Economic Freedom of the Cities: Socioeconomic Benefits of Freedom at the Local Level
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1 Economic Freedom of the Cities: Socioeconomic Benefits of Freedom at the Local Level Association of Private Enterprise Education April
2 Economic Freedom of North America Economic Freedom of the World Size of government Government consumption Transfers and subsidies Social Security payments Takings and discriminatory taxes Tax revenue Top marginal income tax rate and threshold Other tax revenues Labor market freedom Minimum wage Public sector employment Union density 2
3 For each year, divide the states into two groups 25 least free 25 most free 3
4 Economic Freedom of North America ( ) Least Free Most Free 4
5 Income 5
6 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) 1985 $22,000 $24,000 Data source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Income Tables: Households, Table H-8; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 6
7 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) Less free: $35,300 More free: $38,000 Median household income averaged 7.6% higher in the more free states. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Income Tables: Households, Table H-8; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 7
8 Counterargument Household income measures mask two-worker households. $30,000 $30,000 $50,
9 Per-Capita Personal Income 9
10 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) Less free: $23,300 More free: $25,000 Per-capita income averaged over 7.3% higher in the more free states. Data source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Income Tables: Households, Table H-8; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 10
11 Counterargument Higher incomes can mask the effects of unemployment. 11
12 Unemployment 12
13 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) Less free: 5.8% More free: 5.2% The difference in unemployment rates = 1 million jobs. Data Source: Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 13
14 Counterargument Unemployment data ignore the chronically jobless. 14
15 Poverty 15
16 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) Less free: 13.6% More free: 11.9% The difference in poverty rates = 5 million people living in poverty. Data source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, GDP and Personal Income Regional Data; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 16
17 Counterargument Low poverty rates can mask large inequalities. 17
18 Outcome Inequality 18
19 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) Less outcome inequality in more free states. Data source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey, B19083; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 19
20 Migration 20
21 Economic Freedom of North America (all levels of government) People move from less free states to more free states. Data source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey, B19083; Ashby, Bueno, and McMahon, Economic Freedom of North America 2011, Fraser Institute 21
22 Counterargument Perhaps there is something strange about Americans. 22
23 Poverty 23
24 Economic Freedom of the World (79 countries, ) Less free: 59% More free: 17% Data source: World Bank, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 24
25 Counterargument Rich country effect. 25
26 Economic Freedom of the World (25 poorest quartile countries, ) Less free: 81% More free: 64% Data source: World Bank, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 26
27 Outcome Inequality 27
28 Economic Freedom of the World (123 countries, ) Less free: 43 More free: 35 Data source: CIA World Factbook, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 28
29 Child Labor 29
30 Economic Freedom of the World (75 reporting countries, ) Less free: 28% More free: 13% Data source: Childinfo.org, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 30
31 Counterargument Rich countries export child labor to poor countries. 31
32 Economic Freedom of the World (26 poorest quartile countries, ) Less free: 41% More free: 27% Data source: Childinfo.org, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 32
33 Environment 33
34 Economic Freedom of the World (85 countries, 2007) Less free: 85 More free: 30 Data source: World Health Organization, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 34
35 Economic Freedom of the World (136 countries, ) Less free: 7% More free: +7% Data source: Mongabay.com, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 35
36 Counterargument Rich countries export environmental exploitation. 36
37 Economic Freedom of the World (29 poorest quartile countries, ) Less free: 13% More free: 7% Data source: Mongabay.com, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 37
38 Peace 38
39 Global Peace Index (inverse scale) Economic Freedom of the World (133 countries, 2009) Countries that are more free are also more peaceful. Data source: Institute for Economics and Peace, Economic Freedom of the World, Fraser Institute 39
40 Counterargument Aggregation may be hiding important information. 40
41 Economic Freedom of US Cities (first vs third quartiles, 2009) Less free: 7.6% More free: 5.5% Data source: Stansel (2013), Census Bureau 41
42 Economic Freedom of US Cities (first vs third quartiles, 2009) Less free: $49,700 More free: $52,600 Data source: Stansel (2013), Census Bureau 42
43 Economic Freedom of US Cities (first vs third quartiles, 2009) Less free: 17.1% More free: 15.2% Data source: Stansel (2013), Census Bureau 43
44 Conclusion 44
45 Across countries, states, cities, and time, societies with more economic freedom have Less unemployment Higher incomes Less poverty Less outcome inequality Less child labor Better environments More peace 45
46 Economic Freedom of the Cities: Socioeconomic Benefits of Freedom at the Local Level Association of Private Enterprise Education April
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