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2 Containment in a Divided World The Cold War began at the close of WW2 in 1945 and ended in The Cold War in Europe, Yalta Yalta Conference the Big Three met to reconcile Wilsonian principles. United Nations British-American strategy for reshaping Soviet border with Poland and buffer of client states to avoid future invasions Democratic self-determination was ignored in Eastern Europe (Communist bloc)= precipitating event of the Cold War

3 The Containment Strategy Toward an Uneasy Peace U.S. diplomat, George Kennan s Long Telegram endorsed American containment. It would threaten a peaceful and stable world. Soviet perspective on the U.S.- Truman Doctrine- Hundreds of millions of dollars to aid Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan-

4 East and West in the New Europe Western Germany was consolidated to establish an independent republic in 1947 (West and East Germany officially became states in 1949) Effect: Stalin blockaded all Allied traffic to West Berlin The Berlin Airlift lasted 321 days. Soviets finally conceded due to failure of the blockade. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Warsaw Pact 1955-

5 Nuclear Diplomacy In 1949 the Soviet Union effectively tested their atomic bomb In 1950 the National Security Council (NSC) pushed to develop a hydrogen bomb, 1000 times more destructive than the bombs dropped on Japan. U.S. first hydrogen bomb 1952 Soviet Union s first hydrogen bomb 1953 The nuclear arms race begins

6 The Korean War First proxy war in Cold War After WW2 Soviets and U.S. agreed to jointly occupy Korea (38 th parallel) 1950 North Korea launched a surprise attack U.S. and U.N. troops assembled in Korea China joined in, provoked by U.S. military (stupid ) Armistice was reached in 1953 Precedents: no nuclear weapons used, containment confirmed, permanent U.S. mobilization

7 Cold War Liberalism Preservation of core programs of the New Deal welfare state, containment, and fight against so-called subversives at home. Combination of moderate liberal policies and anticommunism. A practical centrist policy.

8 Truman and the End of Reform National health insurance, aid to education, a housing program, expansion of Social Security, higher minimum wage, and new agricultural program. Conservatives fought to restrict the Fair Deal with growing paranoia over internal subversion and socialism propaganda ( socialized medicine )

9 Red Scare: The Hunt for Communists Legitimate suspicions and real fears, along with political opportunism, combined to fuel the national Red Scare, longer and more far-reaching than the one that followed World War I. Loyalty-Security Program Executive Order investigate any federal employee for subversive activities Broad enough to allow witch hunts Gay men and lesbians were dismissed from government jobs Local governments, churches, universities, and businesses followed suit HUAC House of Un-American Activities- blacklist American Communist Party in reality was harmless, promoting mostly union and civil rights agenda

10 McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy Senator of WI used fear and propaganda to fuel the Red Scare. The List

11 Containment in the Postcolonial World Third World pawns in the game. The Cold War and Colonial Independence U.S. supported dictatorships or right wing regimes, no matter how oppressive. As long as they were anti-communist. Vietnam Ho Chi Minh led Vietnam to independence. But as a communist, the U.S. was concerned. Truman enforced the domino theory The U.S. supported South Vietnam s Ngo Dinh Diem. Although oppressive and violent to the people of South Vietnam. Diem was supported by the U.S. with $200 million a year

12 John F. Kennedy and the Cold War The Election of 1960 and the New Frontier Kennedy won a close election versus Nixon. Television played a major role. Crisis in Cuba and Berlin Bay of Pigs Berlin Wall Cuban Missile Crisis 1962-

13 Kennedy and the World Peace Corps NASA Making a Commitment in Vietnam Conflict between Communist Ho Chi Minh and religious oppressive U.S. supported of Ngo Dinh Diem resulted in Buddhists staged dramatic demonstrations. After Diem s assassination (and his brother), the U.S. was implicated and a series of coups ensued.

14 Chapter 26 Triumph of the Middle Class,

15 Economy: From Recovery to Dominance Engines of Economic Growth U.S. corporations, banks, and manufacturers so dominated the world economy that the postwar period has been called the Pax Americana The Bretton Woods System American global supremacy rested partly on the economic institutions created at a United Nations conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944 World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); they set trade rules and practices The system was designed to make American capital available, in favorable terms for the U.S. economy, to nations that adopted free-trade economies The Military-Industrial Complex In the name of national security, defense-related industries entered into long term relationships with the federal government Military contracts Science industry, and federal government became intertwined in the Cold War environment After the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik (1957), the government appropriated additional money for college scholarships and university research The defense buildup also created jobs

16 Corporate Power Consolidation of economic power into large corporate firms had characterized American capitalism During the 1950s, U.S. exports nearly doubled, giving the nation a trade surplus of close to $5 billion in 1960 Coca Cola, Gillette, IBM, and Mobil made more than half their profits abroad White collar industry increased From worker productivity more than doubled Over the course of the postwar decades, millions of high wage manufacturing jobs were lost as machines replaced workers The Economic Record The military-industrial complex produced an extraordinary economic record Inflations slowed until the Vietnam War, leading to Americans spending more money

17 A Nation of Consumers The quantity of consumer goods available to the average person was without precedent The difference between the 1920s consumer boom and the 1950s was that in the 50s, Americans believed their spending would help the economy. In the 1920s, it was a sign of personal indulgence. The GI Bill More than half of all U.S. college students were veterans attending school paid for by the GI Bill Government financing of education helped make the U.S. workforce the best educated in the world in the 1950s and 1960s Better education meant higher earning power, and higher earning power translated into the consumer spending that drove the postwar economy Home ownership increased as a result

18 Trade Unions For the first time trade unions and collective bargaining became major factors in the nation s economic life General acceptance of collective bargaining became the method for setting terms of employment Truman s defeated National Healthcare led to union contracts providing pension plans and company-paid health insurance The postwar labor-management accord turned out to be transitory event, not a permanent condition of American economic life Houses, Cars, and Children 25 million new houses were built in the U.S. Each required its own supply of new appliances, from refrigerators to lawn mowers Children also encouraged consumption Baby products, board games, fast food, and toys

19 Television In 1947, there were 7000 TV sets in American homes. By 1950 Americans owned 7.3 million sets Television was an overwhelmingly white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant world of nuclear families, suburban homes, and middle class life Religion and the Middle Class Church membership jumped from 49% of the population in 1940 to 70% in Because of the spread of godless Communism Christians reaffirmed their faith Billy Graham was the most eloquent preacher, who made brilliant use of TV and radio advertising Preachers told Americans that Christians can enjoy material gain if they were faithful The phrase under God was inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 U.S. coins carried the words In God We Trust after 1956

20 A Suburban Nation The Postwar Housing Boom Entire cities that were rural became suburbs. By 1960, one-third of Americans lived in suburbs William J. Levitt and the FHA William J. Levitt, revolutionized suburban housing by applying mass-production techniques and turning out new homes quickly The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (VA) made buying homes easier for many white Americans Home ownership jumped to 60% by 1960 Levitt houses prohibited the occupancy of anyone who was other than the Caucasian Race In Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) the Supreme Court outlawed restrictive covenants based on race. However, whites used violence to keep blacks out of the suburbs until congress passed the Fair Housing Act in 1968

21 Rise of the Sunbelt Suburban living was most at home in the Sunbelt (the southern and southwestern states), where taxes were low, the climate was mild, and open space allowed for sprawling subdivisions Florida, California, and Texas CA surpassed NY as the U.S s most populous state by 1970 Aerospace, defense, and electronics industries were based largely in Sunbelt metropolitan regions Two Nations: Urban and Suburban African Americans from the south moved into cities in the 1950s. By the 1950s the urban areas experienced major problems Mechanization was eliminating thousands of jobs

22 The Urban Crisis The intensification of poverty, the deterioration of older housing stock, and the persistence of racial segregation produced what many called urban crisis Blacks who were unwelcomed in the suburbs had to take low paying jobs in the city and lived in aging apartment buildings run by slumlords Racism in institutional forms frustrated African Americans at every turn: housing restrictions, and segregated schools Urban planners and politicians created federally funded housing projects to provide opportunities for new migrants. Unfortunately, they were cheap high-rise slums that segregated its inhabitants and increased segregation and concentrated the poor These housing projects became a notorious breeding ground for crime and hopelessness

23 Urban Immigrants Despite the urban crisis, cities continued to attract immigrants from abroad The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 permitted the entry of approximately 415,000 Europeans, mostly Jewish refugees Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943 McCarran-Walter Act in 1952 ended the exclusion of Japanese, Koreans, and Southeast Asians The Bracero Program allowed hundreds of thousands of Mexicans to get work in the U.S. Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans created huge barrios in major American cities, where bilingualism flourished, the Catholic Church shaped religious life, and families sought to join the economic mainstream. These Spanish-speaking communities remained largely segregated from white and African Americans

24 Gender, Sex, and Family in the Era of Containment In the mid-twentieth century, family life remained governed by notions of paternalism, in which men provided economic support and controlled the family s financial resources The resurgent postwar American middle class was preoccupied with paternalism and its virtues Nuclear families celebrated Deviation from sexual and gender norms was met with distain and political suspicion Baby Boom Marriages were remarkable stable between Couple were strongly encouraged to have kids. The birthrate shot up in the U.S. People were having children at the same time. Couples were married earlier When baby boomers (children of this generation born between ) competed for jobs during the 1970s, the labor market was congested In the 1980s, the birthrate jumped when they started having babies. And in our own time, as baby boomers began retiring, huge funding problems threaten to engulf Social Security and Medicare

25 Improving Health and Education Penicillin, streptomycin, and cortisone, the miracle drugs were invented in the postwar years Postwar middle-class parents, America s first college-educated generation, placed a high value on education Baby boom generation swelled college enrollments Dr. Benjamin Spock Dr. Benjamin Spock s Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care sold 1 million copies every year after its publication in 1946 The book confused women on how involved they should be in their children s lives versus giving them their independence

26 Women, Work, and Family The suburban housewife was the dream image of American women in the 1950s Women jobs were: teaching, nursing, secretary, with little room of advancement The idea that a woman s place was in the home continued Career minded mothers were not socially accepted In reality many married women began to work in order to help their husbands maintain a materialistic suburban lifestyle Women made 60% of men s pay by 1963 However, double day was a dilemma for working women

27 The Homophile Movement Kinsey s claimed that homosexuality was far more prevalent than most Americans believed Homophiles were gay activists who sought equal rights for gays and lesbians They faced daunting obstacles since same-sex relations were illegal in every state and scorned, or feared by most Americans They laid the groundwork for the gay rights movement of the 1970s

28 Origins of the Civil Rights Movement An important influence was World War 2 The urban black middle class were leaders of the movement Labor union leaders Television 1957 integration of Little Rock High School World War 2: The Beginnings Executive Order 8802 A. Phillip Randolph The Double V Campaign Victory over fascism and victory over U.S. racism hate strikes Detroit 1943 riot, whites attacked and killed 25 blacks in a local park. Riot went on 3 days, 34 people killed. Federal troops had to restore order Mahatma Gandhi model GI Bill gave AA opportunities to fight segregation

29 Mexican Americans and Japanese Americans New Mexican American middle class began to shape major cities such as L.A., San Antonio, Chicago, and El Paso In TX and CA Mexican Americans created new civil rights organizations American GI Forum CSO UFW Mandez v. Westminster School District NAACP s Thurgood Marshall involved in case Japanese Americans filed lawsuits to regain property lost during the war. And successfully lobbied Congress to grant citizenship to them

30 The Legal Strategy and Brown v. Board of Education Thurgood Marshall and his legal team were key in overturning Plessy v. Ferguson Thurgood Marshall In 1930 he enrolled at Howard University in Washington D.C. In 1936 Marshall won a case that forced the University of MD Law school to admit black students In 1950 Marshall won McLaurin v. Oklahoma In the late 1960s he was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Lyndon Johnson (the first AA to serve) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Linda Brown, a black elementary student in Kansas was forced to attend a distant segregated school rather than the nearby school. Thurgood Marshall argued that separate but equal denied Linda Brown equal protection by the 14 th Amendment. separate but equal was overturned unanimously

31 That year half a million white southerners joined White Citizens Councils to block integration Ku Klux Klan became more active Southern Manifesto President Eisenhower did not support the decision. And didn t want to use federal power to enforce it. Eisenhower did, however, send 1000 federal troops to Little Rock, AK force local mobs to allow nine black students to enter all white Central High School in 1957 Showed that southern officials had more loyalty to custom than law

32 Forging a Protest Movement, Nonviolent Civil Disobedience In 1955 kidnapping, torture, and murder of black teen, Emmett Till in Mississippi, made headlines After a not guilty verdict by an all white jury, the two accused admitted to the murder in a magazine article This miscarriage of justice galvanized an entire generation of African Americans

33 Montgomery Bus Boycott In December 1955 Rosa Parks, a secretary for the NAACP sparked a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama lasting 381 days. Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as leader of the protest In 1957 King and Reverend Ralph Abernathy founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) who teamed with the NAACP to fight for racial justice

34 Greensboro Sit-Ins In Greensboro, NC four black college students started a new civil disobedience protest, sit-ins at a local Woolworth five and dime store Others joined in the three week protest. They were taunted, food was thrown at them, and many were arrested. Effect: Ella Baker and SNCC Ella Baker helped organized the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to facilitate student sit-ins. 126 cities Grassroots, decentralized, participatory democracy inspired many of the most vocal social movements of the 1960s. Freedom Rides In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized Freedom Rides Testing Supreme Court rulings Attacked by Klansmen State authorities refused to intervene Bus bombed President Kennedy discouraged Freedom Rides Attorney General Robert Kennedy dispatched federal marshals

35 Legislating Civil Rights, The first civil rights bill came in 1875 during Reconstruction For 90 years, southern Democrats blocked new legislation The Battle for Birmingham 1963 MLK called for a march in Birmingham, AL. Why? The city commissioner ordered police to use violence on the protesters TV President Kennedy finally acted after the University of Alabama barred two black students He denounced racism on national TV and promised a new civil rights bill That night Medgar Evers was assassinated the same night

36 The March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act A. Philip Randolph organized the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom I Have a Dream Southern senators continued to block Kennedy s legislation Birmingham, AL church bombed, killing 4 girls Two months later, Kennedy was assassinated Lyndon Johnson made civil rights a priority 1964 Civil Rights Act Employment, schools, public accommodations Freedom Summer 1964 protests in Mississippi attracted thousands of volunteers, including one thousand white college students from the North Only 1200 black voters registered Four civil rights leaders were murdered Thirty seven black churches bombed or burned

37 Selma and the Voting Rights Act 1965 March from Selma, AL to Montgomery to protest the murder of a voting rights activist. Violent opposition was captured on TV; Bloody Sunday Led to Voting Rights Act of th Amendment From 1960s to the 1980s many conservatives switched to the Republican party

38 Beyond Civil Rights, Some young black leaders grew impatient with slow reform and resistance of whites. Others believed black poverty and economics was the most important objective. Black Nationalism Pride in community or total separatism or right to shape one s own destiny without the help of white people Marcus Garvey 1920s Nation of Islam became leaders of black nationalism in the 1960s Viewed white people as devils Malcolm X

39 Black Power Build economic and political power in their own communities Attention to the poverty and social injustice Open jobs in police, fire department, construction and transportation Stop police brutality African clothing, natural hair styles, and interest in black history, art, and literature Black Panther Party Founded in Oakland in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Militant self-defense organization Protecting AA from police violence Opposed Vietnam War Community programs Free breakfast for children Testing for sickle cell Clashed with police officers FBI began disruption party activities

40 Poverty and Urban Violence Riots in the 1960s as a result of police brutality forced America to investigate the underling problems in the black community Watts, Harlem, L.A. Kerner Commission Report concluded that poverty and frustration with social undermining of black people led to most of the racial problems President Lyndon Johnson was criticized for prioritizing the Vietnam War over the fight against poverty at home

41 Rise of the Chicano Movement Mexican Americans Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta formed the United Farm Workers (UFW), a union of migrant workers Goals: The American Indian Movement Inspired by Black Power and Chicano movements, American Indians also formed groups to address their issues in the U.S. Unemployment, housing, disease, and access to education

42 The Great Society: Liberalism at High Tide John F. Kennedy s Promise His ability to inspire the younger generation, he laid groundwork for liberal reform After Kennedy s assassination, president s would embrace the idea that image mattered as much as reality Lyndon B. Johnson and the Liberal Resurgence Johnson moved fast on civil rights legislation (Chapter 27) War on Poverty

43 Great Society Initiatives Health care Medicare and Medicaid Education $1 billion to Elementary and Secondary Education Higher Education Act- Environment reform Expanded national parks, air and water improvement, endangered species, highway beautification Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Immigration Act of 1965-

44 The Women s Movement Reborn The new era of liberal reform reawakened the American women s movement Labor Feminists Feminist concerns were kept alive in the 1950s and 1960s by working women Maternity leave and equal pay More working women than ever before by 1970 double day

45 Betty Friedan and the National Organization for Women Betty Friedan s The Feminine Mystique Less children Promotion of birth control Liberal divorce laws 42% of college population Equal Pay Act 1963 NOW Modeled after NAACP Competing agendas in Democrat Party

46 The War in Vietnam, Escalation under Johnson Containment, like Kennedy The New American Presence In 1965 escalation of war: ground troops and bombing Napalm Guerilla warfare

47 Public Opinion on the War Television Villages burned Suspects killed on live TV Concealing bad news Federal deficit would plague U.S. economy in the 1970s Military draft Activists groups, students, clergy, civil rights advocates Rise of the Student Movement SDS (Students for Democratic Society) The New Left What s Old Left? Sit in demonstration at Berkeley University in 1964 How did students avoid the draft? Conscientious objector Leave National guard Destroyed records

48 The Antiwar Movement and the 1968 Election Richard Nixon (R) Goal was to attract northern working class and southern whites Working class were uncertain about blacks and civil rights and believed liberal youth were drug addicts The Southern Strategy/Nixon Formally support civil rights, but Campaigned against anti-war movement

49 Women s Liberation Women speakers were jeered at civil rights and anti-war events Women s lib went public in 1968 at Miss America pageant Sexism and male chauvinism became part of vocabulary Latina and black women did not break from civil rights movement for women s movement Abortion, sexual assault, sexual harassment Universities (Yale, Princeton, military academics) Congress broadened 1964 Civil Rights Act Childcare tax deductions 1972 Equal Credit Opportunity Act 1974 Cold War liberalism of Democrat party was challenged by black and Chicano nationalists and women s liberations Catholics Blue collar trade unionists

50 Richard Nixon and the Politics of the Silent Majority Nixon laid the groundwork for the conservative resurgence of the 1980s. silent majority Defender of the middle ground under assault from the radical left Nixon s War in Vietnam Vietnamization and Cambodia Drop of troop levels from 543,000 in 1968 to 24,000 by ,000 protest demonstration in Washington in 1969 Kent State University killed 11 wounded by National Guard Jackson State College 2 students killed 450 colleges closed in protest

51 My Lai Massacre 1968 troops executed 500 people in S. Vietnamese village of My Lai Revealed to public in 1969 Only one soldier convicted Vietnam Veterans Against the War protest 1971 Détente China and Soviet Union Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) 1972 Nixon was first U.S. president to visit China

52 Exit America After 1973, gradual cut back aid in South Vietnam March 1975, North Vietnamese united Vietnam 58,000 Americans died in Vietnam $150 billion war cost Divided country and lost confidence in political leaders The 1972 Election Nixon appealed to silent majority Patriotism, moral and spiritual values Appealed to resentment of white families during integration Won easily Pivotal movement of the country to the right

53 Watergate and the Fall of a President In June 1972 five men were caught at the Watergate Hotel, sight of the Democratic National Committee (before election) Two men were members of FBI/CIA and were working for Nixon s campaign Nixon paid the men to remain silent Tapes were discovered that had missing 18 minute gap One by one, they confessed and Nixon was ordered to reveal missing taped message Evidence that Nixon ordered the cover up and paid them off Nixon became the first and only president to resign in 1974 Laws against presidential abuses War Powers Act Freedom of Information Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

54 Chapter 29 The Search for Order in an Era of Limits,

55 An Era of Limits The economy was suffering in the 1970s due to the Vietnam War. The Middle East oil embargo also made matters worse. The environmental movement brought attention to the toxic effects of modern industrial capitalism. Energy Crisis After European powers lost control over the Middle East, they also lost control over its oil. In 1960 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) was formed Why did members of OPEC resent the U.S. and place an embargo on oil? oil prices went up 40% Foreign gas efficient cars increased in demand

56 Environmentalism The energy crisis was a catalyst for the resurgence of environmentalism Be able to identify at least four prior environmentalist movements before the 1970s (page 921). In 1969 there were three developments that raised awareness Santa Barbara oil spill Cuyahoga River (near Cleveland) fire because of chemicals in river Friends of the Everglades opposition to building an airport in the everglades Environmental Protection Agency After the Santa Barbara oil spill, the federal government established the EPA Divided Americans because federal environmental regulation costs companies money

57 Nuclear Power Environmentalists publicized the dangers of nuclear power plants The disaster at Three Mile Island, a nuclear plant in PA, enabled environmentalists to influence government to reduce the amount of new nuclear plants Economic Transformation Vietnam War and Johnson s Great Society created a federal deficit and inflation Industrial competition with Japan and Germany hurt America s industries U.S. produced fewer cars, appliances, and televisions In the 1970s, the U.S. economy was hit with stagflation (unemployment, stagnant consumer demand, and inflation) Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter failed to revive the U.S. economy in the 70s

58 Deindustrialization Worst hit industry was steel. U.S. steel industry was outdated and could not compete with Germany and Japan The latest technology from foreign companies caused deindustrialization The auto, tire, textile, appliances, electronics, and furniture industries all started shrinking in the 1970s Organized Labor in Decline Deindustrialization hurt the labor union movement Industries could no longer afford union demands, and labor s bargaining power produced fewer results Instead of seeking higher wages, unions now mainly fought to save jobs Union membership began to drop by the mid 1980s to its lowest levels since the 1920s

59 Urban Crisis Revisited Migration from the city to the suburbs continued from the 1960s to the era of limits in the 70s. Nearly every U.S. city struggled to pay its bills in the 1970s The main reason was the continued loss of residents and businesses to the suburbs More Americans lived AND worked in the suburbs

60 Tax Revolt and Economic Inequality Stagflation lead state governments to increase taxes hurting citizens ability to pay their bills Proposition 13- a CA policy that made it difficult for the state to increase taxes on its citizens. This inspired other tax revolts across the country This policy was created by conservatives and became a defining Republican issue: low taxes Disproportionate distribution of income emerged as 10% of the wealthiest Americans began to pull ahead again They laid off high wage workers, paid workers less, and relocated in foreign countries The middle class became smaller and smaller

61 Politics in Flux, Republicans were not happy with Nixon s Detente (Chapter 28) The Watergate scandal tainted the Republican party s image Democrats would temporarily take advantage of this Watergate Babies Democrats made Watergate and Ford s pardon of Nixon major issues in 1974 midterm elections In 1975 seventy five new Democrat members of the House, many under the age of 40, came to Washington D.C. = Watergate Babies They eliminated the HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee), which investigated alleged Communists in the 1940s and 50s They created the Ethics in Government Act (page 928) Overall, the decentralized the power in Washington and brought greater transparency to U.S. government The consequence was that special interest groups and party leaders had more influence, creating more partisan politics and less efficiency

62 Political Realignment Conservatives became more popular as the postwar liberal economic policy of Keynesian consensus failed to restart the economy Power began to shift in favor of conservatives in Congress who favored tax cuts Populations in the Northeast and Midwest began to shift toward the West and South Jimmy Carter: The Outsider President President Jimmy Carter (Dem) was elected in 1976 Down home image of common man, pledging to restore morality to White House Horrible with managing the economic crisis Became very unpopular with his TV address when he scolded Americans for behaving financially irresponsible

63 Reform and Reaction in the 1970s Civil Rights in a New Era Affirmative Action Affirmative action- quotas for universities and employers that required the hiring and enrollment of minorities and women Intended to rectify imbalances resulting from past discrimination Some conservative whites viewed it as reverse discrimination Bakke v. University of California- Busing In 1968 only about one-third of all black children in the South attended schools with whites Federal courts forced schools to desegregate by busing kids to schools from other neighborhoods By the mid 1970s, 86% of southern black children were attending school with whites. However, in the north desegregation of schools was virtually impossible due to school district restrictions (see pages )

64 The Women s Movement and Gay Rights Women s Liberation Women run child care facilities, began to spring up in cities and towns in the 1970s All male colleges and universities became co-ed (Yale, Princeton, Columbia) Much of women s liberation activism focused on the female body Women s health More female doctors Founding of anti-rape movement Rape crisis centers established Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ERA was intended to be an amendment to the Constitution that would protect women s rights (1972) It needed ratification by 38 states to pass. However, due to heavy campaigning against the women s movement by conservative lawyer, Phyllis Schlafly, ERA expired and never became an amendment Schlafly advocated for traditional roles of women She proclaimed ERA would create a unisex society, with women drafted in the military, single sex toilets, and same sex marriages

65 Roe v. Wade (Extremely important!!) In the early 1960s abortions were illegal in most states Supreme Court decision in 1973 gave women the right to have an abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Right protected by the right of privacy Evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, Catholics, and conservatives generally hated this court decision, claiming that abortion is murder. Harvey Milk By the mid 1970s, dozens of cities passed laws protecting gay men and lesbians from employment and housing discrimination San Francisco was especially more liberal when it came to gay rights Former businessman and openly gay Harvey Milk ran for city supervisor as an openly gay candidate. Milk finally won a seat in 1977 and became a symbol of emerging gay political power

66 The Supreme Court and the Rights Revolution Following Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court increasingly agreed to hear human rights and civil liberty cases Law and Order and the Warren Court Republican appointed judge, Earl Warren surprised many conservatives by advocating many civil rights bills and liberties Right wing activists in the 1970s came to detest the Warren Court Court ruling, giving people who are arrested the constitutional right to council and Miranda v. Arizona, that arrestees have to be informed by police of the right to remain silent A series of court decisions liberalized restrictions on pornography The court also ruled that religious rituals in public schools (such as school prayer) were unconstitutional Conservatives found these decisions acts against morality

67 The Burger Court Supreme court justice Warren Burger extended the right of privacy developed to include women s access to abortion Other decisions advanced women s rights Sexual harassment violated the Civil Rights Act However, justices were reluctant to move ahead of public attitudes toward homosexuality In 1986, the Supreme Court upheld a Georgia sodomy statue that criminalized same-sex acts Not until 2003 would the court overturn that decision

68 The American Family on Trial Working Families in the Age of Deindustrialization By 1973, wages were declining as a result of decline of organized labor, the loss of manufacturing jobs, and runaway inflation Family wage (income earned by men to support entire family) was declining and fewer families could afford only one income Women earning income increased in the 1970s Single women raising children nearly doubled between 1965 and 1990 More women earned income in the law and medical field and the sciences

69 Religion in the 1970s: The Fourth Great Awakening Evangelical Resurgence Evangelical churches focused on literal interpretation of the Bible Billy Graham was the most influential evangelical preachers Popular radio and TV programs Laid groundwork for 4 th Great Awakening in the 1950s and 1960s Regarded feminism, counterculture, sexual revolution, homosexuality, divorce, pornography, and abortion as signs of moral decay President Jimmy Carter became the nation s first evangelical president Most success came from the use of television Oral Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart

70 Religion and the Family Evangelicals believed that the nuclear family, and not the individual, represented the fundamental unit of society. Organized along paternalist lines Evangelicals founded publishing houses, wrote books, established foundations, and offered seminars Evangelical Christians held that strict gender roles in the family would ward off the influences of an immoral society

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72 The Rise of the New Right Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan: Champions of the Right Ronald Reagan (from CA) joined the Republican Party in the early 1960s as a speaker for candidates such as 1964 Republican Presidential nominee Barry Goldwater

73 Grassroots Conservatives Phyllis Schlafly was a huge supporter of more aggressive conservatism in the Republican Party. Equal Rights Amendment opponent (Chapter 29) Accused Republicans of being Democrats in disguise Goldwater s militant tone and Lyndon Johnson s dedication to continue liberalism after Kennedy s assassination was too much for him to even compete. However, much support grew in favor of Ronald Reagan as a candidate for the future

74 Free-Market Economics and Religious Conservatism Conservatives ideological positions were: anti-communism, free-market economics, and religious moralism William Buckley founder and editor of the National Review, used his magazine to criticize liberal policy Economist Milton Friedman promoted free market ideology Conservative Christians used politics and Republican Right to condemn: divorce, abortion, premarital sex, and feminism Charismatic televangelists Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell emerged as champions of a morality-based political agenda during the late 1970s A succession of conservative organizations would emerge in the 1980s A series of events that undermined support for the liberal agenda of the Democratic Party: the failed war in Vietnam; a judiciary that legalized abortion and pornography, enforced schools busing, and curtailed public expression of religion; urban riots; and stagnating economy

75 The Carter Presidential Interregnum Jimmy Carter s unsuccessful presidency opened the door for Reagan s election Human Rights in the State Department Withdrew economic and military aide from some oppressive regimes (Argentina, Uruguay, and Ethiopia) 1977 he signed a treaty to turn over the Panama Canal to Panama (December 31, 1999) Bad negotiations with Soviet president because of Soviet s human rights violations SALT II Covert support for Mujahidin in Soviet-Afghanistan conflict in 1978

76 Hostage Crisis Carter s ultimate undoing came in Iran Since the 1940s the U.S. supported Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, ruler of Iran Assistance from CIA His crimes using secret police were overlooked by U.S. In 1979, a revolution drove the shah into exile and he was replaced by popular fundamentalist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Carter refused to negotiate Iraq s invasion on Iran lead Khomeini to negotiate and focus his attention on the invasion November 1980 the hostages were finally released the day after Carter left office

77 The Dawning of the Conservative Age The Reagan Coalition The core of the Republican Party remained: affluent, white, Protestant voters who supported balanced budgets, opposed government activism, feared crime and communism, and believed in strong national defense Suburban traditions of racial homogeneity, combined with the middle class comfort more inclined to support conservative public policies He attractive southern whites who were against civil rights. He validated 25 years of southern opposition to federal civil rights legislation The Religious Right were crucial to Republican victory Against abortion, called for voluntary prayer in schools, and mandatory death penalty for certain crimes Blue collar Catholics alarmed with antiwar protests and rising welfare expenditures and hostile to feminist demands supported Reagan

78 Conservatives in Power Reaganomics Was a theory of underlying supply-side economics Reduce taxes of corporations and wealthy Americans, who could use the savings to expand production and create jobs Tax cuts now would create tax revenues later Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA)- For most Americans for 3 years Estate taxes and inheritances Corporations Could not cut New Deal policies Not based on economics, based on faith Military spending of Cold War created the biggest national debts since the Great Depression Rising deficit of the 1980s contradicted Reagan s pledge of fiscal conservatism

79 Deregulation President Carter began deregulation in the 1970s but Reagan expanded the mandate to include cutting back on government protection of consumers, workers, and the environment EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) were undermined during the Reagan administration Companies saved costs by refusing to clean up toxic waste and adhere to safety regulations The Sierra Club, however aroused enough public outrage to change the administrations position in the late 80s

80 The End of the Cold War U.S.-Soviet Relations in a New Era Reagan inherited a decade of détente that produced a relaxed tension with the Communist world. Reagan s Cold War Revival Reagan administration had a new strategy Abandon détente and rearm America Fund anticommunist movements in Angola, Mozambique, Afghanistan, and Central America Supported repressive corrupt right-wing regimes in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador that ruled by military dictatorships that murdered, kidnapped, and tortured thousands of citizens It blocked Soviet influence but also damaged local communities and the international reputation of the U.S, as it did in the Vietnam war

81 Iran-Contra Reagan considered Iran an outlaw state and supporter of terrorism However, he wanted Iran s assistance in a hostage situation against Hezbollah, a pro-iranian group in Lebanon To get Iran s help, Reagan authorized the selling of weapons to Iran without congressional or public knowledge. In Nicaragua, the U.S. supported the anti-communist Contra s overthrow of the democratically elected Sandinistas (Reagan accused them of threatening U.S. business interests) In 1984 Congress banned all government arms support of the Contras Oliver North, a lieutenant colonel of the Marines, under order of Reagan and high ranking officials used the profits from Iran deals and illegally assisted the Contras Reagans replied I don t remember when asked if he knew of North s actions North took the fall and was prosecuted The Iran-Contra scandal weakened Reagan domestically and he proposed no bold domestic policy initiatives in his last two years.

82 Gorbachev and Soviet Reform Soviet-Afghanistan war in 1979 was just as disastrous as the Vietnam War was for the U.S. Expensive, low military morale, undermined popular support for government Mikhail Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic reform) Compromise to eliminate all intermediate-range nuclear missiles based in Europe Renewal of détente and lack of Soviet opposition to Eastern bloc dissent Berlin Wall was destroyed in 1989, symbolizing the end of Communism in Eastern Europe Internal conflict in Soviet government and failure of economy were the primary causes of the fall of the U.S.S.R. U.S. played and important, but secondary role in the fall of the Soviet Union U.S. cost $4 trillion, radiation from weapon testing, and anticommunist witch hunts

83 Persian Gulf War In 1980 Reagan supported ruthless dictator of Iraq Saddam Hussein against Iran, in order to maintain supplies of Iraqi oil By 1988 Iran and Iraq signed an armistice In 1990 Hussein quickly conquered neighboring Kuwait to take their oil reserves and threatened Saudi Arabia To preserve Western access to oil, Bush initiated action to push out Iraq s army The war was quick and decisive but Hussein was kept in power

84 Chapter 31 National Dilemmas in a Global Society,

85 An Era of Globalization International Organizations and Corporations The leading capitalist industrial nations formed the Group of Seven (G7) to manage global economic policy Russia joined in 1997, creating G8 World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), free trade zone in 1993 Globalization was driven by quest for new markets and cheaper labor Financial Deregulation Deregulation of banks, brokerage houses, investment firms, and financial markets-letting the free market replace government oversight Financial deregulation led to spectacular profits for investors but produced a more fragile, crash prone global economy

86 Politics and Partisanship in a New Era New Immigrants Immigrants accounted for 28 million, with legal entrants numbering 21 million and illegal entrants adding another 7 million Majority of immigrants came from Latin America (16 million) and East Asia (9 million) Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 El Salvador, Guatemala, and Dominican Republic Nationally, there were now more Latinos than African Americans Asian immigrants came largely from China, the Philippines, South Korea, India, and Pakistan

87 Multiculturalism and Its Critics Illegal aliens stirred political controversy Proposition 63, established English as CA s official language; seventeen other states followed suit Similar to conflicts in the early decades of the century Jewish and Catholic immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, along with African Americans leaving the South Fear they could not assimilate Melting pot concept was replaced with multiculturalism to define social diversity Critics feared ethnic chauvinism and preferential treatment on minority groups Conservatives opposed affirmative action and called it reverse racism Presidents Clinton reminded Republicans that President Nixon endorsed affirmative action Policy was narrowed but preserved

88 Clashes over Family Values New Right conservatives saw liberal policies as a threat to the family Liberal divorce laws, funded child care, welfare to unmarried mothers, abortion, and banished religious instruction from public schools Abortion pro-choice v. pro-life Anti-abortion activists won state laws that limited public funding for abortions, parental notification, mandated waiting periods Homosexuality After Stonewall (Chapter 28) more gay men and women demanded legal protections from discrimination in housing, education, and employment Human Rights Campaign focused on full marriage equality The Religions Right condemned homosexuality as morally wrong Televangelist Pat Robertson, activist Phyllis Schlafly and other conservatives campaigned vigorously against measures that would extend rights to gays.

89 Cultural Wars and the Supreme Court Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), the Supreme Court upheld the authority of state governments to limit the use of public funds and facilities for abortions Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court limited the power of states to prohibit private homosexual activity between consenting adults The Clinton Presidency, Acute partisan politics Fox news and CNN promoted aggressive partisanship and became entertainers and provocateurs Clinton defeated Bush; Ross Perot (I) won more votes than any independent candidate since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912

90 New Democrats and Public Policy Clinton tried to steer a middle course through the nation s increasingly divisive partisanship Clinton s Third Way called for proposals to satisfy both parties Wanted to create national health care program to provide guaranteed health insurance to all citizens Harry Truman Barak Obama More successful was Clinton s plan to reduce the budget of Reagan-Bush presidencies Raised taxes on corporations and wealthy individuals By 1998 the federal budget was balanced and federal debt was paid

91 The Republican Resurgence Republicans gained a majority in the House of Representatives and control of the Senate Clinton moved to the right, avoiding expansive social-welfare proposals seeking Republican support for a centralist New Democrat program The Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program was ended in Liberals were furious with the president Clinton s Impeachment Clinton s sex scandal with intern Monica Lewinsky and his denial of the relationship led to perjury and obstruction of justice charges. Historically, Americans defined high crimes and misdemeanors as grounds for impeachment In 1998, conservative Republicans favored a lower standard because they wanted Clinton out of office 58% of Americans opposed impeachment Republicans fell well short of votes to dismiss Clinton Because the Republicans vendetta against Clinton drew attention away from pressing national problems

92 Post-Cold War Foreign Policy Clinton encouraged NATO admission for Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia In 1992 and 1995 ethnic conflict in Bosnia and Kosovo led to U.S. and NATO air strikes and military mobilization (p. 998) America and The Middle East Most challenging development was the emergence of radical Islamic movements in the Middle East Grievances against U.S. Colonialism U.S. sponsored overthrow of Iran s government in 1953 Support of Iranian shah Support for Israel Six Day War and Yom Kippur War Left an opening for radical Islamic fundamentalists who opposed Western imperialism and consumer culture

93 U.S. enforced a UN sanction embargo on all trade with Iraq and bombed select targets from Saudi Arabia In 1993, radical Muslim immigrants set off a bomb in the World Trade Center in NYC, killing 6 and inuring more than a thousand Muslim terrorists also attacked U.S. embassies in Africa and bombed the USS Cole in the port of Aden in 200 Clinton administration was aware that these attacks were the work of wealthy Saudi exile Osama bin Laden who organized Al Qaeda In 1998 bin Laden called for a Jihad against Jews and Crusaders Clinton ordered air strikes on Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. The strikes failed to disrupt this growing terrorist network

94 Into a New Century The Ascendance of George W. Bush Al Gore won popular vote but fell short in electoral college to Bush, 267 to 271 Democrats demanded hand recounts in several counties in Florida due to potential fraudulent voting procedures and cancelled ballots in African American voting centers The Supreme Court voting along ordered the recount stopped and let Bush s victory stand

95 Tax Cuts Tax Relief Act of 2001 slashed income tax rates, extended the earned income credit for poor, and marked the estate tax to be phased out by it targeted dividend income and capital gains. It pushed far beyond any other postwar president in slashing federal taxes The tax cuts would plunge the federal government back into debt Expenditures were health care costs of Medicare and Medicaid. Social Security and Medicare obligations were coming due for retiring baby boomers

96 September 11, 2001 Nine months into the Bush presidency, nineteen Al Qaeda terrorist (led by Osama bin Laden) hijacked four commercial jets and flew two into the World Trade Center killing A third into the Pentagon, and the fourth headed for the White house, crashed in Pennsylvania when passengers fought back and thwarted the hijackers. In October, the U.S. attacked Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. By early 2002 many of the Al Qaeda training camps were destroyed. However, Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan.

97 The Invasion of Iraq Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, granting the administration sweeping authority to monitor citizens and apprehend suspected terrorists Bush declared a war on terrorism and organized preemptive strikes against the axis of evil starting with Iraq and Saddam Hussein Goal was to democratize the Middle East The vital interest of the U.S. was to secure oil After Saddam cooperated with UN inspection of weapons, Bush pushed to overthrow him, without support from its allies Iraqi citizens resented U.S. presence and used suicide bombers to attack American soldiers American guards at Baghdad s Abu Ghraib prison abused and tortured suspected insurgents/terrorists. For Muslims this offered final proof of American treachery U.S. spent $100 billion 1000 American soldiers died, 10,000 wounded Bush continued to stay the course and continue his war on terror

98 The 2004 Election Bush s platform was patriotism and antigay initiatives Violence Abroad and Economic Collapse at Home In 2005, Hurricane Katrina-one of the deadliest hurricane s in U.S. history- devastated New Orleans, LA 4000 died Federal and local authorities were uncoordinated and inadequate Because most of the effected parts were African American, and federal response was so slow, many blamed Bush of racism Increasing violence and a rising insurgency in Iraq made the war more unpopular in 2005 and 2006 By 2008, major banks, insurance companies, and financial institutions were on the verge of collapse. The entire automobile industry was near bankruptcy. Unemployment was 10% Worse economic recession since Great Depression 1930s Became know as the Great Recession Congress passed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( bailout ) to dedicate $700 billion to rescue many of the nation s largest banks and brokerage houses

99 The Obama Presidency Democratic senator from IL, son of African immigrant-student and young white women from Kansas Easily connected with an increasingly multiracial and multicultural America First hundred days Economic stimulus package of federal spending to invigorate the economy: plans to draw down the war in Iraq, and refocus American military efforts in Afghanistan; a reform of the nation s health insurance system; and new federal laws to regulate Wall Street American Recovery and Reinvestment Act- provided $787 billion to state and local governments for schools, hospitals, and transportation projects Worked hard to support the nation s health care system since Medicare in 1965 Passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) in 2010