It is impossible to eliminate disparities in wealth and development. ~ Discuss.
|
|
- Phillip French
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 KITTY WONG 12.3 It is impossible to eliminate disparities in wealth and development. ~ Discuss. Disparity in Geography can be defined as the difference or inequality between regions measured in terms of economic, social and political development with indexes such as the KOF. Wealth, which we will define as the GNI or GDP of a country, is part of the indicators for development. Although it plays a big part, to measure globalisation in detail, other indices should be included as well, such as: the HDI (Human Development Index) of a country, its years of schooling (education), healthcare and nutrition, income, infant mortality, life expectancy and marginalisation. With the income gap widening both internationally and regionally in some countries the U.S. alone experiencing this crisis as the income for its richest 1% population grows 150% while the bottom 90% becomes poorer from 1980 to 2012 (Puzzanghera J., 2014) steps to reduce disparities between the rich and the poor must be taken to improve the standard of living in the world. In the effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, current solutions to alleviate inequality are to promote and/or provide the following to low income countries: free trade and market access, farming subsidies, debt relief, aid, and remittances. However, although these programmes are being actively carried out in the world, it is ultimately impossible to completely eliminate disparities in wealth and development due to the limitations of the aforementioned methods. Encouraging free trade and enabling international market access is one of the solutions to tackle the existing economic disparities in export and import values. The Windward Islands and their banana industry is an example of a region who benefits from its fair trade system, WINFA. Having established WINFA and the beginning of the banana fair trade industry in the 1990s, the industry was able to continue competing internationally in the global market as 90% of their bananas are now exported through fair trade, where as it was only < 30% prior to the first year with the fair-trade suppliers. Earning around 46 million in 2009 (Fairtrade Foundation, 2012), the farmers were generally able to raise living standards and maintain a stable finance due to the fair price offered in the trade, earning around EC $7.00 a box of bananas more compared to non-fair trade suppliers. Other than this financial benefit, the government was also able to invest in medical accessibility (assistance to 600 farmers, EC$250,000), health funds, farming subsidies, educational projects, technological research, and retirement funds etc. as the GDP of the Islands raised by 10% from the banana industry. By introducing the fair trade system in the Windward Islands, the raise in GNI allows the region to become more competitive internationally, and allow economic development in terms of infrastructure, income, increase in domestic jobs, and training through Myrdal s Cumulative Causation Model PAGE 1
2 education to sustain the rate of growth. Social relations can also improve connections between countries, promoting social development as it makes more ties with others; while increasing market access can also attract foreign direct investments to create new jobs and infrastructures. In short, free trade is able to produce a long-term solution of cumulative causation and hence globalising the region in an upward spiral following the economic incline. Free trading can also encourage countries to import other goods from other regions that were not available locally. This, again, makes the country more international as it can access more materials. However, the restraint of utilising free trade as an inequality reducer lies in its social limitations with the countries importing the goods. Two dangers are possible in this scenario: the first is when complete free trade destroys the local businesses. Since this type of trading indicates that the price of the goods will not be subject to the tax revenue of the country, it will sell very cheaply. As a result, locals will buy these cheap imported products and neglect the actual production from its original community, causing the country to lose its competitiveness in comparison to others. To protect its own industries, MICs will usually employ protectionism laws to prevent complete free trading in the world. However, this leads to the second problem for the LICs who are exporting the raw materials, since this act will limit their share of the world market and have the potential to crumble their export rates. For example, in 1993, the European Union had to impose tariff and quota arrangements for the importation of bananas. Due to the cost of 176 euros per tonne of bananas to be exported, the Windward Islands participation in the banana imports of Europe dropped from 40% in 2009 to 8.6% by The falling market price and increased costs of agriculture lead to a large reduction in banana farmers, dropping from 27,000 in 1992 to only 3,500 left in The social and economic impact of this resulted in 25-30% of the population living under the poverty line in St. Lucia and Dominica in 2009 until the issue was resolved with a new deal to be honoured in 2017 (Fairtrade Foundation, 2012). Therefore, although free trade and market access can aid wealth in terms of contributing to its GNI, increasing years of education through government funding, local income and medical accessibility in the HDI; the need for local product demand within a country creates a barrier between trading partners, preventing complete free trade in the world and not allowing LICs to get out of the control MICs have over the global market. Which, according to the Rostow Model of the Stages of Economic Development, stops the LIC from reaching stage 3 as it lacks the money from selling agricultural products to invest in infrastructure and industrialise. PAGE 2
3 The second method considered to be a solution to reducing disparities is farming or agricultural subsidies. As a form of financial support from the government, farming subsidies are usually given to farmers to help them increase supply by lowering the cost of production. The idea lies in that a higher supply of food in the market will lower the prices as demand will not be as high. Like free trade, however, farming subsidies has its advantages and disadvantages. For the countries that implement these supports, it will help young farmers to get started more efficiently and reduce the cost of living for agricultural based families with funds to buy land, machinery and equipment for farming. When the European Union s Common Agricultural Policy was introduced in 1962, an average family had to spend 30% of their monthly income on food. This has now halved to only 15% in 2011, which allows the family to make more money and therefore lift themselves out of poverty. Because of the new low cost of production, more food can also be produced by a region: For CAP, production has risen from 3 tons of food per hector to 7 tons of food per hectare during 1962 to By 1984, the production was far beyond expected, and more crops and research can be spent in medicine, cosmetics, handicrafts etc. which opens up new markets for other exports. The use of farming subsidies (depending on how they are implemented) can also be used to train farmers to use the latest technical production methods, promoting environmental preservation as well as technological advancement. Unfortunately, the method of farming subsidies have to be directly pursued by a country itself rather than relying on others, like free trade. Therefore, LICs that does not employ farming subsidy methods whose deep dependence in agricultural production (around 38% of GDP) make them vulnerable to slight changes in global markets can easily lose the advantage to those who do have the privileges. This negative effect is caused when subsidised MICs produce so much crops that the demand for the LICs production is not needed. The distortion in trade will harm other farmers in other countries and thereby their exports and its value. As a result, farming subsidies are good for solving disparities between local or geographically close regions (e.g. US gives around $148m as a farming subsidy to Brazil for their cotton (Grunwald M., 2010)) through lowering the costs of production for farmers and closing the supply and demand ratio by mass production hence increasing its wealth (GNI) and better living standards; however, it does not necessarily take into account the international influences that may further the inequality between LICs and MICs. One of the major problems with finance in LICs is that they cannot repay the debt they have borrowed in the post-colonial era for development. These indebted countries therefore cannot puts its economic focus into its own development, but rather to repay a huge amount of money that is growing every year due to interests. As a result, heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) emerges as regions who cannot hope to repay the large amount of money they owe to (mostly) HICs. The HIPC initiative was then introduced for debt relief, in which an HIPC should it fit the criteria will be able to alleviate its debt up to a 100%. The benefits in receiving the HIPC debt relief mainly lies in the fact that there will be no new debt by interest, or other loans to pay off the original loan. The reduction of debt burden allows the economy of the country to become more PAGE 3
4 sustainable, and hence can choose to spend its income (GNI) on social spending, funding programmes such as healthcare, education, women s rights and sustainable environmental policies. For example, Zambia, having completed the programme in 2005 for $3.8 billion debt relief, was able to allocate 30% of its GNI towards social sector needs in This included recruiting personnel in education and health sectors, infrastructure and development, and provision of food supplements. Its debt service payments each year has dropped from $500m per year to $125m. However, criticisms of the HIPC Initiative also exist, again making it only a partial solution to disparity. Firstly, the HIPC is a slow progress. Only 4 countries received debt relief after 3 years the programme had begun. The indebted countries also have to agree to a series of economic reforms in order for the debt relief programme to follow through, which may take a long time. Zambia, for example, applied in 2000, but only completed it in 2005 due to its opposition to certain structural reforms. These reforms are often similar to the SAPs, which are Eurocentric ideals that is not necessarily what a country needs, hence they don t always work. Another problem with debt relief is that it is not always 100%, and cannot fully aid a country if their GNI itself is below government expenses or in the case that the debt is not in the simple form of money. Zambia still continues to borrow money in order to finance a budget deficit due to its poor terms of trade in the global market. Lastly, the countries eligible for the HIPC initiative (although little compared to the rest of the world) will require around $200 billion US dollars to fully cancel their debt. This is simply unrealistic to achieve at least not without a certain passage of time. Debt relief, therefore, is a plausible method in terms of alleviating a country of its immediate debts, and can offer an easier start into social reform and development; however, it does not fully take care of the downward spiral that these HIPCs may be experiencing in another form of economy (not just physical money), which does not help them leave the negative cumulative causation cycle of poverty. Aid can be a good and bad form of helping countries in need to reduce disparity. The advantages of aid is that it is not dependent on the country itself, and is offered freely. This (theoretically speaking) allows LICs to get help from other countries without a price in return. Firstly, during disasters or emergencies, aid is immediate and can be used to help the country to stabilise after the event. For example, 213m euros were sent to Haiti from ECHO (NGO organization) after the earthquake in 2010, helping displaced people to PAGE 4
5 return to their neighbourhoods, reinforcing health institutions etc. (Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, 2013). Aid can also help to build expensive infrastructures to spur development, or to build schools and hospitals to increase education levels and health care. This type of aid is generally improving population well-being. Bottom-up aid in millennium villages can sometimes lead to a sustainable upward spiral, whereby (for example), the introduction of bank accounts allow farmers in a rural area to save their profits and get interests, hence getting a higher income and sustainable build of personal finance. However, aid can also fail as an inequality eradicator. Firstly, it can easily breed dependency. According to the Dependency Theory, LICs will become reliant on MICs to supply them with the resources, money, goods, food etc. that they need, and instead of using aid as a kick-starter for cumulative causation, destroys its own local market. Meanwhile, a corrupt government in which a top-down aid project sponsors may take the money and result in an ineffective usage. Indirect aid can also lead to the distribution of aid not being what is needed by the region or country. The existence of conditional and tied aid may force a country to carry out policies that are not necessarily beneficial. For example, the IMF and the World Bank both enforce their own SAPs when giving aid to a country as discussed before, SAPs may not be the best reforms to implement as it follows a Eurocentric ideal of development rather than focusing on what the country in need may actually require. Aid is also comparatively short-term compared to a self-sustaining Millennium Village. Even though long-term aids are present, they are projects that will have a deadline, which may or may not produce the desired development; whereas the upward spiral of a country on its own can ensure its sustainability of the rate of development. Lastly, a disadvantage of aid is that it is a form of reliant support on the giving side. If the economy of the donor side is unstable or falls, aid to the recipient country might halt as well. Consequently, aid is good for relatively short term needs. It will address the immediate distress that a country may face, and can sometimes create the start to a sustainable development; but in the long run, aid does not tackle the basic idea of the need for self-sustaining and self-initiated upward spiral that most LICs need. Last but not least, remittances is also a form of reducing disparities between countries. This is money that is sent back to a migrant s origin country when he or she works abroad. Remittances provide income for the country, which can ensure cumulative causation and therefore puts the country at an upward spiral. More of the population can be employed as they are looking for open spaces in other countries rather than competing in their own, and hence create a stronger economy from social benefits. For example, Filipinos come to Hong Kong to work as helpers and send back money to their families in Philippines, adding to make up 14% of their GDP. Remittances are also direct and reaches the migrants families and friends at a local level PAGE 5
6 therefore, unlike aid, the money sent back will avoid the chances of a corrupt government or diversion of the money. As part of the population leaves to work, the shift in demographic and the population pyramid can reduce pressure on schools, healthcare, infrastructures, and certain working cohorts depending on the size and profiles of the migrating population. Remittances also breed a certain sustainability whereby the migrants will return with new skills, knowledge, and parental education which they can pass on to their child. Remittances also have an advantage over internalised methods of reducing disparity, because (like aid) they come from a region other than its home country. Therefore, if a natural disaster hits the origin country, direct and immediate help can be sent from the migrant working abroad to his or her needing family and friends. However, there are also problems with remittances. Like aid, it could breed dependency from the migrants families and friends upon the migrated individuals. If the migrant can get enough money back, his or her family may choose to not enter the local market where the pay isn t as good. Moreover, it is also dependent upon the economy and financial status of the MIC where the migrant is at. If an economic recession occurs, remittances reduces, which would directly affect the receiving families in the LIC. For example, in 2012, there was a recession in the US. With its population made up of 1 migrated Mexican in 13 citizens, remittances flowing into Mexico decreased by 11.6% from August of 2011 to the August of 2012 (Pinoteau Q., 2012). Inflation at the origin country could also occur and cause prices to rise due to the rising economy, hence giving a disadvantage to those who do not have a family member abroad to offer them money from another country. Therefore, although remittances allow a direct and sustained economic growth, it cannot eradicate disparity in wealth and development as it could discourage participation in local markets, and the income factor is completely reliant upon another individual and another country s economy, which does not promote the technological and work sector development (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary) of the country itself. In addition to economy, disparity is also caused by a number of other factors that cannot be overcome with these methods who all tackle the problem at a socio-economic aspect. In reality, other disparities that can occur within or between countries can also result from their physical geographical location, ethnicity, parental education, formal or informal employment, land tenure, and the cultural practices or imbalances that may exist (e.g. Sexual discrimination). These external factors makes it impossible for the theories to be simply applied to real life, hence preventing the 5 proposed methods to be the only ones that are sufficient to completely eradicate inequality. We can definitely reduce disparity as each method does contribute to improving the GNI/GDP and HDI of a country, but it is hard to completely eradicate it due to the need for a country s individual competitiveness in the world. PAGE 6
7 Bibliography KITTY WONG 12.3 Common Agricultural Policy. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_agricultural_policy Fairtrade Foundation (Publication). (2012, January 15). Fairtrade Bananas Case Study. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from WINFA_FairtradeBananas_CaseStudy_Update_Jan2012.pdf Grunwald, M. (2010, April 09). Why the U.S. Is Also Giving Brazilians Farm Subsidies. Time. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from 0%2C8599%2C %2C00.html Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection. (2013, May 15). Haiti. Aid in Action. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti (Publication). (2006). The effect of the HIPC Initiative on heavily indebted poor countries. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from headline d.pdf Pinoteau, Q. (2012, October 15). Remittances are Down and Mexico Feels the Pain. Fusion. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from Puzzanghera, J. (2014, January 20). Oxfam report highlights widening income gap between rich, poor. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from PAGE 7
Discuss what this map shows. In your book write three concise bullet points to describe what this map shows. Explain what the Brandt Line is.
Discuss what this map shows. In your book write three concise bullet points to describe what this map shows. Explain what the Brandt Line is. Most people link development to wealth. We divide the world
More informationThe Changing Economic World. 1. Key Terms
1. Key Terms What is development? The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare. What is a HIC? A high income country. What is an LIC? A low income country.
More informationThe Changing Economic World. 1. Key Terms
1. Key Terms What is development? The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare. What is a HIC? A high income country. What is an LIC? A low income country.
More informationHas Globalization Helped or Hindered Economic Development? (EA)
Has Globalization Helped or Hindered Economic Development? (EA) Most economists believe that globalization contributes to economic development by increasing trade and investment across borders. Economic
More informationEdexcel (B) Economics A-level
Edexcel (B) Economics A-level Theme 2: The Wider Economic Environment 2.4 Life in a Global Economy 2.4.2 Developed, emerging and developing economies Notes Indicators of growth: o GDP per capita GDP per
More informationQuality of life is. Measuring Development
Development means The level of development is different in every country this is called the global development gap. Quality of life is The 3 types of countries are defined as: HIC: Indicator Definition
More informationSwiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. The SDC reliable, sustainable, innovative
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation The SDC reliable, sustainable, innovative Goals Reduce poverty, make development sustainable and overcome global risks, so too in Switzerland s interests: these
More informationEconomic Geography Chapter 10 Development
Economic Geography Chapter 10 Development Development: Key Issues 1. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? 2. Where Are Inequalities in Development Found? 3. Why Do Countries Face Challenges to Development?
More informationCHAPTER 12: The Problem of Global Inequality
1. Self-interest is an important motive for countries who express concern that poverty may be linked to a rise in a. religious activity. b. environmental deterioration. c. terrorist events. d. capitalist
More informationOxfam Education
Background notes on inequality for teachers Oxfam Education What do we mean by inequality? In this resource inequality refers to wide differences in a population in terms of their wealth, their income
More informationContemporary Human Geography, 2e. Chapter 9. Development. Lectures. Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan Pearson Education, Inc.
Contemporary Human Geography, 2e Lectures Chapter 9 Development Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan 9.1 Human Development Index Development The process of improving the material conditions of
More informationPoverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Kingdom of Thailand February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Thailand 1-1 Poverty Line The definition of poverty and methods for calculating
More informationThe Road to Hell. The effectiveness of international aid to Africa and an exploration of alternatives for the future. Tami Fawcett
The Road to Hell The effectiveness of international aid to Africa and an exploration of alternatives for the future Tami Fawcett 10/8/2012 Global Studies 322 Professor Naseem Badiey Introduction Over the
More information1. Global Disparities Overview
1. Global Disparities Overview The world is not an equal place, and throughout history there have always been inequalities between people, between countries and between regions. Today the world s population
More informationPENNSILVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY. How the IMF and the World Bank Dealt with the Issue of Poverty in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2010?
Poverty in Bangladesh i PENNSILVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY How the IMF and the World Bank Dealt with the Issue of Poverty in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2010? Sarp Yanki Kalfa PLSC 440 Doctor Blackmon April 25,
More information9.1 Human Development Index Development improving the material conditions diffusion of knowledge and technology Measure by HDI
9: Development 9.1 Human Development Index Development improving the material conditions diffusion of knowledge and technology Measure by HDI Standard of living Access to knowledge Life expectancy 9.1
More informationHOW ECONOMIES GROW AND DEVELOP Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 17 HOW ECONOMIES GROW AND DEVELOP Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter presents material on economic growth, such as the theory behind it, how it is calculated,
More informationGA Committee 2 Topic Preparation Guide. Topic 1. Political Corruption and Bribery
GA Committee 2 Topic Preparation Guide Topic 1. Political Corruption and Bribery Topic Background Political corruption is the abuse of public power for private gain. 1 Bribery is a type of political corruption
More informationPoverty in the Third World
11. World Poverty Poverty in the Third World Human Poverty Index Poverty and Economic Growth Free Market and the Growth Foreign Aid Millennium Development Goals Poverty in the Third World Subsistence definitions
More informationGlobalisation and Open Markets
Wolfgang LEHMACHER Globalisation and Open Markets July 2009 What is Globalisation? Globalisation is a process of increasing global integration, which has had a large number of positive effects for nations
More informationSupport Materials. GCE Economics H061/H461: Exemplar Materials. AS/A Level Economics
Support Materials GCE Economics H061/H461: Exemplar Materials AS/A Level Economics Contents 1 Unit F581: Markets In Action 3 2 Unit F582: The National and International Economy 6 3 Unit F583: Economics
More informationGlobalization: It Doesn t Just Happen
Conference Presentation November 2007 Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen BY DEAN BAKER* Progressives will not be able to tackle the problems associated with globalization until they first understand
More informationEconomic Development. The single most important geographic fact of economic development is its striking unevenness. World Bank
Economic Development The single most important geographic fact of economic development is its striking unevenness. World Bank What do we mean by economic development? Economic development is a term that
More informationSyllabus item: 176 Weight: 3
4.6 The Roles of foreign and multilateral development assistance - Foreign Syllabus item: 176 Weight: 3 IB Question Explain that is extended to economically less developed countries either by governments
More informationterritory. In fact, it is much more than just running government. It also comprises executive,
Book Review Ezrow, N., Frantz, E., & Kendall-Taylor, A. (2015). Development and the state in the 21st century: Tackling the challenges facing the developing world. Palgrave Macmillan. Reviewed by Irfana
More informationChapter 9: Fundamentals of International Political Economy
Chapter 9: Fundamentals of International Political Economy MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. International political economy can be defined as a. the international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund
More informationFrequently asked questions
Frequently asked questions on globalisation, free trade, the WTO and NAMA The following questions could come up in conversations with people about trade so have a read through of the answers to get familiar
More informationChapter 1 Overview of Poverty
Chapter 1 Overview of Poverty Chapter 1 Overview of Poverty 1-1 Actual Situation of Poverty and Importance of Poverty is still a major issue and inequality still remains. There is a strong relationship
More informationFH Aachen University of applied sciences. Module: International Business Management Professor Dr. Ulrich Daldrup
FH Aachen University of applied sciences Module: International Business Management Professor Dr. Ulrich Daldrup A critical review of free trade agreements and protectionism Ashrith Arun Matriculation number:
More informationTo be opened on receipt
Oxford Cambridge and RSA To be opened on receipt A2 GCE ECONOMICS F585/01/SM The Global Economy STIMULUS MATERIAL *6373303001* JUNE 2016 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES This copy must not be taken into the
More informationPopulation below poverty line (%) 2014 (Source: CIA World Factbook)
Africa s Poverty Population below poverty line (%) 2014 (Source: CIA World Factbook) How do we know that the Congo (DRC) is poor? Per Capita GDP: $800 Life Expectancy: 57.3 years Human Development Index
More informationOur Unequal World. The North/South Divide.
Our Unequal World The North/South Divide. Inequality Our world is a very unequal place. There are huge social & economic inequalities between different places. This means that many countries are rich,
More information1. Define GDP. The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period
Economics 1. Define GDP. The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given time period 2. GDP represents the aggregate or the whole economy. 3. List the 4 components
More informationGeo Factsheet. How might the development gap be reduced? Number 326
Geo Factsheet www.curriculum-press.co.uk Number 326 How might the development gap be reduced? This Factsheet will critically analyse and evaluate the arguments for how the development gap can be reduced
More informationJICA s Position Paper on SDGs: Goal 10
JICA s Position Paper on SDGs: Goal 10 Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries 1. Understanding of the present situation (1) Why we need to reduce inequality Since 1990, absolute poverty
More informationEliminating World Poverty: a consultation document
Eliminating World Poverty: a consultation document January 2006 Have your say Did we make poverty history in 2005? No. But did we take a big step in the right direction? Yes. Last year development took
More informationPaper 2. Changing Economic World
Paper 2 Changing Economic World Key Idea: There are global variations in economic development and quality of life. Specification content: Different ways of classifying parts of the world according to their
More informationLast Time Industrialization in the late 19th Century up through WWII Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s 1970s) Export Promotion
Last Time Industrialization in the late 19th Century up through WWII Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s 1970s) Export Promotion Industrialization TODAY Population growth, distribution,
More informationCIE Economics A-level
CIE Economics A-level Topic 4: The Macroeconomy c) Classification of countries Notes Indicators of living standards and economic development The three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI) The
More informationEURO-LATIN AMERICAN PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY. Committee for Economic, Financial and Commercial Affairs WORKING DOCUMENT
Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly Assemblée Parlementaire Euro-Latino Américaine Asamblea Parlamentaria Euro-Latinoamericana Assembleia ParlamentarEuro-Latino-Americana EURO-LATIN AMERICAN PARLIAMTARY
More informationRole of Cooperatives in Poverty Reduction. Shankar Sharma National Cooperatives Workshop January 5, 2017
Role of Cooperatives in Poverty Reduction Shankar Sharma National Cooperatives Workshop January 5, 2017 Definition Nepal uses an absolute poverty line, based on the food expenditure needed to fulfil a
More informationUNDERSTANDING TRADE, DEVELOPMENT, AND POVERTY REDUCTION
` UNDERSTANDING TRADE, DEVELOPMENT, AND POVERTY REDUCTION ECONOMIC INSTITUTE of CAMBODIA What Does This Handbook Talk About? Introduction Defining Trade Defining Development Defining Poverty Reduction
More informationACP-EU JOINT PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY
ACP-EU JOINT PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY ACP-EU/100.510/09/fin. RESOLUTION 1 on the impact of the financial crisis on the ACP States The ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, meeting in Luanda (Angola) from
More informationNumber of Countries with Data
By Hafiz A. Pasha WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF SOUTH ASIA S PROGRESS ON THE MDGs? WHAT FACTORS HAVE DETERMINED THE RATE OF PROGRESS? WHAT HAS BEEN THE EXTENT OF INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SOUTH ASIA? WHAT SHOULD BE
More informationCHAPTER 10: Fundamentals of International Political Economy
1. China s economy now ranks as what number in terms of size? a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth 2. China s economy has grown by what factor each year since 1980? a. Three b. Five c. Seven d. Ten 3.
More informationChapter 18: Development and Globalization Section 1
Chapter 18: Development and Globalization Section 1 Key Terms development: the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social wellbeing of its people developed nation: a nation
More informationSituation in Haiti one year after the earthquake: humanitarian aid and reconstruction
P7_TA-PROV(2011)0018 Situation in Haiti one year after the earthquake: humanitarian aid and reconstruction European Parliament resolution of 19 January 2011 on the situation in Haiti one year after the
More informationYear 4 Geography. Development Resource Use (Part I) Enduring Understandings
Year 4 Geography Development Resource Use (Part I) Enduring Understandings Development is instrumental in improving the standard of living and enhancing the quality of life of the people across the globe.
More informationCommittee: G13 Summit. Issue title: Reducing trade inequality. Submitted by: Tamás Kocsis, President of G13 Summit
Committee: G13 Summit Issue title: Reducing trade inequality Submitted by: Tamás Kocsis, President of G13 Summit Edited by: Kamilla Tóth, President of the General Assembly Introduction Trade: The phenomenon
More informationvi. rising InequalIty with high growth and falling Poverty
43 vi. rising InequalIty with high growth and falling Poverty Inequality is on the rise in several countries in East Asia, most notably in China. The good news is that poverty declined rapidly at the same
More informationLabor Migration in the Kyrgyz Republic and Its Social and Economic Consequences
Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG) Annual Conference 200 Beijing, PRC, -7 December 200 Theme: The Role of Public Administration in Building
More informationCase Study on Youth Issues: Philippines
Case Study on Youth Issues: Philippines Introduction The Philippines has one of the largest populations of the ASEAN member states, with 105 million inhabitants, surpassed only by Indonesia. It also has
More informationLetter dated 29 October 2003 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General
United Nations General Assembly Distr.: General 30 October 2003 Original: English A/58/542 Fifty-eighth session Agenda item 104 (b) Follow-up to the International Conference on Financing for Development:
More informationRosary Sisters High School Model United Nations ROSMUN Economic and Social Council
Rosary Sisters High School Model United Nations ROSMUN 2018 Economic and Social Council Bridging the Economic Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries Nicole Hazou Introduction In developing countries,
More information3.1 How does the economy of the globalised world function in different places?
3.1 How does the economy of the globalised world function in different places? a. The balance between employment sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) varies spatially and is changing.
More informationGhana Lower-middle income Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only) Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) database.
Knowledge for Development Ghana in Brief October 215 Poverty and Equity Global Practice Overview Poverty Reduction in Ghana Progress and Challenges A tale of success Ghana has posted a strong growth performance
More informationGlobalization and Inequality: A Structuralist Approach
1 Allison Howells Kim POLS 164 29 April 2016 Globalization and Inequality: A Structuralist Approach Exploitation, Dependency, and Neo-Imperialism in the Global Capitalist System Abstract: Structuralism
More informationReducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan. Lahcen Achy. Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010
Reducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan Experience Lahcen Achy Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010 Starting point Morocco recorded an impressive decline in monetary poverty over
More informationCDP Working Group on Gender and Development Women s work and livelihood prospects in the context of the current economic crisis
CDP Working Group on Gender and Development Women s work and livelihood prospects in the context of the current economic crisis Issues Note for the 2010 AMR The theme of the 2010 Annual Ministerial Review
More informationIB Diploma: Economics. Section 4: Development Economics COURSE COMPANION. First Edition (2017)
IB Diploma: Economics Section 4: Development Economics COURSE COMPANION First Edition (2017) Economic development... 3 Nature of economic growth and economic development... 3 Common Characteristics of
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
www.xtremepapers.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education *6930124118* DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/01 Paper 1 October/November 2009 Additional
More informationPolicy, Advocacy and Communication
Policy, Advocacy and Communication situation Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in realising children s rights to health, education, social protection and gender equality in Cambodia.
More informationGlobalisation of Markets
Globalisation of Markets Definition of globalisation (1) The geographic dispersion of industrial and service activities, for example research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and distribution,
More informationPOLI 12D: International Relations Sections 1, 6
POLI 12D: International Relations Sections 1, 6 Spring 2017 TA: Clara Suong Chapter 10 Development: Causes of the Wealth and Poverty of Nations The realities of contemporary economic development: Billions
More informationMonitoring Country Progress in Pakistan
Monitoring Country Progress in Pakistan Program Office OAPA & USAID/Pakistan U.S. Agency for International Development Pakistan Institute for Development Economics September, 21 st, 211 Economic Reforms
More informationThe views of Namibia s Policy makers and the Civil society on NEPAD
The views of Namibia s Policy makers and the Civil society on NEPAD Contribution to the conference organised by the Hanns Seidel Foundation Johannesburg, 1 3 November 2003 By Rehabeam Shilimela The Namibian
More informationGFRID 2017 NEW YORK - REMARKS BY DIRECTOR MONEY SERVICES BUSINESS REGULATION DEPARTMENT, BANK NEGARA MALAYSIA.
GFRID 2017 NEW YORK - REMARKS BY DIRECTOR MONEY SERVICES BUSINESS REGULATION DEPARTMENT, BANK NEGARA MALAYSIA. Mr. Gilbert F. Houngbo, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development or
More informationNeo-Liberal Policy & the Feminization of Labor
Neo-Liberal Policy & the Feminization of Labor The Affects of NAFTA in Mexico Presented by Ivette Ale Neo-Liberalism Refers to a set of economic policies that include: 1. Limiting state involvement in
More informationModule 5 Review Guide
Module 5 1 of 5 Module 5 Review Guide Economist Adam Smith Karl Marx John Maynard Keynes Beliefs/Ideologies... o Laissez-faire No government intervention. o Let the market work on its own. o Individuals
More informationThe Role of the African Development Bank in Assisting Member States to Cope with the Global Financial Crisis
The Role of the African Development Bank in Assisting Member States to Cope with the Global Financial Crisis Tripartite Workshop on the Impact of the Financial Crisis on Finance Sector Workers in Selected
More informationAround the world, one person in seven goes to bed hungry each night. In essence, hunger is the most extreme form of poverty, where individuals or
Hunger Advocate Around the world, one person in seven goes to bed hungry each night. In essence, hunger is the most extreme form of poverty, where individuals or families cannot afford to meet their most
More informationAFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP Ministerial Round Table Discussions PANEL 1: The Global Financial Crisis and Fragile States in Africa The 2009 African Development Bank Annual Meetings Ministerial Round
More informationLecture 1. Introduction
Lecture 1 Introduction In this course, we will study the most important and complex economic issue: the economic transformation of developing countries into developed countries. Most of the countries in
More informationANNEX QUICK FACTS AND THEIR SOURCES 1
ANNEX QUICK FACTS AND THEIR SOURCES 1 Trade 1. World trade grew vigorously in 2006, the 8% expansion in merchandise trade being the second highest since 2000. In 2007 it is expected to settle at 6%. World
More informationCOUNTRY PLAN THE UK GOVERNMENT S PROGRAMME OF WORK TO FIGHT POVERTY IN RWANDA DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA
THE UK GOVERNMENT S PROGRAMME OF WORK TO FIGHT POVERTY IN THE UK GOVERNMENT S PROGRAMME OF WORK TO FIGHT POVERTY IN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CONTENTS WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? WHY IS THE UK GOVERNMENT INVOLVED? WHAT
More informationTitle: Barbados and Eastern Caribbean Crisis Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)
Title: Barbados and Eastern Caribbean Crisis Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) Summary prepared by: The Inclusive Development Cluster, Poverty Group February 2010 This is a summary of the report
More informationChapter 18 Development and Globalization
Chapter 18 Development and Globalization 1. Levels of Development 2. Issues in Development 3. Economies in Transition 4. Challenges of Globalization Do the benefits of economic development outweigh the
More informationContemporary Human Geography
Chapter 9 Lecture Contemporary Human Geography rd 3 Edition Chapter 9: Development Marc Healy Elgin Community College 9.1 Development Regions A developed country, also known as a More Developed Country
More informationBy Peter Quartey (PhD) Centre for Migration Studies & ISSER, University of Ghana
THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS ON REMITTANCES, RETURN MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA By Peter Quartey (PhD) Centre for Migration Studies & ISSER, University of Ghana OUTLINE 1. Introduction
More informationPoverty Profile. Executive Summary. Malaysia
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Malaysia February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Malaysia 1-1 Poverty Line Malaysia s poverty line, called Poverty Line Income (PLI),
More informationEconomics Summer Term Task
Economics Summer Term Task 1. Research the impact of the vote to leave the EU on the UK economy a. In the short term (the next year) b. In the long term (the next 5 to 10 years) -use the links on slide
More informationBusiness Globalization
Business Globalization Introduction In today s business environment, most of the big companies are becoming global in nature. Companies are realizing that globalization provides an opportunity in terms
More informationEurope and the US: Confronting Global Challenges
SPEECH/07/ Peter Mandelson EU Trade Commissioner Europe and the US: Confronting Global Challenges Carnegie Endowment Washington DC, 8 October 2007 EMBARGO UNTIL DELIVERED AT 16H30 CET The Carnegie Endowment
More informationCanadians as Global Citizens Unit 4
Canadians as Global Citizens Unit 4 Interconnections: From Local to Global We are connected to other people and places in a number of ways "A Global Morning" p.385 Global Village - the concept that people
More informationDevelopment. Differences Between Countries
Development Between Countries Inequalities Between Developing Countries [Date] Today I will: - Know the reasons why there are differences between developing countries. There are over 100 Developing countries.
More informationTHE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: THE PLEDGE OF WORLD LEADERS TO END POVERTY WILL NOT BE MET WITH BUSINESS AS USUAL 1
Journal of International Development J. Int. Dev. 16, 925 932 (2004) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jid.1159 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: THE PLEDGE
More informationGLOBALIZATION S CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
GLOBALIZATION S CHALLENGES FOR THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Shreekant G. Joag St. John s University New York INTRODUCTION By the end of the World War II, US and Europe, having experienced the disastrous consequences
More informationInternational Trade Union Confederation Statement to UNCTAD XIII
International Trade Union Confederation Statement to UNCTAD XIII Introduction 1. The current economic crisis has caused an unprecedented loss of jobs and livelihoods in a short period of time. The poorest
More informationPoverty: A Social Justice Issue. Jim Southard. Professor David Lucas. Siena Heights University
Running head: POVERTY: A SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUE Poverty: A Social Justice Issue Jim Southard Professor David Lucas Siena Heights University Poverty: A Social Justice Issue 2 Introduction: Is poverty a serious
More informationCountry Statement. By Prof. Dr. Fasli Jalal Chairman of the National Population and Family Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia
FINAL 15.00 Country Statement By Prof. Dr. Fasli Jalal Chairman of the National Population and Family Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia at the Ministerial Segment of the Sixth Asian and Pacific Population
More informationForeign Finance, Investment, and. Aid: Controversies and Opportunities
Chapter 10 Foreign Finance, Investment, and Aid: Controversies and Opportunities Problems and Policies: international and macro 1 The International Flow of Financial Resources A majority of developing
More informationGlobalization GLOBALIZATION REGIONAL TABLES. Introduction. Key Trends. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2009
GLOBALIZATION 217 Globalization The People s Republic of China (PRC) has by far the biggest share of merchandise exports in the region and has replaced Japan as the top exporter. The largest part of Asia
More informationUnder-five chronic malnutrition rate is critical (43%) and acute malnutrition rate is high (9%) with some areas above the critical thresholds.
May 2014 Fighting Hunger Worldwide Democratic Republic of Congo: is economic recovery benefiting the vulnerable? Special Focus DRC DRC Economic growth has been moderately high in DRC over the last decade,
More informationImpact of Global Crisis on attainment of MDGs
Impact of Global Crisis on attainment of MDGs FFF in the Arab Context Adib Nehmeh ESCWA 8 December 2009 Conceptual HD versus (economic Growth) paradigms Critique of neoliberal economy and globalization
More informationReality and Solutions for the Relationships between Social and Economic Growth in Vietnam
Reality and Solutions for the Relationships between Social and Economic Growth in Vietnam Le Dinh Phu Thu Dau Mot University E-mail: dinhngochuong2003@yahoo.com Received: September 22, 2017 Accepted: October
More informationRole of CSOs in Implementing Agenda July 2017 League of Arab States General Headquarters Cairo Final Report and Recommendations
Role of CSOs in Implementing Agenda 2030 3-4 July 2017 League of Arab States General Headquarters Cairo Final Report and Recommendations Introduction: As part of the implementation of the Arab Decade for
More informationIMPROVING THE QUALITY OF DATA USED FOR INDICATORS FOR THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGETS
Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities SA/2003/17 Second session 2 September 2003 Geneva, 8-10 September 2003 Item 10(e) of the Provisional Agenda IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF DATA USED FOR
More informationWorkers Remittances. Dilip Ratha. An Important and Stable Source of Development Finance. Poverty Day October 16 th, 2003
Workers Remittances An Important and Stable Source of Development Finance Dilip Ratha Poverty Day October 16 th, 2003 Outline 1. Rising importance of workers remittances 2. Pros and Cons 3. Policy issues
More informationGlobalisation: International Trade
UK Globalisation: International Trade Summary Writing Copyright: These materials are photocopiable but we would appreciate it if all logos and web addresses were left on materials. Thank you. COPYRIGHT
More informationThe Human Face of Poverty: Exploring Causes and Solutions Lesson 3: Free Trade
The Human Face of Poverty: Exploring Causes and Solutions Lesson 3: Free Trade Standards Addressed by Lesson: CIVICS Standard 3.3 Students understand the domestic and foreign policy influence the United
More information