Reporting period June Embassy 2016 of the Kingdom of the 2015 Netherlands, Kigali, Rwanda

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1 Organisation Date Reporting period June Embassy 2016 of the Kingdom of the 2015 Netherlands, Kigali, Rwanda Activity Implemented by 2015 Result area Rio marker Gender marker Number Name Actual expenditure Name organisation Channel Result area Mitigation/Adaption Significant/principal Significant/principal 2 KIG26018 One Stop Centers Gender-Based Violence One UN (UN Women) Multilateral organisation Human security Not applicable Not applicable Principal Sector Budget Support (SBS) for KIG26891 JRLOS JRLOS (Justice, Reconciliation, and LaGovernment Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Significant Legal Aid Forum Core Funding KIG26935 Support Legal Aid Forum NGO Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Significant Rwanda Netherlands Advisory Panel KIG27470 on Justice and Rule of Law MiniJust as receiver of the funds - follogovernment Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Capacity Building Judiciary and KIG24857 Prosecution for Extradited Suspects Supreme Court Rwanda Government Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable KIG25701 Community-based social therapy programme Prison Fellowship NGO Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Significant KIG25541 Media Reform Phase III IWPR NGO Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable KIG27678 Media Reform Phase IV IWPR NGO Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable KIG27469 Club de la Presse Radio Debate Panos Great Leakes NGO Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable KIG27004 Aegis Gacaca Archives Aegis Trust NGO Rule of law Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable KIG25688 Documentary My Voice, My Identity 0 Kwetu Film Institute NGO General Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable

2 Result question 1a: To what extent have physical security and freedom from fear as experienced by men and women from all social groups improved? (country level) 1.1 All kinds of violent acts against citizens, including sexual violence, and other physical security threats are reduced 1.2 Institutions responsible for maintain security perform their tasks effectively, accountably and in better coordination, responding to the needs of citizens (SSR) 1.3 Communities and civil society contribute to human security independently and in coordination with responsible institutions Result Area 1 Human security Rwanda is at the forefront to promote gender and combat inequality and gender based violence. Rwanda has been ranked 6th worldwide in the World Economic Gender Gap Report 2015, up from 7th in last year s report, Rwanda has demonstrated tangible results in the promotion of gender equality, thanks to the strong political will and commitment to gender equality and the empowerment of women by the country s leadership, from the highest level. Rwanda also has strong institutional, policy and legal frameworks that enable the implementation of gender commitments. Despite this high-ranking in the Gender Gap Report, the number of cases of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remains high. The Isange One-Stop Center received 6649 cases of GBV in In a study in 2010, 57.2% of the female respondents experienced GBV committed by a partner. In the same study, results showed that 17.4% of males have experienced forms of sexual violence when they were a child. In 2014, 1442 cases of forcible rape and 1442 of child defilement were reported to the police (the numbers for 2015 are tentative). To combat these crimes the Rwandan Government is very committed and aims to raise awareness of GBV, to protect GBV-victims and to prosecute the perpetrators. The fight against GBV is articulated in a national program and in actions outlined by Vision 2020, the seven-year plan and priorities of Economic Development Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS). In 2015, a 16 days national awareness campaign against GBV and to engage the community to implement devised strategies for eradicating all forms of GBV and child abuse was organised. A total of 53 police officers received a five-day training in GBV crime prevention, response and case handling that started at the police headquarters in Kacyiru, Kigali. Also the governmental Maisons d'accès à la Justice (MAJ) facilitates easy access to justice for the community, especially women and children and includes one staff member trained in GBV cases. Due to the increased efforts of the government to combat serious crimes (including rape), there is a decrease of 34.8% in the number of serious crimes between Q2 2014/15 (1,106 cases) and Q2 2015/16 (721 cases). Among the existing mechanisms to end GBV the Isange One-Stop Center serves as a role model for all other nation wide GBV centres. It offers a holistic approach (health, socio-psychological help, protection) and was established in In 2014 it was decided to scale up the Centers and as result 17 Centers were operating in 2015 and they received 6649 cases. From , the Centers have dealt with more than cases. According to the Inspector General of the Rwandan National Police the reporting rates of GBV at the established increased by 50%. Percentage of people that feel safe walking alone Gallup Number of female military peacekeepers UN peacekeeping Performance of the security apparatus 5.0 (2005) Fragile states index Militarisation Global peace index Societal safety and security Global Peace Index Participation and Human Rights Ibrahim Index Personal Safety Ibrahim Index Legislation on Violence Against Women Ibrahim Index

3 Result question 1b: To what extent have your programmes contributed to these results? 1.1 All kinds of violent acts against citizens, including sexual violence, and other physical security threats are reduced 1.2 Institutions responsible for maintain security perform their tasks effectively, accountably and in better coordination, responding to the needs of citizens (SSR) 1.3 Communities and civil society contribute to human security independently and in coordination with responsible institutions The Netherlands does not have particular programs to contribute to enhance human security. Nevertheless, taking subgoal 1.1 into account, the program on establishing/scaling up GBV One Stop Centres through ts support to the justice sector (as one of the components is prosecution of perpetraitors by collecting evidence at these GBV One Stop Centres) contributes to improved human security. By establishing/scaling up one stop centres for GBV victims the program contributes to the Rwanda national policy to address GBV (on the basis of legislation regarding violence against women), raise awareness, protect victims, offer assistance through a holistic approach and prosecute perpetrators. The latter contributes to enhance the trust people have in the justice system as not only victims are assisted but an effective system is put in place to provide access to justice for the victims and quality justice (by for example collecting evidence and cooperation between police and prosecutors). Raising awareness is executed through cooperation between communities and government increasing the involvement of citizens to be responsable to provide a safe environment where GBV will no longer be tolerated/accepted and properly addressed in case it occurs. Besides the results of the GBV One Stop Centre program also the Prison Fellowship program touches upon the issue of GBV. A result of the community based sociotherapy group framework is that GBV is one of the main topics discussed: large group of women have been victims of GBV during the genocide. As part of reconciliation, the talks within these groups, provide an opportunity to discuss GBV within the safety and confidential character of these groups. The groups offer psycho-social assistance at community group level to the GBV victims. Indicator 1: Reduction of serious crimes (e.g. rape & defilement) (JRLOS Outcome V) 11.% 5% (Target 2015/16) 13.03% (Q3 of 2015/16) 2015 Indicator 2: One Stop Centers established 1 ( the Gicukiru One Stop Centre Kigali - role model) One UN report Indicator 3: One Stop Centers provide medical, psychosocial, forensic and legal services for GBV victims 372 (victims) N/A (target is 8555 victims) (72% female - 18% male) (June - November 2014) 6649 victims were helped (2015/Q1 2016) (92.7% female - 7.3& male) One UN report & figures provided per Indicator 4: Cases of Gender Based Violence that was dealt with during sociotheraphy 94.5% 91.7% Reports Prison Fellowship Assessment of results achieved by NL across the entire Result Area 1 Assess achieved results compared to planning: Reasons for result achieved: Implications for planning: B. Results achieved as planned Human security In 2015 a total of 17 One Stop Centres were established (either new ones or upscaled and being part of existing hospitals). Due to delays mainly caused by length procurement procedures the projectperiod was cost neutral extended to Due to speeding up the processes and enhanced coordination by all implementing partners (Rwanda National Police, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Gender and UN Women) a total of 17 centres was established. These centres are fully equipped and provide the holistic approach to GBV victims. The number of GBV victims addressing themselves to these centres and the raise in numbers is a result of awareness raising on GBV and the centres, informing communities and in fact 'breaking the silence'. The latter is also one of the results of talks within the sociotherapy groups of the prison Fellowship program: it will continue to be a topic addressed within these groups for which the sociotherapists are trained to deal with. For 2016 the remaining 6 one stop centres will be upscaled/established - no delays are foreseen meaning the project will most likely achieve its objectives: 23 one stop centres established/fully equipped as part of the Rwanda National Strategy to address GBV and offer holistic services to victims.

4 Result Area 2 Result question 2a: To what extent do men and women from all social groups have access to effective and independent justice institutions and have confidence in the rule of law? (country level) 2.1 Men and women from all social groups are aware of their basic rights and fundamental freedoms and have equal means to access formal and informal justice systems (legal empowerment, access to justice) 2.2 All justice institutions perform their tasks effectively, accountably and in better coordination, responding to the needs of citizens (justice sector reform) 2.3 The justice system is independent and effectively curbs abuse of power by state institutions, armed actors or powerful private actors 2.4 Formal and informal justice institutions effectively address legacies of human rights violations and serious crimes committed during periods of armed conflict or dictatorship, and address root causes that give rise to conflict (transitional justice) Rule of law The Rwanda Justice Reconciliation Law Order Sector (JRLOS) is comprised of a broad set of institutions that are jointly responsible for justice, security, rule of law and accountability. The JRLOS Strategic Plan aims at the following outcomes: 1) enhanced sector capacity and coordination 2) strengthened universal access to quality justice 3) effectively combatted impunity for international crimes and genocide ideology/strengthened truth telling and reconciliation 4) enhanced rule of law 5) maintained safety, law & order and enhanced adherence to human rights. For 2015 the priorities (some of the many output indicators of the Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) of the JRLOS) were the implementation of the sector Integrated Electronic Case Management System (IECMS), the strengthening of the Abunzi (mediation at grassroots level), the construction of the Nyanza High Court for international crime cases, revision of the Rwandan laws to enhance business competitiveness, reduce backlog cases in courts, streamline and strengthen the Kigali Forensic Laboratory, implement the National Legal Aid policy. The implementation of the IECMS has so far only been operationalized in Kigali while the number of end users trained still remains low. The Law on Abunzi was published. New Abunzi committees have been put in place and provision of training material, training and further professionalization started. This has been done to a large extent in close cooperation with several Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) as implementing partners. NL has emphasized several times that the training of Abunzi is a government responsibility and not of NGOs: the role of government institutions such as Maison d'access a la Justice and the Access to Justice Unit should increase. The construction of the High Court for international crimes did not start in 2015 due to contractual and procurement issues. The revision of Rwandan laws to enhance business competitiveness has started but was not completed yet due to limits to the necessary inventory. No consultant to execute this revision was identified so far. The number of backlog cases has slightly reduced but remains still high, in particular at Supreme Court and Primary Court level. Regarding the National Legal Aid Policy a National Legal Aid Policy Implementation plan was established. The draft law Legal Aid Services Law was finalized (expectation is that it will be approved by Parliament in 2017). After adaptation of the Law a Legal Aid Fund and its budget allocation will be established. After a first coordination meeting with all government and non-government stakeholders was organized no further follow-up meetings were organized despite several requests from the Netherlands (NL) (being cochair of the JRLOS). Closely related to the JRLOS, as the Ministry of Justice leads, is the follow-up process to the Universal Periodic Review. Rwanda received in total 83 recommendations and accepted 50. These recommendations include topics, among others, aiming at enlarging the space for civil society and measures to prevent disappearances, application of humanitarian law, unlawfull detention: access to justice, legal aid and correct and just application of justice/laws should be there for all Rwandans. Indicator 1: Human Rights and Rule of Law 52.4 (2000) Fragile States Index Indicator 2: Rule of Law overall standing (2003) World Justice Project Rule of Law index Indicator 3: Confidence in Judicial System Gallup World Poll Indicator 4: Civil justice free of improper government influence World Justice Project Rule of Law index Indicator 5: Criminal justice free of improper government influence World Justice Project Rule of Law index Indicator 6: Corruption Perceptions Index Transparency International Indicator 7: Safety & Rule of Law 58,1 58,7 62 Ibrahim Index Indicator 8: Overall Governance 59, Ibrahim Index Indicator 9: Overall Rights Ibrahim Index Indicator 10: Rule of Development Rwanda Governance Scorecard Indicator 11: Performance of Judiciary Rwanda Governance Scorecard Indicator 12: JRLOS Outcome I: Enhanced Sector Capacity & Coordination 69.9% (2012) 69.9% 74.75% 74.75% JRLOS Strategy Implementation Report Indicator 13: JRLOS Outcome II: Strengthened Universal Access to quality Justice Indicator 14: JRLOS Outcome III: Effectively combated impunity for international crimes and genocide ideology; strengthened truth-telling and reconciliation (Reconciliation Barometer) 67.1% (2012) 76% 67.1% 80.25% 80.25% JRLOS Strategy Implementation Report 83.4% (2012) 83.4% 80.58% [Target 2015/2016: 87%] JRLOS Strategy Implementation Report and National Reconciliation Barometer Indicator 15: JRLOS Outcome IV: Enhanced rule of Law, Accountability & competitiveness 77.1% (2012) 77.1% 79.04% 79.04% JRLOS Strategy Implementation Report

5 Indicator 16: JRLOS Outcome V: Maintained safety, law & order and enhanced adherence to Human Rights; Personal and Property Safety 91.6% (2012) 91.6% 93.56% 93.56% JRLOS Strategy Implementation Report Indicator 17: Reconciliation, social cohesion and Unity 83.57% (2010) 83.45% 80.85% Rwanda Governance Scorecard (reconciliation) Result question 2b: To what extent have your programmes contributed to these results? 2.1 Men and women from all social groups are aware of their basic rights and fundamental freedoms and have equal means to access formal and informal justice systems (legal empowerment, access to justice) 2.2 All justice institutions perform their tasks effectively, accountably and in better coordination, responding to the needs of citizens (justice sector reform) 2.3 The justice system is independent and effectively curbs abuse of power by state institutions, armed actors or powerful private actors 2.4 Formal and informal justice institutions effectively address legacies of human rights violations and serious crimes committed during periods of armed conflict or dictatorship, and address root causes that give rise to conflict (transitional justice) The NL contribution to the sector (not earmarked sector budget support of 5 million EUR annually representing approx. 7% of the total JRLOS budget) makes it not possible to attribute the results to only Dutch input. Therefore, only reference is made to the overall progress of the programme on the basis of a fixed set of output indicators (linked to the 5 outcomes, see description under 2a). The Netherlands, being the main donor, closely monitors the progress at technical working group level and as co-chair of the JRLOS. This is done on the basis of a long and fixed set of indicators and outputs (JRLOS M&E framework). The before mentioned topics indicate that the sector lags behind on some crucial topics: several measures have been put in place to speed up implementation and actions to address these (like the IECMS, tackle the backlog cases, execution of the National Legal Aid Policy and Abunzi). The expectation is that the sector will catch up in 2016 (has already been set in motion). The JRLOS strategy and objectives are in line with objective 2 and 4 of the Theory of Change: a functioning justice system that provides quality justice to all Rwandans and transparant and justly applied legislation. Through its co-chair position of the JRLOS, its extended bilateral dialogue including the bilateral panel for justice, NL contributes to objective 3 of the Theory of Change: support to the independent role of NGOs, addressing sensitive political issues such as human rights issues and focussing on an more inclusive process regarding legislation and justice are examples of the Dutch dialogue with the JRLOS. As was the case in 2014 it remains important to note that the JRLOS is still an underfinanced sector. This, in combination with the implementation of several crucial and expensive policy actions, increases the pressure on the JRLOS and requires further prioritization & focus on enhancing efficiency (cost-benefit). The Netherlands closely monitors the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) follow-up process and has, as a result of its decades long cooperation with the Rwanda justice sector, continued its dialogue on justice/human rights issues with the JRLOS and the Rwandan government. The Legal Aid Forum (LAF) core cost support assured the presence of LAF as one of the main civil society platform organisations in the JRLOS contributing in a critical constructive way to policies and running national processes such as National Legal Aid, human rights issues, UPR, Penal Code Reform and Abunzi. With NL support, the first phase of the Gacaca archives preservation and digitization project was concluded. In total, 61 million pages of paper were stored in a shelving system, a infrastructure for digital archiving and ditigization of documents was set up and the first pages (financed by the Netherlands) were scanned to verify the designed workflows (at the end of 2015 approx pages were scanned). The succes of this first phase contributed to the decision made by the Rwandan Government to start funding the subsequent phases of this project. The media reform project finished its work on the implementation and public awareness raising on the new access to information law and continued the ongoing techincal advice to the Rwandan government on media reform and to the Rwanda Broadcasting Agency on transforming itself from state broadcaster to public broadcaster. Legal Aid Forum: 'Joseph Bicamumakuba (community paralegal, Rubavu District) who received paralegal training by the Legal Aid Forum spoke: Having being trained by LAF, I am now more able to help my community with their legal problems. My community trusts me to give them advice and to help find solutions to their legal problems '. Prison Fellowship: I am a genocide survivor, but I was married to a man who participated in the genocide. After genocide I was rejected by both my own brothers and sisters and the family of my husband. I experienced feelings of loneliness and I didn t accept myself. I was extremely stressed and I often thought about killing myself. I looked for peace of mind in different churches, but I couldn t find it there. Finally I found it in the sociotherapy group, where I learned that I don t have to deal with my problems alone. ' Indicator 1: Electronic Case Management System implemented No Sector Management Information System existing (start 2015) Blueprint was finalised and approved 100% implemented in Kigali (20% on country level against a target of 50%) Roll out nation wide (target) Backward Looking Report 2013/14 Indicator 2: Performance of Abunzi 82.5% (2012/13) - 90,77% (2014/15) 82.5% 80.5% 96.2% Abunzi cases solved in Q2 against the annual target of 91% Backward Looking Report 2013/14 Indicator 3: Percentage of Corruption cases received and completed 61.5% (2012) 61.5% 86.8% Target: 68.% JRLOS Strategy Implementation Report - JRLOS Backward Looking 2013/14 Indicator 4: Number of civil, commercial and criminal cases processed (158.3%) Indicator 5: Training of police officers and prosecutors on Human Rights & criminal investigation N/AJuly March 2016: (76.75%) cases were processed Target 2015/16: Backward Looking Report 2013/14 - JRLOS Achievement from July 2015 to March 2016 Legal Aid Forum Intermediary Report January - December 2015 Indicator 6: Beneficiaries of Provided Legal Assistance & Representation Services 239 (legal representation), 3376 (legal assistance) 518 (legal representation), 3903 (legal advice) 159 (legal representation), 2305 (legal assistance) 376 (127 cases, 74 cases/individuals [82% women, 18% male] received legal advice, referral, orientation, coaching for selfrepresentation and/or mediation services. 53 cases, involving 302 beneficiaries [75% women, 25% male] were provided with legal representation in courts of law) Legal Aid Forum Intermediary Report January - December 2015 Indicator 7: Tracking Genocide Fugitives 50 indictments (2012) 50 indictments Indicator 8: Strenghtening functioning of Abunzi through training and provision of materials July - December 2015, 249 files were 130 files were investigated, 5 fugitives investigated, 131 genocide fugitives were arrested, 55 indictments were drafted cases were handled, and 59 indictments were sent. Started with the profesionalization of Abunzi, new committees in place and roll out of training started including provision of training material Backward Looking Report 2013/14 JRLOS-strategy Implemenation Report 2015/2016 Indicator 9: Trained sociotherapists (community, refugess, and prisoners) (among 8 in Muhanga prison and 46 refugee camps) 496 (target 2016) Reports Prison Fellowship Indicator 10: Rwanda - Netherlands Advisory Panel on Justice and Rule of Law Establishment of Bilateral Justice Panel (2014) Third edition of Bilateral Panel (in NL) MoU establishment Bilateral Justice Panel signed First edition of the Bilateral Justice Panel (in NL) Second edition of Bilateral Justice Panel (in Rwanda) JRLOS secretariat/embassy

6 Indicator 11: Graduated Sociotheraphy Participants and in addition 338 in refugee camps (target) Reports Prison Fellowship Indicator 12: Graduated Sociotheraphy Groups (target) Reports Prison Fellowship Indicator 13: Percentage of people receiving legal aid including legal representation Indicator 14: Training of paralegals Law on Legal Aid including Legal Aid Fund Adoptation of the National Legal Aid Policy. During (Rwanda fiscal year) legal aid cases received, 90.98% cases handled of which 95% by draft law on legal aid and National Legal Aid Policy Implementation plan established 30 paralegals trained. Also LAF organised the 2nd edition of the paralegal conference where 150 paralegals came together Backward Looking Report 2013/14 - JRLOS Achievement from July 2015 to March 2016 Figures provided by LAF on request of the Embassy Indicator 15: Reconciliation with your offender 23% 70% 55.4 Reports Prison Fellowship Assessment of results achieved by NL across the entire Result Area 2 Assess achieved results compared to planning: Reasons for result achieved: B. Results achieved as planned Rule of law Regarding the monitoring of the execution of the multi-annual plan for the JRLOS, which includes the NL contribution, progress and results have been partly achieved. The results achieved by the JRLOS indicate that though the sector has set itself ambitious goals aiming at increasing efficiency, enhance access to quality justice including the choice for the necessary instruments to achieve this, certain areas lag behind. Partly this can be explained because of the complex nature of these activities (such as for example the IECMS). The lack of capacity is for example visible regarding the many pending backlog cases as well as with the execution of the implementation plans of the National Legal Aid Policy and the Abunzi. Another explanation for the partly achieved results is the fact that the ambition versus the actual financial means/procurement procedures do not match. This is visible in for example the establishment of the Kigali Forensic Laboratory and the High Court in Nyanza. Implications for planning: Regarding the results as achieved by the Legal Aid Forum and Prison Fellowship it is clear that these organization fill a niche: the government is, in the case of LAF not able to cope with the huge number of Rwandans requiring legal aid (the poor, vulnerable, women, children), the large number of Abunzi to be trained/professionalized. This leads to pressure from the government on NGOs to deliver and partner. The result is that organizations such as the LAF members become government policy implementers which at the end of the day might affect their independence. The core cost funding to LAF has shown that due to its continued existence LAF has been ongoing with provision of legal aid, continued to be a policy influencing NGO umbrella organization within the JRLOS (on for example crucial topics such as the National Legal Aid Policy, the UPR, the Abunzi and many more). It also has been able to diversify its donors financing activities (such as Oxfam, the EU Delegation). On Prison Fellowship the results indicate a highly successful intervention resulting in a large group of sociotherapists serving the needs of large groups of Rwandans. The outcome so far also indicates that a lot needs to be done before Rwanda s reconciliation can really be as successful as the government figures of the National Reconciliation Barometer indicate. A more bottom up approach such as the one of Prison Fellowship should be integrated in the current government reconciliation policy which will define the sustainability of the achieved results so far. Question is whether this could be achieved taking the current top-down government policy into account. The IWPR media reform programme Phase III achieved its results as planned. However, due to problems pertaining to the registration of IWPR, the Phase IV of the programme did not kick off as planned was mostly used to re-register, which failed, and subsequently rephrase the programme and prepare for activities to be undertaken in On Sector Budget Support to the JRLOS it has been essential to closely follow the main developments as described earlier: proper implementation and execution of national policies and efficiency operations for the JRLOS monitoring and evaluation. This has been done through the participation and contributing in Technical Working Groups and as Co Chair of the JRLOS: the looking backward and looking forward documents. The coordination between NL and JRLOS participating NGOs has been strengthened. The same goes for coordination with the EU Delegation and UNDP as donors of the sector. Regarding the assistance to NGOs in financial terms: it has not been possible, due to financial restraints to start new activities by (new) NGOs. Discussions with the NGOs on how to support civil society/the JRLOS started in 2015 aiming at a future strategy for the JRLOS including NGOs. The media reform programme will finish in 2016 with a smaller than initially envisaged set of activities due to the registration issue. Due to a lack of funds from the embassy side and a less permissive environment in Rwanda, a big media reform programme as we had in the years before, will not continue after Instead, small, targeted interventions are envisaged to enable journalists to create space for debate in the media.

7 Result Area 3 Result question 3a: To what extent are processes and political governance in place that stimulate peace and stability? (country level) 3.1 Programmes are adjusted to the local situation on the basis of adequate conflict analysis 3.2 Domestic and international actors take responsibility for effective and inclusive mechanisms for peacebuilding and prevention of conflict at different levels, with an active role for women (Inclusive peace building, UNSCR resolution 1325) 3.3 Ensure effective, responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels Peace processes and political governance Indicator 1: Factionalised elites 8.9 (2005) Fragile States Index Indicator 2: Group Grievance Fragile States Index 8.0 (2005) Fragile States Index Indicator 3: Confidence in national government N/A Gallup World Poll Indicator 4: State legitimacy - Fragile State Index 9.5 (2005) Fragile States Index Indicator 5: Overall Governance Ibrahim Index Indicator 6: Participation and Human Rights Ibrahim Index Indicator 7: Political Rights & Civil Liberties Rwanda Governance Scorecard Result question 4a: To what extent have sustainable services and employment opportunities aimed at key conflict-related grievances especially for marginalized groups increased and improved? 4.1 Government institutions, (local) civil society and the private sector increase sustainable income-generating opportunities (incl. for IDPs and hosted refugees) in a conflict sensitive manner, working towards inclusive development and social cohesion 4.2 Governments institutions, (local) civil society and the private sector improve (equitable access to) basic services (incl. for IDPs and hosted refugees) in a manner that increases legitimacy of institutions and social cohesion Result Area 4 Social and economic reconstruction Indicator 1: Public services 5.0 (2005) Fragile States Index Indicator 2: Poverty & economic decline, including unemployment 9.2 (2005) Fragile States Index Indicator 3: Perception of individual well-being: a) job satisfaction b) standard of living a) 70.8 b) a) 63 b) a) N/A b) a) N/A b) N/A UNDP Human Development Report Indicator 4: Uneven economic development 9.0 (2005) Fragile States Index