudan s President Salva Kiir dismisses his vice president and the rest of the cabinet. MYMUN Research Report Page 5 of 8

6 January 2012 April December January May August 2014 South Sudan voluntarily shuts down all oil production as a result of a conflict with Sudan over oil transportation fees. Oil production in South Sudan is restored. Fighting breaks out between Dinka and Nuer tribesmen in the Presidential Guard. This armed conflict also temporarily halts oil production in the nation. The first attempt at a ceasefire between the rebel groups and the South Sudanese government is signed in Addis Ababa. The ceasefire is breached three days later, on 26 January, by government forces that attacked rebel groups. Another attempt at a ceasefire is signed in Addis Ababa, but is violated the next day by government forces. Another ceasefire is signed by both the rebel forces and the South Sudanese government, but is not strictly adhered to. UN Involvement, Relevant Resolutions, Treaties and Events The United Nations has not passed many resolutions regarding the situation in South Sudan, and few of those passed have been effective in aiding the situation. Security Council establishes UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS), 8 July 2011 (S/RES/1996) Security Council recommends to the General Assembly that the Republic of South Sudan be admitted as a Member of the United Nations, 13 July 2011, (S/RES/1999) MYMUN Research Report Page 6 of 8

7 Bibliography Butty, James. "South Sudan Rebels Explain Refusal to Sign Cease-fire Agreement." VOA. Voice of America, 28 Aug Web. 19 Jan CIA map of South Sudan. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Jan Web. 17 Jan "Conflicts in South Sudan." Conflicts in South Sudan. Enough Project, 1 Oct Web. 17 Jan. "Dinka People." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 18 Jan Howden, Daniel. "South Sudan: The State That Fell Apart In A Week." The Guardian. The Guardian, 23 Dec Web. 19 Jan Jok, Jok, John Burton, Robert O. Collins, "Nuer." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed , and "Nuer." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes "Nuer." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan Web. 18 Jan Kulish, Nicholas, and Benno Muchler. "South Sudan Cease-Fire Signed After More Than a Month of Fighting." The New York Times. The New York Times, 23 Jan Web. 19 Jan Larsson, Greg. "Brief History of South Sudan." Water For South Sudan. Water For South Sudan, n.d. Web. 18 Jan "Military." Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM). N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan "South Sudan Profile." BBC News. BBC News, n.d. Web. 17 Jan "South Sudan Slashes Spending after Halting Oil Output." BBC News. BBC, 20 Feb Web. 19 Jan "South Sudan Vote Confirms Split." BBC News. BBC News, 7 Feb Web. 18 Jan Tisdall, Simon. "South Sudan President Sacks Cabinet in Power Struggle." The Guardian. The Guardian, 24 July Web. 19 Jan "United Nations Official Document." UN News Center. UN, 27 May Web. 19 Jan "United Nations Official Document." UN News Center. UN, 8 July Web. 19 Jan "UNMISS Background - United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 18 Jan MYMUN Research Report Page 7 of 8

8 "U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis." Sudan and South Sudan. US Energy Information Administration, 3 Sept Web. 18 Jan Wells, Crystal. "There Was No Food, No More Water Lilies." The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast, 31 Oct Web. 19 Jan "WHO Responds to Health Crises Facing War-wracked South Sudan." WHO. World Health Organization, Sept Web. 19 Jan MYMUN Research Report Page 8 of 8

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