Hudson Resources Inc.

Transcription

1 Hudson Resources Inc. WHITE MOUNTAIN ANORTHOSITE PROJECT GREENLAND PROPERTY LICENSE Socio-economic Baseline Report Submitted to: Report Number:

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3 Abbreviation and Acronym List Acronym AG AHDR AMAP ANFO ARTEK ATV AVATAQ BMP CEDAW CHRN CPI DCE DFFL DKK EIA EU GA GDP GEP GEUS GFLK GINR GSM HIV IBA ICC IT KANUKOKA KNAPK KNI KNR Definition Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten Arctic Human Development Report Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Ammonium Nitrate and Diesel Centre for Arctic Technology All-terrain vehicles Nature and Environment Association of Greenland Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (renamed the MLSA) The Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Circumpolar Health Research Network Consumer Price Index Danish Centre for Environment and Energy Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture Danish kroner (crowns) Environmental Impact Assessment European Union Gronlands Arbejdsgiverforening Gross Domestic Product Greenland Education Programme Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Greenland Fisheries License Control Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Global system for mobile communication Human immunodeficiency virus Impact Benefit Agreement The Inuit Circumpolar Council Information technology Kalaallit Nunaanni Kommuneqarfiit Kattuffiat Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuffiat Kalaallit Niuerfiat Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa Report No

4 Acronym KW LSA MFCCGE MLSA NERI NNPAN NOAA NORDREGIO NUSUKA OECD RAL RSA SBS SCC SIA SIK SIR SITC SLICA STD TPAK TPH UNESCO UNODC USD VSI Definition KiloWatts Local Study Area The Ministry of Family, Culture, Church and Gender Equality Mineral License and Safety Authority National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark Ministry of Domestic Affairs, Nature and Environment National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nordic Centre for Spatial Development Nunaqavissut Suliffiutillit Kattuffiat Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Royal Arctic Line Regional Study Area Social Baseline Study Sarfartoq Carbonatite Complex Social Impact Assessment Sulinermik Inuussutissarsiuteqartut Kattuffiat Standardized Incidence Ratio Standard International Trade Classification The Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic Sexually Transmitted Disease Association Of Recreational Hunters And Fishermen Tonnes Per Hour United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United States Dollar Vertical Shaft Impactor Report No

5 Executive Summary This Social Baseline Study (SBS) report presents information on the existing socio-economic environment in Greenland, the Qeqqata Municipality and the town of Nuuk. This SBS will support the assessment of effects of an open pit mine, processing facility, and associated port, road, camp and waste infrastructure in the Kangerlussuaq region, an area situated on the central west coast of Greenland. Hudson Resources Inc. (Hudson) is involved in the proposed mine construction, operation and closure. Hudson holds 100% interest in the exploration license (EL 2002/06) for the White Mountain (Najaat) property, where the proposed project would be situated. The methodology for SBS data collection and reporting included the following steps:! Secondary data collection and literature review (published data);! Consultation with key informants;! Data collection in Nuuk, and the two towns and five settlements in the Qeqqata Municipality; and! Data entry, compilation, analysis and reporting. The SBS focuses on socio-economic features of communities that would have the potential to be affected by a mining project: These include changes to land use, changes to labour force activity, and changes to demographic features, as examples. The SBS provides detailed data both for a Regional Study Area (RSA) and a Local Study Area (LSA). The RSA is comprised of Greenland in its entirety. The LSA is comprised of communities that have the potential to be affected directly or indirectly by the proposed mining project. These include all eight towns and settlements in the Qeqqata Municipality, as well as the capital city of Nuuk, located in Sermersooq Municipality. Regional Study Area The population of Greenland has remained fairly stable in recent years, although there has been steady movement from the smaller settlements to larger towns. Population projections for the country forecast a relatively stable population over the following ten years. The Greenlandic economy has historically been heavily influenced by public sector activity. Despite growth in recent years, national GDP per capita remains substantially below that of Denmark. Greenland receives a block grant each year from Denmark to supplement government expenditures on services and infrastructure. Greenland seeks to further develop its economy and reduce its dependence on transfer payments from Denmark. In 2009, the Act on Greenland Self Government was legislated and the Government of Greenland gained administrative control of the environment, including mineral resources. Exploration investments in oil and gas have increased since 2008, approaching 1 billion United States dollars (USD) in To date, oil and gas exploration activities have contributed to the economy through Impact Benefit Agreements (IBAs), 1 which brought close to $180 million 1 Including agreements with NunaOil that will not be capitalized until commercial-scale deposits of oil and gas are found. Report No

6 USD into the economy in Traditional culture and activities such as hunting and harvesting make important contributions to the formal economy. In 2011, towns maintained average gross household incomes that were 39% higher than incomes in settlements. This is because of greater employment opportunities available in towns than settlements. This trend was also seen in municipalities with the average gross personal incomes were 19% higher in Sermersooq Municipality where the capital Nuuk is located, than in the Qeqqata Municipality where the Project is located. The proportion of inhabitants receiving public aid (i.e., unemployment benefits, age pension, and/or early retirement benefits) has also risen in recent years. In 2011, the employment rate of Greenland was 71.6%. Overall, men in the oldest and youngest age cohorts maintained higher rates of employment than women. Labour force participation was generally more equally distributed between genders for individuals aged 30 to 54. There are a number of higher education institutions in Greenland, with the largest being the University of Greenland, located in Nuuk. The Greenland Education Program is currently being implemented to facilitate education reforms. The main objectives include promoting higher education and job ready skills for the majority of graduates. This is seen as important for economic development, including in the oil, gas and mining sectors. Greenland maintains low per capita health expenditures in contrast to other Scandinavian and arctic countries. As levels of physical activity are reducing due to a more sedentary and western lifestyle, rates of cardiovascular disease, certain cancers and diabetes are rising. Approximately 10% of Greenlanders are diabetic. Greenlanders also have relatively high alcohol and smoking rates. The rates of sexually transmitted diseases are also on the rise. Traditional culture and activities such as recreational and commercial hunting and fishing are an important part of the Greenlandic society. Consumption of traditional foods vary depending on demographic and geographic characteristics, such as age, ethnicity and community of residency, with settlements consuming larger portions of country foods. Language is also a key part of Greenlandic culture, and a majority of the Greenlandic population is also able to understand their indigenous language, Kalaallisut. Local Study Area Incomes in the LSA are generally higher in the towns than in settlements. Due to the remoteness of settlements, the cost of living is higher because of higher prices for food, fuel and other staples. There are also less formal sector jobs available to people living in settlements, and younger people oftentimes move to towns for better economic opportunities. Public administration, construction business and wholesale trade account for almost 57% of total employment in the Qeqqata Municipality. The fishing industry is also a key employment sector. Some stakeholders have indicated that quotas have limited their fishing activities to the point that fishing no longer represents a feasible livelihood and has lead them to look elsewhere for economic opportunities. Report No

7 People in the LSA indicate that there is a need for local employment, and understand that the mining and resource development industry may address this demand and provide higher living standards. Resource development, as well as tourism, has therefore become growing economic drivers for the Greenlandic economy. Mineral licenses cover much of the LSA, and Visit Greenland has already identified four LSA communities amongst its national tourist destinations. Sisimiut and Maniitsoq have the highest level of services and infrastructure in the LSA. Sisimiut has the only hospital in the LSA. There is also a clinic in Maniitsoq. Settlement communities have limited access to medical services and people must travel to these towns to address serious conditions. All communities have primary schools; however children from settlements have to relocate to the towns for secondary and tertiary education. There are several vocational schools in Sisimiut, including the Greenlandic School of Petroleum and Minerals. With regards to transportation infrastructure, there are no roads connecting local towns and settlements. Economic activity such as transport of goods and services relies on harbours, including those in Sisimiut, Maniitsoq and Kangerlussuaq. The latter two face capacity and accessibility issues. All of the towns in the LSA have airports operated by Air Greenland. Kangerlussuaq has the only international airport in the LSA. In terms of land and water use, hunting and fishing remain important activities in the LSA, both culturally and economically. In 2011, there were a total of 2,974 hunters in the LSA, including 2,563 licensed recreational hunters and 411 licensed commercial hunters. The primary species harvested are muskox and caribou. The LSA includes several protection zones. The largest protected area is Paradise Valley. It is currently off-limits to humans and is under consideration for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has also been recognized for its tourist potential. Other environmentally-sensitive areas include the road to the Ice Cap and an area near Kangerlussuaq International Airport. The development of Greenland s extractive industry has the potential to generate economic gains as well as some social challenges. Stakeholders identified concerns related to cultural and environmental impacts; potential effects on hunting and fishing; local hiring policies and training, the use of local suppliers, and mine waste storage. Other socio-economic concerns related to mineral development may include:! the in-migration of foreign workers from other cultural backgrounds;! a transition from net emigration to net immigration, followed by potential strains on services and infrastructure;! the possibility of inter-generational and geographic disputes over the nature and speed of resource development;! effects to intra-household dynamics; and! the management of local expectations for an independent Greenland, given geopolitical realities. Report No

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9 Table of Contents 1.0! INTRODUCTION AND METHODS... 1! 1.1! Overview... 1! 1.2! Study Approach... 1! 1.3! Methodology... 3! 1.3.1! Screening and identification of Key Issues... 3! 1.3.2! Literature Review and Secondary Data Collection... 4! 1.3.3! Consultation with Key Stakeholders and Data Collection Tour... 4! 1.3.4! Data Entry, Analysis and Reporting... 4! 1.4! Critical Issues... 4! 1.5! Data Limitations... 4! 2.0! PROJECT DESCRIPTION... 5! 2.1! Geographic Scope... 5! 2.1.1! Regional Study Area (RSA)... 5! 2.1.2! Local Study Area (LSA)... 5! 3.0! STAKEHOLDERS... 7! 3.1! Identification of Stakeholders... 7! 3.2! Key Issues Raised During Data Collection Tour... 8! 4.0! GREENLAND - REGIONAL STUDY AREA... 11! 4.1! Policy and Governance... 11! 4.1.1! Mining Legislation and Guidelines... 11! 4.2! Economy... 12! 4.2.1! Economic development... 12! 4.2.2! Economic Sectors... 15! ! Fishing and Fishing Industry... 15! ! Mineral Resource Industries... 16! ! Services, Trade and Sales... 17! ! Tourism... 17! 4.2.3! Informal Economy... 19! Report No i

10 4.2.4! Labour Market and Employment... 22! 4.2.5! Incomes... 24! 4.2.6! Consumer Prices and Inflation... 26! 4.2.7! Government Revenue and Taxation... 27! 4.3! Infrastructure... 29! 4.3.1! Transportation... 29! 4.3.2! Sea Transportation and Harbours... 29! 4.3.3! Air Transportation and Airports/Heliports... 29! 4.3.4! Emergency Services... 30! 4.3.5! Communication... 31! 4.3.6! Housing and Accommodation... 31! 4.4! Demographics... 32! 4.4.1! Population... 33! ! Ethnic Origin... 33! ! Trends in Population of Towns and Settlements... 33! ! Gender and Age Characteristics... 34! ! Trends in Migration... 37! ! Population Projection... 38! 4.4.2! Mortality... 38! 4.4.3! Fertility... 38! 4.5! Society and Community Well Being... 38! 4.5.1! Education and Training... 38! 4.5.2! Social Care... 41! 4.5.3! Social Cohesion / Integration... 43! 4.5.4! Language... 45! 4.5.5! Religion... 46! 4.5.6! Gender... 46! 4.5.7! Differences between Town and Settlement... 47! 4.5.8! Leisure Activities... 48! 4.5.9! Health Care System... 48! Report No ii

11 ! Public Health Programmes (Inuuneritta)... 49! ! Risk Behaviour and Health Determinants... 49! ! Alcohol and Marijuana... 49! ! Smoking... 51! ! Diet and Nutrition... 51! ! Physical Activity... 51! ! Social Determinants and Inequality in Health... 52! ! Environmental Determinants... 52! ! Causes of Injury and Death... 52! ! Chronic Diseases (Non-communicable Diseases)... 53! ! Injuries and Violence... 53! ! Crime and Violence... 54! 4.6! Public Opinion, Participation and Engagement... 55! 5.0! LOCAL STUDY AREA... 56! 5.1! Similar Areas (Cases)... 56! 5.2! Governance and Institutions... 56! 5.2.1! Roles and Responsibilities... 56! 5.3! Economy... 57! 5.3.1! Employment... 57! ! Settlements... 58! ! Towns... 59! 5.3.2! Incomes... 60! 5.3.3! Cost of Living and Inflation... 62! 5.3.4! Economic Sectors... 62! ! Fishing and Fishing Industry... 62! ! Resource Industries... 64! ! Hunting and Traditional Activities... 65! ! Tourism... 67! 5.4! Land and Water Use... 69! 5.4.1! Land Use... 69! Report No iii

12 5.4.2! Water Use... 74! 5.4.3! Protected Areas... 78! 5.5! Infrastructure and Services... 79! 5.5.1! Transportation... 79! ! Airports... 79! ! Harbours... 80! ! Roads... 80! 5.5.2! Fuel Supplies... 81! 5.5.3! Solid Waste... 81! 5.5.4! Sanitation... 82! 5.5.5! Potable Water... 82! 5.5.6! Emergency and Services... 83! 5.5.7! Education and Training... 84! 5.5.8! Communication... 84! 5.5.9! Housing... 84! ! Accommodation... 85! ! Food... 86! 5.6! Society and Community Well Being... 86! 5.6.1! Health... 86! 5.6.2! Leisure... 86! 5.7! Public Opinion, Participation and Engagement... 87! 6.0! REFERENCES... 90! TABLES Table 1:! Local Study Area Communities... 6! Table 2:! Exploration Costs and Permits in Greenland 2012/ ! Table 2:! Exports by Standard International Trade Classification division, 2011 (million DKK)... 15! Table 3:! Total Landings of Fish and Shellfish in Greenland, ! Table 4:! Tourism in Greenland, ! Table 5:! Animals Hunted in Greenland by Number and Type, ! Table 6:! Greenlandic Gross Domestic Product (GDP), ! Report No iv

13 Table 7:! Greenlandic Gross Value Added by Sectors, (Total value in fixed prices (million DKK) and% of total value)... 21! Table 8:! The Greenlandic Labour Force by Age and Gender, ! Table 9:! The Greenlandic Labour Force by Sector, ! Table 10:! Employment Rates in Greenland by Age and Gender, ! Table 11:! Average Incomes in Greenland, 2011 (DKK)... 25! Table 12:! Average Gross Personal Income by Areas and Social Groups in Greenland, 2011 (DKK)... 25! Table 13:! Income Trends in Greenland, ! Table 14:! Annual Changes in Consumer Price Indices, Denmark and Greenland, ! Table 15:! Revenue of General Government by Sector & Transaction, 2011 (1,000 DKK)... 28! Table 16:! Volume of Greenlandic Sea Cargo, (1,000 m 3 )... 29! Table 17:! Greenlandic Passenger Traffic by Air, ! Table 18:! Ownership of Dwellings, ! Table 19:! Population by Municipality, Town and Settlement, 2003 and ! Table 20:! Comparison of Greenlandic Population by Age and Gender, 2002 and ! Table 21:! Trends in Greenlandic Migration, 2004 and ! Table 22:! Internal Migration in Greenland, ! Table 23:! Estimated Population Growth, ! Table 24:! Overview of Higher Education Institutions in Greenland... 39! Table 25:! Numbers of Starters, Drop-Outs and Graduates within the Greenland Education System, ! Table 26:! Municipal Social Aid Payments, number of recipients and total amounts, (1,000 DKK)... 42! Table 27:! Social Aid Payments by Type, Number of Recipients and Total Amounts, (1,000 DKK)... 43! Table 28:! Comparison of Expenditure on Cultural Activities, (million DKK)... 45! Table 29:! Import of Alcoholic Beverages into Greenland ( )... 50! Table 30:! Import of Cigarettes to Greenland ( )... 51! Table 31:! Greenlandic Rate of Homicide, ! Table 32:! Settlement Councils in Qeqqata Municipality... 57! Table 33:! Employment in Qeqqata and Sermersooq Municipalities by Sector, ! Table 34:! Summarized Labour Force Information for the Settlements within the Local Study Area, 2010, 2011 and ! Table 35:! Labour Force Information for Towns within the Local Study Area, ! Table 36:! Household and Individual Incomes for Towns and Settlements in the Local Study Area, ! Table 37:! Total Value of Landings of Fish and Shellfish by Community, (1,000 DKK)... 63! Table 38:! Income from Landing of Seal Skin in the Qeqqata Municipality, (1.000 DKK)... 66! Report No v

14 Table 39:! Hunting Seasons in the Local Study Area... 67! Table 40:! Number of Overnight Visitors by Municipality, ! Table 41:! Number of Cruise Ship Berths in LSA Communities, ! Table 42:! Musk ox and Caribou harvests in Greenland from 2007 to ! Table 43:! Musk ox Quotas and Catch Times, 2013/ ! Table 44:! Reindeer Quotas and Catch Times, 2013/ ! Table 45:! Fishing Quotas and Biological Advice for West Greenland Ocean-going Fishing in 2013 (tonnes)... 76! Table 46:! Fishing Quotas and Biological Advice for West Greenland Artisanal Fisheries in 2014 (tonnes)... 76! Table 47:! Availability and capacity of Airports in the Local Study Area... 79! Table 48:! Overview of Harbours in the Local Study Area... 80! Table 49:! Capacity of Incinerator Plants in the Local Study Area... 81! Table 50:! Availability of Sanitation Services in Local Study Area communities... 82! Table 51:! Availability of Potable Water Services in Local Study Area Towns, Nuuk and Kangerlussuaq... 83! Table 52:! Types of Dwellings in Local Study Area Communities, ! Table 54:! Leisure Facilities and Opportunities in the Local Study Area... 87! FIGURES Figure 1:! Project License and Communities studied in this Social Baseline Study... 2! Figure 2:! Active (Exclusive) Resource Licenses in Greenland, January ! Figure 3:! Alcohol Consumption in Greenland ( ) and Denmark( )... 50! Report No vi

15 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 1.1 Overview The Social Baseline Study report (SBS) describes the existing socio-economic environment in Greenland, Qeqqata Municipality and Nuuk. Potential project effects are measured against the baseline characteristics of the towns and settlements of Qeqqata Municipality, on the services and infrastructure in Nuuk and more generally in Greenland. The project proponent, Hudson Resources Inc., (Hudson), is exploring a 95 square kilometer license area located approximately 80 kilometers to the southwest of the international airport at Kangerlussuaq and approximately 80 kilometers to the southeast of Sisimiut. Hudson is proposing an anorthosite (calcium feldspar) mining project at the White Mountain project, with at least a 20-year operation phase. Hudson has a 100% interest in the White Mountain (Najaat) Exploration License. The scope and content of the SBS for the White Mountain Project is based on the requirements of the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Guidelines for Mining projects in Greenland (BMP 2009). The purpose of this baseline report is to describe the socioeconomic environment that may be affected by project components (including mining, ore processing and transportation of ore), in order to provide sufficient information to support the SIA.! The socio-economic baseline report is organized as follows:! Section 1 contains an introduction and describes data collection methodology;! Section 2 describes the planned activities;! Section 3 lists key stakeholders;! Section 4 provides baseline information for the RSA (Greenland as a whole);! Section 5 provides baseline information for the LSA; and! Section 6 contains a list of references cited in this report. 1.2 Study Approach According to the Mineral License and Safety Authority (MLSA 2 ) Guidelines for Social Impact Assessments (BMP Guidelines), a SIA report should include the following components (BMP, 2009):! Policy, legal and administrative framework;! Project description;! Methodologies; 2 The Mineral License and Safety Authority (MLSA) was formerly called the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP). In 2013, the agency changed its name. The Guidance for Social Impact Assessment was developed in 2009 by the BMP. It is still the most recent and relevant guidance for social impact assessment in Greenland. Report No

16 ! Description of social baseline conditions;! Suggestions on how to mitigate or minimize impacts and maximize benefits;! Analysis of alternatives;! Potential impacts;! Maximization of development opportunities and mitigating negative impacts;! Benefit and impact plan;! Monitoring plan;! Evaluation plan;! Public Participation; and! Appendices. Figure 1: Project License and Communities studied in this Social Baseline Study Report No

17 The social baseline report, herein, has the following objectives:! Present and analyse information about the social, economic and health conditions in Greenland and potentially affected communities;! Construct a baseline of socio-economic data that can be used in the SIA process, including monitoring of change in communities that might be affected by project components;! Interact with affected people and communities during the data collection. This will facilitate the exchange of information on the project activities and allow stakeholders to provide information about relevant issues to include in the baseline; and! Provide the readers and users of this SBS with a focused and concise document, where emphasis is on areas of greatest relevance. 1.3 Methodology The process of data collection and reporting for the SBS included the following steps:! Screening and identification of key issues relevant for the proposed project components;! Literature review and secondary data collection (published data);! Consultation with select stakeholders and data collection tour; and! Data entry, analysis and reporting Screening and identification of Key Issues To develop a comprehensive but concise SBS, the report focuses on social, economic and health parameters that are considered to be of greatest relevance for the proposed White Mountain Project. The report, therefore, prioritises parameters that have the potential to be affected or changed as a result of all activities that are likely to take place throughout the lifecycle of the project. Several methods and sources were used to select SBS topics, including:! The MLSA Guidelines (BMP 2009);! Information about the proposed project (mining, ore processing and transportation) as provided by the project proponent;! Results of consultation with stakeholders in Greenland; and! The consultants experience from previous socio-economic baseline projects in similar settings (e.g., in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic). The same methods were used to determine the geographical scope of the SBS. Report No

18 1.3.2 Literature Review and Secondary Data Collection The majority of information presented in this SBS is based on a review of secondary data sources, including professional reports, academic papers, strategic documents and statistical databases (e.g., StatBank, provided by Statistics Greenland) Consultation with Key Stakeholders and Data Collection Tour The SBS is based on input from various stakeholders that were interviewed during a data collection round in June 2012 and November The methods used to identify and select stakeholders, as well as key outcomes of stakeholder meetings, are described in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan in the SIA Report Data Entry, Analysis and Reporting Data is presented in this report through text, tables and figures. Wherever possible, quantitative information on key features of communities was compiled and presented in tables so as to limit the risk of misinterpretation of text. The baseline report includes both quantitative and qualitative data. 1.4 Critical Issues As this report discusses topics that are considered to be of high relevance to establishing existing conditions in the RSA and LSA, there has been no attempt to rate the relative importance of the topics discussed herein. Based on feedback from stakeholders, however, employment opportunities, Greenlandic traditions and local culture can be considered of most concern to stakeholders. 1.5 Data Limitations This SBS is a snapshot of the current socio-economic conditions in Greenland and potentially affected communities. An attempt has been made to report the most current data, however in some instances the most recent and reliable data is from 2010 or earlier. Data for Greenland as a whole and for individual towns are readily available for most social and economic parameters and topics. This is, however, not the case for many of the smaller settlements. Descriptions of baseline conditions in settlements will be less detailed than descriptions of conditions in towns. Hence, some sections only include data for towns. In other cases, generalizations from Greenland wide data have been made for settlements. Due to small populations in many communities, sample based data might in some cases be unreliable. Report No

19 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Hudson is a Canadian mineral exploration company that has maintained interests in Greenland since 2002, exploring for diamonds, rare earths and, more recently, industrial minerals in the form of calcium feldspar (anorthosite). Hudson holds 100 percent interest in two exploration licenses totalling approximately 188 square kilometres (km 2 ) in the Sarfartoq region. In recent years, Hudson focused its exploration efforts on the Sarfartoq Carbonatite Complex (SCC), located approximately 120 kilometers (km) southeast of Sisimiut, for the purpose of defining an economic deposit of Rare Earth Elements (REEs). Exploration activities in this area have been ongoing since More recently, Hudson discovered the value of pursuing industrial minerals on the White Mountain (Naajat) exploration license (EL 2002/06). This commodity offers the potential for developing a very simple mining operation similar to a rock quarry. Given the current challenging economic environment, this project offers compelling economic returns with a small capital start-up cost. Hudson has identified that the White Mountain anorthosite project has three main potential industrial applications:! As a new source of feedstock to the high end fiberglass (E-glass) industry;! As a new source of alumina to supply aluminum smelters; and! As a new source of filler material. Fillers are a significant component in the plastics and paints industries.! A detailed project description is included in the SIA (Section 2.0). 2.1 Geographic Scope Regional Study Area (RSA) The MLSA Guidelines require that a SIA includes information for Greenland as a whole (BMP 2009). Consequently, this SBS defines the RSA as the country of Greenland Local Study Area (LSA) The MLSA Guidelines also stipulate that a SIA includes information about potentially affected local communities. For the SBS, all communities in Qeqqata Municipality have been identified as the LSA. Although not located within Qeqqata Municipality, the Capital of Greenland, Nuuk, is also considered to have the potential to be affected by the potential mining activities, and is included in the LSA. The inclusion of Nuuk is due to its high concentration of infrastructure, institutions, workforce and businesses and so it is expected to benefit by the Project. Nuuk is located in Sermersooq Municipality. A list of all LSA towns and settlements can be found in Table 1. All eight towns and settlements in Qeqqata Municipality are considered to have the potential to be affected by activities related to the potential mining activities. The towns of Sisimiut, Report No

20 Maniitsoq and Kangerlussuaq are considered to have greater potential to be affected by the Project than smaller settlements due to potential benefits from project employment, local procurement opportunities and the projects use of local transportation infrastructure (i.e., in Kangerlussuaq). People in the settlements rely on the land for hunting and harvesting animals and plants, and the sea for fishing and (some) harvesting of marine mammals for subsistence in the summer. The Project s potential effects on land and marine resources and their habitats could result in changes in both patterns and success of harvesting and fishing. Changes in harvesting activity can have effects on the maintenance of culture and identity as well as on diet, health and food security. Consequently, all settlements in Qeqqata Municipality are considered to be a part of the LSA as they have the potential to experience some level and type of change due to the Project. Table 1: Local Study Area Communities Municipality Communities Qeqqata Towns Sisimiut, Maniitsoq and Kangerlussuaq Settlements Itilleq, Sarfannguit, Kangaamiut, Atammik and Napasoq Sermersooq Nuuk (town) Data for some communities is captured at the district level. Districts refer to a geographical boundary around towns, which include both the town (which districts are named after) as well as nearest settlements. All settlements belong to a district. Report No

21 3.0 STAKEHOLDERS 3.1 Identification of Stakeholders This SBS has identified relevant stakeholders in accordance with the MLSA 3 Social Impact Assessment Guidelines (BMP 2009). Stakeholders include a range of social entities, including; communities, special interest groups, individuals and organisations that (i) may hold particular knowledge about the social aspects of the area of influence, (ii) may be affected by the project s outcome, or (iii) may be in a position to affect the project s success. A systematic approach was used to identify stakeholders based on the likely geographic extent of the project s influence. This includes the primary areas of activity and potential communities and their likely interactions with project activities, including transport routes. Stakeholders that were interviewed and contributed to this baseline include the following:! MLSA;! Kalaallit Nunaanni Aalisartut Piniartullu Kattuffiat (KNAPK);! Kalaallit Nunaanni Kommuneqarfiit Kattuffiat (KANUKOKA);! Mittarfeqarfiit;! Air Greenland;! Royal Arctic Line;! Agency for Health & Prevention;! Gronlands Arbejdsgiverforening (GA);! Sulinermik Inuussutissarsiuteqartut Kattuffiat (SIK);! Nunaqavissut Suliffiutillit Kattuffiat (NUSUKA);! Greenland Institute for Natural Resources;! Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC);! Nature and Environment Association of Greenland (AVATAQ);! Greenland National Museum;! Qeqqata Municipal Council;! Police;! Port Authorities;! Greenland School for Minerals and Petroleum;! Qeqqata Business Council; 3 Formally Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum) BMP. Report No

22 ! Hunters, Fisherman & Outfitters;! Sisimiut Hospital;! Piareersarfik;! Artek;! Town and Settlement Councils;! Airport Authorities;! Local businesses; and! World of Greenland Arctic Circle. In addition, the Project aims to also engage with the following stakeholders to collect and share information they may have about the existing environment and potential effects of the Project on the socio-economic environment:! Potitiet;! Avataq;! Timmiaq;! Environment Ministry for Mineral Resources Activities; and! Government Departments responsible for Education, Health and Infrastructure. Table 3 of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan provides a full list of the stakeholders identified for this SBS. A number of these stakeholders were engaged in the spring and summer of 2012 and the winter of The purpose of engaging with stakeholders during these meetings was to define a study scope and ensure that all relevant stakeholders and stakeholder issues were identified. Not all stakeholders, or sub-group of stakeholders, will share the same concerns, opinions or priorities. 3.2 Key Issues Raised During Data Collection Tour Two stakeholder tours were undertaken in June 2012 and November 2013 respectively. For the first stakeholder tour, all communities in Qeqqata Municipality were visited and focus group meetings with stakeholders were held. The following focus group meetings took place during the first stakeholder tour between June 14 and 26, 2012:! Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council;! Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers;! Air Greenland;! Qeqqata Municipal Council; Report No

23 ! Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers;! Sarfannguit Settlement Council;! Itilleq Settlement Council;! Itilleq Hunters and Fishers;! Sisimiut Business Council;! Qeqqata Municipal Police;! Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum;! Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers;! Maniitsoq Town Council;! Maniitsoq Port/Royal Arctic;! Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers;! Napasoq Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers;! Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers;! Ministry of Health;! NUSUKA;! Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR);! KANUKOKA;! MLSA;Employers Association of Greenland (GA);! SIK;! ICC;! KNAPK; and! Museum of Greenland. Generally, these meetings began with an overview of the Project and then information was collected from participants about how White Mountain and the area of the Project footprint was used by communities for hunting, fishing and recreation. Participants were then invited to raise other issues or concerns that should be addressed in the SIA, EIA or through project planning. The issues most often raised during this first round of focus groups were:! Concerns about cultural and environmental impacts of road developments;! Potential effects on hunting and fishing, both commercially and for subsistence;! The hiring of local workforces and the related training that would be required;! Use of local suppliers; and Report No

24 ! How mine waste will be stored. For the second stakeholder tour, a mix of focus group meetings and public meetings were held in the following communities between November 4 and 7, 2013:! Kangerlussuaq;! Sarfannquit;! Sisimiut;! Kangaamiut;! Maniitsoq;! Atammik; and! Nuuk. At these meetings presentations were given and feedback was sought from participants on issues related to the Project. The issues most often raised during this second round of meetings were:! Noise from blasting activities;! Local hiring policy, number of jobs and training opportunities;! How mine waste will be dealt with;! Environmental risks; and! Potential effects on local animals (specifically caribou). Report No

25 4.0 GREENLAND - REGIONAL STUDY AREA 4.1 Policy and Governance Greenland, which was formerly a colony of Denmark, has evolved to become an autonomous country over the past century. The Act on Greenland Self-Government (2009) and former Greenland Home Rule Act (1978) grant legislative and executive powers to the Inatsisartut (Greenlandic Parliament) and Naalakkersuisut (Government of Greenland). Judicial powers remain within the jurisdiction of the Kingdom of Denmark Mining Legislation and Guidelines Under the Act on Greenland Self Government, the Government of Greenland has administrative control of the environment, including mineral resources (Government of Greenland, 2009a). Mining activities are regulated by the Mining Resources Act (Government of Greenland, 2009b) which stipulates the requirements for how activities are carried out throughout the project life cycle, including employment and contracts. The Mining Resources Act was amended in 2012 (Government of Greenland, 2012a). The Mineral License and Safety Authority (formerly the Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP)), the Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources, and the Ministry of Environment have administrative authority for mineral activity. Under the Mining Resources Act, the following activities currently require a license from the Government of Greenland:! Prospecting, exploration and exploitation of mineral resources and export of mineral resources from Greenland;! Use of the subsoil for storage or purposes relating to mineral resource activities;! Use of energy from water, wind or the subsoil for activities under the Greenland Parliament Act; and! Establishment and operation of pipelines for activities under the Greenland Parliament Act. Under the Mining Resources Act, the Government of Greenland collects revenues from the following mineral resource activities:! Licensing fee from prospecting, exploration, or exploitation of mineral resources;! Taxation of licence holders for revenue related to mineral resources in Greenland;! Collecting revenue from Greenland and Danish public authorities stakes in companies; and! Collecting revenue from withholding tax. Other national legislation and guidelines which are applicable to mining activities include: Report No

26 ! The Greenland Working Environment Act no (2005);! Greenland Conservation Act (2007);! Guidelines for Social Impact Assessments for mining projects in Greenland (2009);! Standard Terms for Exploration Licenses for Minerals (excluding hydrocarbons) in Greenland (2009);! Guidelines for Preparing and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for Mineral Exploitation in Greenland (2011); and! Standard Terms for prospecting Licenses for Minerals (excluding hydrocarbons) in Greenland (2010). 4.2 Economy Economic development The Kingdom of Denmark, the Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut) and the Greenlandic municipalities are actively working together towards the development and growth of Greenland s economy. Their aim is to create jobs, reduce dependency on Danish grants, and improve quality of life for Greenland s residents (Government of Greenland, 2012b). The extractive resource industries (i.e., mining, oil and gas) are an important role in Greenland s economic development strategy. There is support from the various levels of government for the sustainable development of its natural resources as part of a broader economic development plan (Government of Greenland, 2012c). This increased support for the development of Greenland s vast natural resources is highlighted by the many licenseholding mining, oil and gas companies that have interests in Greenland (BMP, 2012a). As Table 2 illustrates, there was a small decrease in mineral prospecting permits and exploration permits from 2012 to 2013, likely resulting from depressed metal prices and slowing world economies. Between 2002 and 2007, the average cost of exploration (mostly seismic activities) was approximately 17 million Danish Kroner (DKK) and was mainly spent on seismic activities. Since 2007, exploration costs have increased rapidly (i.e., to include drilling), and are now approaching 1 billion USD (approximately 5.46 billion DKK) 4 (Government of Greenland, 2012d). 4 An exchange rate of 1 USD to 5.46 DKK was used to approximate the exchange rate. Report No

27 Table 2: Exploration Costs and Permits in Greenland 2012/2013 Oil and Gas Prospecting permits (active) Exploration permits (granted) Exploration costs, million USD n/a Minerals Prospecting permits (active) Exploration permits (granted) Exploitation permits (granted) (This is the total amount of exploitation licences by the end of the year) 4 5 Exploration costs, million DKK n/a Exploration costs, million USD 95 Source: MLSA. n/a = Not available. The Greenlandic economy has already benefitted from oil and gas exploration activities. Regardless of any commercial resource discoveries, IBAs 5 developed in relation to exploration activities have generated a total value of approximately 1 billion DKK (183 million USD) by 2011 (Government of Greenland, 2012d). There are a number of government strategies and plans for economic development in Greenland. The goal of these strategies is for the sustainable development of natural resource industries, while promoting their continued growth. These strategy documents and their objectives are outlined below:! Kingdom of Denmark: Strategy for the Arctic (Government of Denmark, 2011a):! Development that respects the Arctic s vulnerable climate, environment and nature;! Growth and development that is self-sustaining; and! An Arctic region that is safe and secure.! Naalakkersuisut s Our Future Your and my responsibility, Towards 2025 (Our Future) (Government of Greenland, 2012b):! Increased growth through private sector investment;! Reforms to housing, taxes and welfare systems; 5 Including agreements with NunaOil that will not be capitalized until commercial-scale deposits of oil and gas are found. Report No

28 ! Investments in education and training;! Employment promotion; and! The development of a more efficient public sector. The Government of Greenland has put numerous initiatives into motion to increase access to information about resource projects. In 2011, these initiatives were targeted towards companies, politicians, civil society organizations, academic institutions, and the general public. These included a six-film series commissioned by the MLSA (formerly BMP) on Greenlandic mineral resources which was broadcast by the national public broadcaster, Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR). There was also an informational document published through a newspaper supplement, detailing oil exploration drilling. The MLSA published a second newspaper supplement describing oil emergency response plans in response to requests from non-governmental organizations (e.g., Avataq, the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) and Greenpeace) and the public. They also organized a series of outreach activities to engage stakeholders across Greenland (BMP, 2012b). These included:! In January 2011, a seminar was held for mining suppliers. Mineral companies and members of the Greenland business community participated;! In August 2011, a four-day mineral resources seminar was organized for Inatsisartut business committee members;! In September 2011, the MLSA, the Greenland Employer s Association and Sermersooq Municipality organized a two-day "Joining Forces" conference that provided information on possible future projects in Greenland and addressed resource sector development; and! In December 2011, Inatsisartut members participated in a special meeting related to large-scale resource projects. While Greenland s large-scale economic development is focused predominantly on the development of petroleum and mineral resources, the commercial fishing and tourism industries are also considered important. The Government of Greenland has developed a tourism strategy to increase revenues and local employment from tourism related activities. One aspect of this strategy is to increase the number of land-based visitors by 10% and the number of cruise ship visitors by 5% from 2010 levels by The strategy also seeks to increase total sales and the number of tourism related jobs 6 by 5% during the same time (Government of Greenland, 2012c). With respect to the commercial fishing sector, it is anticipated that this sector will continue to play a critical role in Greenland s economy. The Government of Greenland is seeking to revise the existing legislative framework and 6 Full-time equivalent jobs. Report No

29 modernize the fishing industry to encourage greater participation of small scale fisher people to create more localized benefits (Government of Greenland, 2012b). The Government of Greenland is also seeking to make the public sector more efficient. It has established several objectives, including increasing the productivity of public services, making the sector more transparent and prioritising their areas of service delivery (Government of Greenland, 2012b) Economic Sectors Table 3 presents the 2011 breakdown of exports in Greenland, by value. Only goods are measured; therefore, it does not include sectors such as tourism or other services. Table 3 is continually referred to in the sections below, as individual sectors are discussed in further detail. Table 2: Exports by Standard International Trade Classification division, 2011 (million DKK) Total in 2011 % in 2011 % growth from 2007 Exports, total 2, % 8.6% Provisions and livestock 2, % 28.8% Alcoholic beverages and tobacco % -50.0% Raw materials, inedible % -97.2% Mineral fuels and lubricants etc % - Animal or vegetable fats and oils 0 0.0% - Chemicals and chemical products % - Manufactured products, mainly semimanufactured % -2.5% Machinery and transport equipment % -58.0% Manufactured products % -41.3% Miscellaneous articles and transactions % 0.0% Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013a Fishing and Fishing Industry Despite recent growth and interest in the mineral resource industry, Greenland s economy is still driven by fishing and the fishing industry. As presented in Table 4, 87.4% of the value from Greenland s export goods was derived from livestock and provisions (the sector under which fishing falls) (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Report No

30 Even with challenges in 2009 and 2010, fishing-related export values rose by more than 25% between 2007 and 2011 (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Table 4 illustrates that although total landings of fish and shellfish declined from 2007 to 2011, the total value increased as a result of higher market prices (Statistics Greenland, 2013b). Table 3: Total Landings of Fish and Shellfish in Greenland, Total Tons 118, , ,375 99, ,951 Value, 1,000 DKK 628, , , , ,479 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013b. The fishing fleet in Greenland is comprised of approximately 25 trawlers and 300 cutters in addition to an estimated 5,000 dinghies (some of which are solely used for recreational purposes). Greenland halibut and cold water prawn are the most important fishing species to the industry. Char, catfish, salmon, cod and haddock are also important locally (Government of Greenland, 2013a). In other resource-based Northern economies (i.e., Norway), the oil and gas industry has attracted local employees with relevant skills (Sasson and Blomgren, 2011). It is suggested that Greenland would experience a similar trend: given the importance of local expertise on environmental conditions (e.g., ice, sea and weather conditions), employees of the fishing industry could be marketable to offshore programmes. Ongoing efforts to modernize the fishing industry (Government of Greenland, 2012b) could make some of the current workforce available to the mining, oil and gas industries Mineral Resource Industries Exploration activities in the mining, oil and gas industries have recently begun contributing towards the economy of Greenland. Therefore, the importance of resource-based industries is not evident through available export statistics (see Table 3 above). Currently, the economic contributions of Greenlandic exploration projects are identified through job creation, contracting and IBAs; however, these economic benefits are considered very small in comparison to the prospective benefits of active commercial mining and o il or gas operations. As illustrated in Table 2 (in Section 4.2.1), the number of active Greenlandic resource exploration permits has increased substantially in recent years. The Government of Greenland is seeking to identify at least one commercially-viable oil and gas deposit by There are currently 6 mining companies with exploitation permits (Statistics Greenland, 2013a), two of which are projected to become major mines (Government of Greenland, 2012b). There are four approved mining projects: Olivine/Seqi (Minelco A/S), Malmbjerg (Malmbjerg Molybdenum A/S), Black Angel (Angel Mining PLC), and Nalunaq (Angel Mining PLC). The Olivine/Seqi mine has since closed. Other advanced mining projects include Isortoq (West Report No

31 Melville Metals Inc.), Fiskenæsset (True North Gems Inc.), Citronon Fjord (Ironbark Zinc Limited), Isua (London Mining Greenland A/S), Skaersgaard (Platina Resources Ltd.), Kvanefjeld (Greenland Minerals & Energy A/S), Killavaat/Kringlerne (North American Nickel Inc.) and Sarfartoq (Hudson Resources Inc.) (Government of Greenland, 2013b). There are a number of advanced offshore oil and gas exploration programmes off the coast of Greenland, in the West Disko and Baffin Bay and areas. As discussed above, the number of exploration programmes decreased between 2012 and In 2013, the only ongoing advanced programme was Shell s 2D seismic survey, located in Baffin Bay. Other 2013 offshore activities included TGS and GX Technology s 2D seismic, gravimetric, magnetic and sediment surveys. These were located along the Northeast, Southeast and Southwest coasts of Greenland (Government of Greenland, 2013c). Section (Economic Development) provides further information about Greenland s mineral resource sector Services, Trade and Sales Wholesale and retail businesses in Greenland are predominantly managed by Pilersuisoq A/S (in smaller towns and settlements) and by Kalaallit Niuerfiat (KNI) (in larger towns). KNI makes up almost half of all of the sales value in Greenland. Otherwise, some trade occurs directly between hunters and fishermen and the public (Government of Greenland, 2013a) Tourism Tourism is growing in Greenland, and is in the process of becoming an economic pillar for the country. Data in Table 6 demonstrates that there has been reduced tourism activity since 2008, but long-term growth prospects are good, particularly once international economies recover from recession, particularly in Europe (Statistics Greenland, 2013c; Statistics Greenland 2013d; Statistics Greenland 2013e). There are indications of regional differences in tourism activities but there is inadequate detailed data to analyze the differences at this time. Table 4: Tourism in Greenland, Total Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013c, Statistics Greenland 2013d, Statistics Greenland 2013e. % change Rented rooms, total 183, , , , % Number of cruise passengers, total 22,051 28,891 30,271 23, % Number of international air passengers 66,132 76,068 73,851 71, % Section (Economic Development) provides further detail regarding the tourism sector in Greenland. Report No

32 HUDSON RESOURCES SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE Figure 2: Active (Exclusive) Resource Licenses in Greenland, January 2014 Report No

33 4.2.3 Informal Economy Greenland no longer operates through a traditional economy (also referred to as an informal or land and sea-based economy). However, traditional culture and activities are still important, and indirectly affect the formal economy 7. Traditional activities, for example, can reduce the availability of workers for formal employment. Hunting remains the most important traditional activity: a large segment of the Greenlandic population still participates in these activities. In ,037 active hunting licences 8 were issued in Greenland, of which 29.3% were for professional hunters and 70.7% were for sportsmen. The number of hunting licenses issued decreased by 14.0% from 2007 to 2011 (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Greenlanders hunt sea mammals (i.e., whales, polar bears and seals), land mammals (caribou and musk ox) and several species of birds. Table 7 illustrates that the number of animals hunted has decreased steadily since 2007 (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Table 5: Animals Hunted in Greenland by Number and Type, Total Birds, total 183, , , , , % Land mammals, 17,768 19,215 16,654 15,333 13, % total Seals, total 160, , , , , % Whales, total 4,009 2,791 3,055 2,961 3, % Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013a. Note: % change the reporting year for caches runs from October 1 to end of September, which makes numbers for 2011 incomplete. The economy of Greenland is in the process of transitioning from a traditional to a formal economy. Typically, there is no exchange of money resulting from traditional activities and at times, at times, it can be difficult to distinguish between traditional and commercial hunting activities. As a result, assessing its economic value is challenging. The value of subsistence activities is not captured in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or other economic statistics, even though traditional activities make important contributions to Greenlandic households, both in terms of food security, household consumption and individual and community well-being (Poppel, 2009). Unfortunately, as in many countries, there is a lack of comprehensive and reliable data on the subject 9. Economic Performance In 2011, the estimated GDP of Greenland was 13,060 million DKK, or 230,700 DKK per capita (Statistics Greenland, 2013e). By comparison, Denmark s GDP per capita was The formal economy is a term for the cash-based economic activities that economic statistics can capture. Provisional figure. The Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic research program (SLiCA) is a valuable source of data about subsistence activities in the Arctic and will have data about certain aspects of the informal economy in Greenland too. See Report No

34 322,000 DKK in 2012, approximately 40% higher than in Greenland (Statistics Denmark, 2013a). As per Table 8, Greenland s GDP has grown progressively in recent years, with the exception of 2009 when it experienced a 2.7% decrease. The economy of Greenland has grown by more than 26% since 2003 (in fixed prices). Given that the population barely changed between 2003 and 2011, the Greenlandic GDP per capita also increased by approximately 26%. Table 6: Greenlandic Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Unit / Year * 2010* 2011* GDP, million DKK (current prices) 9,239 9,689 9,897 10,771 11,106 11,736 12,125 12,741 13,060 GDP/capita, 1,000 DKK (current prices) GDP, million DKK (fixed prices) 9,151 9,541 9,897 10,429 10,783 11,006 10,705 11,230 11,590 Index, 2005 = 100 (fixed prices) Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013e. * = Figures for are preliminary. Table 9 details the value of each sector in the Greenlandic economy for select years between 2003 and In 2011, public administration contributed close to 12% of the total value added to the economy. Public administration was also the largest contributor to GDP from 2003 to Real estate and construction are also important contributors to the Greenlandic economy. It should be noted out that hunting and fishing are represented in five different sectors 10 and are therefore understated in the table. When combined, these five sectors comprise approximately 15% of the total value added to the Greenlandic economy. Thus far, the mining, oil and gas sectors have not added a great deal of direct value to the economy. However, that these sectors are likely contributing indirectly through other sectors, such as construction, which contributed close to 9% of the total value added to the economy. This sector grew rapidly between 2003 and 2011, even though the proportional importance of other sectors did not change markedly over the same period (Statistics Greenland, 2013f). 10 Namely Food-, beverage- tobacco products industry, Inshore fishing, Offshore fisheries, Agriculture, fishing, hunting etc and Fishing, other. Report No

35 Table 7: Greenlandic Gross Value Added by Sectors, (Total value in fixed prices (million DKK) and% of total value) ! Value % Value % Value % Total output 8, , , Public administration 1, , , Real estate and renting , Construction business , , Social institutions Education Food-, beverage-, tobacco products Healthcare Wholesale trade, except motor vehicles Air transport Post and telecommunications Business Retail and repair, except motor vehicles Inshore fishing Shipping Offshore fisheries Supply of electricity and water Refuse, association, culture, other Agriculture, fishing, hunting, etc Support activities for transportation Hotels and restaurants Land transport, transport via pipelines Finance and insurance Auto trade, service, filling station Stone-, clay- and glass industry Industry, other Wood-, paper- and graphic industry Textile-, clothing-, leather industry Fishing, other Extraction of raw materials Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013f. Historically, Greenland has maintained a negative trade balance. In 2012, the total import value was 5.0 billion DKK, whereas the total export value was 2.8 billion DKK. Consequently, the trade deficit was -2.2 billion DKK, a deficit which has continued to grow over the past two decades, both in terms of real value and as a percentage of the total external trade value (Statistics Greenland, 2013g). This has not had a negative effect on Greenland s overall Report No

36 economic condition due to its agreement with the EU and its yearly block grant from Denmark (Greenlandic Economic Council, 2012) Labour Market and Employment Both the Government of Greenland and the regional municipalities actively support the labour market through job creation programmes, vocational and educational guidance, placement services, and control over foreign workers. Most workers have representation through Greenlandic labour market organizations, including Sulinermik Inuussutissarsiutillit Kattuffiat (SIK), the largest organization of its kind. Workers recruited in Denmark tend to be represented by Danish unions. Interests of public employers are handled through consulting agreements, while private employers are represented through several organizations, including the Employers Organization of Greenland (GA) (Statistics Greenland, 2010a). As illustrated in Table 10, the labour force of Greenland 11 was comprised of almost 26,800 people in 2011, an increase of 1.0% over the year before. Men made up 55.2% of the workforce and women made up 44.8%. The 18 to 39 aged workforce (21 years) accounted for 43.9% of total labour while the 40 to 54 aged workforce (14 years) accounted for 41.8% of the workforce. This indicates that Greenland has a relatively old workforce (Statistics Greenland, 2012a). Table 8: The Greenlandic Labour Force by Age and Gender, 2011 Age Category Both genders Men Women All age categories (18-64) 26,789 14,794 12, years years 2,857 1,565 1, years 2,750 1,499 1, years 2,756 1,460 1, years 2,539 1,396 1, years 3,473 1,874 1, years 4,285 2,289 1, years 3,452 1,968 1, years 2,355 1, years 1, Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012a. Note: The table only includes data for 18 to 64 old people, but some of the Greenlandic workforce is likely outside of that age range. 11 Average number of permanently resident persons per month. Report No

37 Table 11 presents a breakdown of Greenland s 2011 labour market by industry category 12. The largest industry, by far, is public administration (in terms of the number of employees). Positions in fishing and manufacturing declined by more than 15% between 2007 and 2011, but the number of people employed in the transportation sector grew by 14%. Other industries saw changes of fewer than 10% (Statistics Greenland, 2012b). It is important to note that the statistical validity of the labour force numbers may be low, as some workers in the fishing sectors may be reported in industry and wholesale sectors. Table 9: The Greenlandic Labour Force by Sector, 2011 Industry Category Size % of size % change Total 28, % 3.8% Construction 2, % -0.10% Fishing 1, % % Manufacturing % % Public administration and service 11, % 7.70% Other industries 4, % 8.9% Transportation 3, % 14.00% Wholesale, retail trade and repair business 4, % -2.70% Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012b. The overall employment rate 13 of Greenland was 71.6 in 2011 (see Table 12). Overall, men had a higher employment rate than women, particularly in certain age groups: the youngest and oldest men are considerably more active workforce participants than women of the same age. For age groups 30 to 54, the employment rate is similar across genders (Statistics Greenland, 2012a and Statistics Greenland, 2012c). Table 12 also illustrates that Greenland had an unemployment rate of 9.4% in Women under the age of 40 faced higher unemployment than men, but the opposite trend occurred for people over the age of 40. Unemployment was highest amongst young people, subsequently decreasing with age and experience (Statistics Greenland, 2012a). It is important to note that the employment rate is calculated by the registration of individuals who will receive access to social benefits; not those who are necessarily capable of taking on new jobs or those who are actively searching for employment opportunities (Government of Greenland, 2006a and Government of Greenland, 2006b) Average number of persons per month (primary employment). The employment rate represents persons in employment as a percentage of the population of working age, here defined as 18 to 64 years. Report No

38 Table 10: Employment Rates in Greenland by Age and Gender, 2011 Employment rate Unemployment rate Age Category Men Women Total Men Women Total All age categories ( % 69.6% 71.6% 9.2% 9.7% 9.4% 64) years 49.3% 42.9% 46.0% 17.6% 21.1% 19.3% years 68.4% 57.8% 63.2% 13.7% 18.3% 15.8% years 71.7% 63.3% 67.6% 10.9% 12.7% 11.7% years 77.4% 77.7% 77.6% 8.6% 10.3% 9.4% years 77.8% 78.4% 78.1% 6.8% 7.2% 7.0% years 72.0% 70.8% 71.5% 8.9% 8.1% 8.5% years 79.0% 80.4% 79.7% 8.5% 7.6% 8.1% years 79.3% 79.2% 79.3% 8.4% 6.5% 7.6% years 75.3% 73.0% 74.3% 7.2% 5.4% 6.5% years 66.9% 56.2% 62.5% 6.2% 5.5% 6.0% Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012a and Statistics Greenland, 2012c Incomes As Table 13 portrays, the average gross household income in Greenland was 402,140 DKK in The average disposable income per household was 286,028 DKKin There are several geographical differences in income distribution statistics. They are: 1) people living in towns maintain average gross household incomes that are 39% higher than those in settlements, 2) there are differences in average gross income between Greenland s four municipalities (for instance, household incomes in Sermersooq Municipality were 49.2% higher than those in Qaasuitsup Municipality) (Statistics Greenland, 2013h). Table 13 presents data on differences between in gross household income, disposable household income, gross personal income and after tax personal income for the towns, settlements and municipalities in Greenland. It should be noted here that geographical differences in income in Greenland may be misleading if used alone to assess wealth or well-being. Smaller communities may be more heavily reliant on traditional lifestyles, including subsistence fishing and hunting, which do not result in a formal income. Lower incomes might be moderated, therefore, by less dependence on money. Report No

39 Table 11: Area Average Incomes in Greenland, 2011 (DKK) Gross household income Disposable household income Gross personal income After-tax personal income Greenland total 402, , , ,385 Towns 417, , , ,047 Settlements 299, , , ,410 Kujalleq Municipality 316, , , ,771 Sermersooq Municipality 472, , , ,652 Qeqqata Municipality 396, , , ,389 Qaasuitsup Municipality 351, , , ,927 Source: Statistics Greenland 2013h. The average gross personal income in Greenland was 207,347 DKK and the average aftertax personal income was 144,385 DKK in 2011 (Statistics Greenland, 2013h). Table 14 indicates that personal incomes fluctuated markedly by geographical location, origin and gender. In 2011, the men in Greenland earned an average of 32.5% more than women. These gender differences were higher in towns than in settlements. The income difference between people born in Greenland and those born abroad was even greater. Those born outside of Greenland earned 138.0% more than native citizens in Again, such differences were higher in settlements than in towns (Statistics Greenland, 2013h). Table 12: Average Gross Personal Income by Areas and Social Groups in Greenland, 2011 (DKK) Area / Social Group Men Women Born outside Greenland Born in Greenland Total 234, , , ,971 Towns 245, , , ,366 Settlements 155, , , ,669 Kujalleq Municipality 182, , , ,159 Sermersooq Municipality 293, , , ,589 Qeqqata Municipality 229, , , ,159 Qaasuitsup Municipality 182, , , ,335 Source: Statistics Greenland 2013h. Table 15 demonstrates how average gross household incomes have changed in Greenland between 2003 and Incomes rose slowly from 2003 until After a more considerable increase in 2009, incomes fell in 2010, but experienced a large increase in 2011 (Statistics Greenland 2013h). Report No

40 Table 13: Income Trends in Greenland, Average Gross Household Income Greenland % change from previous year , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % , % Source: Statistics Greenland 2013h. Inequality of income is most often measured by the Gini coefficient, where a score of 0 means complete equality and 1 means complete inequality. In 2010, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.(i.e., the Nordic countries) all maintained Gini coefficient scores close to 0.25, representing high equality compared to other countries around the world (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2012). The Gini coefficient of Greenland was most recently calculated in 2003, when it was scored at This indicates that residents of Greenland face greater inequality than the other Nordic countries (Government of Greenland, 2010a). As with geographical variances in income levels, Greenland s inequality may be overestimated, given that a segment of the population participates in the exchange of goods and services through the non-monetary informal economy, rather than the formal (cash-based) economy. In comparison to the other Nordic countries, Greenlandic incomes are rather low (Statistics Denmark, 2013b and Nordic Council of Ministers, 2012). In 2011, the average disposable income in Greenland was 144,385 DKK compared to 198,847 DKK in Denmark (Statistics Denmark, 2013b and Statistics Greenland, 2013c). This is exacerbated by the fact that consumer prices are high, leaving residents of Greenland at a greater disadvantage in comparison to other Nordic residents Consumer Prices and Inflation Over the last ten years, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Greenland has risen steadily. Between 2003 and 2013, the CPI rose from to 150.3, an increase of 32.1% (Statistics Greenland, 2013i). The average increase was 2.9%. Overall, national increases in pricing are consistent with other Nordic economies (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2013). Table 16 presents a comparison of the annual CPI changes in Denmark and Greenland between 2003 and During this period, the average annual price increase was 2.8% in Greenland. Report No

41 Prices increased at a slightly slower rate in Denmark, at 2.1% over the same period (Statistics Greenland, 2013i, and Statistics Denmark, 2013d). Table 14: Annual Changes in Consumer Price Indices, Denmark and Greenland, Year Greenland (%) Denmark (%) Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013i, and Statistics Denmark, 2013d. Note: The Greenlandic data is calculated from a rounded CPI posted on Government Revenue and Taxation Greenland has three levels of government: municipalities, self-government and the State (i.e., the Danish government). Table 17 describes the 2011 revenue sources of each subsector. Over 90% of the municipalities revenues came from taxes on income and wealth and transfers from self-government. Almost 87% of self-government revenues were derived from taxes, Danish block grants and Greenland s Partnership agreement with EU. The state government was financed almost exclusively through transfers from the Danish government (Statistics Greenland, 2013j). Companies involved in Greenlandic resource projects are subject to a variety of taxes and fees, including (KPMG, 2012):! Individual income taxes: required for Greenlandic residents and non-residents. Nonresident taxation pertains to freelancers, independent contractors, individuals who are self-employed, independent agents and consultants. Individual income tax rates are currently set at 37% 14.! Corporate income tax: required for firms operating in Greenland. Corporate income tax rates are set at 30.0% 15. Most companies must also pay an associated surcharge of 6% of corporate income tax. However, companies developing exploration projects are generally exempt from this surcharge As of May As of May Report No

42 The Government of Greenland does not collect sales taxes, emission taxes or value added taxes. Other indirect taxes (i.e., environmental tax and port duties) apply to exploration firms. As a result of recent government changes, there may be a chance that company taxes will be reduced, but that efforts towards more strict tax collection will be undertaken (KPMG, 2013). Tax treaties that the European Union (EU) has signed do not typically apply to taxpayers in Greenland. Greenland has established tax treaties with Denmark, Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands. Firms involved in exploration are not obligated to be residents of Greenland, but they are considered tax liable to Greenland and its domestic income (KPMG, 2012). Table 15: Revenue of General Government by Sector & Transaction, 2011 (1,000 DKK) Revenue category Municipalities The state Selfgovernment (central government) Gross operating surplus 253, % 252, % 13, % Withdrawal of income from quasicorporations 39, % 45, %.... Interest etc. 41, % 233, %.... Rents etc Taxes on production and imports , %.... Current taxes on income, wealth etc. 2,392, % 1,180, %.... Compulsory social contributions security Voluntary social contributions Imputed social contributions Other income transfers, total 1,734, % 3,863, % 761, % From other levels of government 1,730, %.... 1, % Central government in Greenland % Self-government 1,730, %.... 1, % From domestic private sector 3, % From the rest of the world, total.... 3,863, % 760, % From EU institutions, total , %.... The Danish State.... 3,554, % 760, % Block grants.... 3,554, %.... Refusion , % Capital revenue, total 81, % Current surplus (gross saving) 4,542, % 6,302, % 775, % Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013j Note: Italic rows are broken down data, already summarized in a previous row. Report No

43 4.3 Infrastructure Transportation International transportation of people and goods into and out of Greenland occurs by either air or water transportation channels. Within the country, towns and settlements are not connected by roads; local transportation methods are therefore also limited to plane, helicopter or boat (Government of Greenland, 2013d) Sea Transportation and Harbours All towns have commercial harbours of differing size and service level. The main harbours are located in Nuuk, Sisimiut and Aasiaat, and include container terminals for the smaller towns. Access in some areas is limited by sea ice conditions, therefore only the harbours in Nuuk, Paamiut, Maniitsoq and Sisimiut are accessible year round. Harbours are owned by the government and are operated by RAL. RAL is also responsible for transport of cargo between community harbours, as well as shipping routes to Reykjavik (Iceland) and Aalborg (Denmark). A docking fee is charged to commercial ships at government owned harbours and is determined by tonnage (Government of Greenland, 2010a); however, activities included in the Mineral Resources Act are excluded from commercial licensing requirements for domestic and international transport. In 2009, the amount of cargo transported to, from and within Greenland dropped, likely due to the global economic recession (Table 18). In 2011, the volume of sea cargo imports recovered and surpassed pre-recession levels; however, exports remained below previous levels and domestic transportation has continued to decline (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Table 16: Volume of Greenlandic Sea Cargo, (1,000 m 3 ) Cargo, total To Greenland From Greenland Internally in Greenland Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013a Air Transportation and Airports/Heliports Air transportation service differs in towns and settlements depending on available infrastructure (e.g., runway length). The main international airport is located in Kangerlussuaq. Other large towns, including Sismiut, and Maniittsoq, have domestic airports. Remaining towns and larger settlements have heliports. Regularly scheduled local air passenger service is provided by Air Greenland. For towns and settlements with heliport infrastructure, passenger transport is available by helicopters operated by Air Greenland. Report No

44 (Ministry of Infrastructure, Labour and Mines, 2010). Cargo transportation services are also available to towns and settlements where infrastructure is available (Ministry of Infrastructure, Labour and Mines, 2010). The busiest months for travelling by plane to and from Greenland are June to September. The peak period for overnight stays in Greenland is also June to September (Statistics Greenland, 2013c). Table 19 provides air passenger transportation data from 2007 to While air transportation declined in 2009 due to the economic recession, the data indicated that the number of passengers in 2011 was approaching levels similar to those in 2008 (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Table 17: Greenlandic Passenger Traffic by Air, Passenger, total 412, , , , ,841 Domestic, by plane 246, , , , ,036 International, by plane 74,237 76,068 72,123 68,867 71,026 Helicopter traffic 91,599 89,382 87,981 86,929 88,779 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013a Emergency Services Greenland has well developed emergency services to respond to emergency situations at sea and on land, including:! Police Force: Management of search and rescue operations in local marine waters and on land, pollution control beyond 3 nautical miles and assistance to the municipal emergency. There are approximately 120 police officers in Greenland (pers comm., Sisimiut Municipal Police, 2012);! Search and Rescue Task Force: Established by the Arctic Council and mandated to coordinate international cooperation in search and rescue operations in the Arctic. In 2011, the Task Force facilitated the negotiation and signing of the Agreement on Cooperation in Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, which provides for a legal framework for commitment by signatory nations to respond to emergency incidents in the Arctic region (Arctic Council, 2014);! Joint Arctic Command: The Joint Arctic Command was established in 2012 as a territorial command to provide military defence of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Its main headquarters are located in Nuuk. Other responsibilities include search and rescue and environmental surveillance (Forsvaret, 2014);! Mineral License and Safety Authority: Under the Act on Self-Government and the Mineral Resources Act, the MLSA is responsible for safety of land and sea activities associated with resource development in Greenland. The MLSA is responsible for Report No

45 setting up an emergency committee, monitoring lease holders, investigating incidents and proactive management of risks related to exploration and operation activities (Mineral Licence and Safety Authority, 2014); and! Aasiaat Radio: Coastal radio service provided by TELE Greenland, including monitoring of international emergencies at sea, meteorological updates, navigational warnings, and distress calls. Aasiaat Radio communicates distress calls and facilitates emergency response along the west and east coast of Greenland (TELE Greenland, 2013). Additional information about emergency services administered at a local level, including firefighting and policing, is provided in Section Communication National telecommunications services are provided by TELE Greenland, a government owned company. TELE Greenland provides telecommunications, information technology (IT) and postal services to the entire country. Radio, television and telephone services are offered in all towns and settlements. Broadband internet and global system for mobile communication (GSM) telephone services are available in towns and settlements with a population larger than 70 (TELE Greenland, 2014a). As described in Section 4.3.4, TELE Greenland also provides coastal radio service; Aasiat Radio s primary goal is to provide safety for maritime emergencies and shipping activities (TELE Greenland, 2013). KNR is Greenland s national broadcasting organization which is financially administered by the government and publically run. KNR provides national radio and television broadcast services (KNR, 2013). There are two national newspapers in Greenland; Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten (AG) and Sermitsiaq, which are published once a week. In 2010, the two papers joined, and now provide news together online through a shared website. Online content is updated several times a day. Domestic telecommunications infrastructure in Greenland includes a south-north digital radio link from Nanortalik to Uummannaq, and satellite connections to North Greenland and the East Coast. International telecommunications infrastructure includes satellite links to Copenhagen Teleport and the "Greenland Connect" submarine cable that connects to Canada and Iceland (Government of Greenland, 2010). TELE Greenland also offers service to private operations, and specifically offers services to mining clients, including Iridium, VSAT and Link (TELE Greenland, 2014b) Housing and Accommodation The Government of Greenland plays a strong role in the housing market. In 1993, the Government of Greenland started a housing company, Boligselskabet INI A/S, aimed at efficiently managing public housing. Table 20 provides a summary of the ownership of housing in towns and settlements across the country. The majority of housing in towns is state owned or government or municipal property. Conversely, the majority of housing in settlements is privately owned. There is a limited private rental market in some towns and Report No

46 prices are high in the private housing market, in comparison to public housing (Government of Greenland, 2010). Table 18: Ownership of Dwellings, 2010 Ownership Total Town Settlement Total State-owned Governmental property Municipal property Private property Unknown Dorm rooms and elderly Source: Statistics Greenland, 2010b. In 2012, the Government of Greenland identified the need for and proposed housing reform to address housing shortages in larger towns, availability of affordable, modern low-income housing, and financing options for high-income families to own their own homes. Additional reforms for provision of additional housing for students and seniors (Government of Greenland, 2012b). 4.4 Demographics Greenland is the world s largest island, measuring 2,166,086 square kilometres 16. The Greenlandic Ice Sheet covers 81% of the land surface (677,855 square kilometres) (IPCC, 2001). Greenland is not densely populated in comparison to the total land area; the majority of the population lives in settlements and towns that are in the ice-free areas of coastal land, predominantly along the south west coast. Greenland is geographically part of the North American continent; however, it is politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway, and later Denmark). Archeological evidence has shown that Greenland has been inhabited by Arctic peoples migrating from Alaska and Canada over the last 4,500 to 5,000 years (Avataq Cultural Institute, 2013). During the 10 th century, Norsemen settled on the uninhabited southern part of Greenland; however, these populations disappeared in the late 15th century. In the early 18 th century, Denmark established sovereignty over the island. The Danish developed strong ties between Greenland and European countries by establishing marine and other natural resource based trade (Government of Denmark, 2011a). 16 Including the minor offshore islands. Report No

47 4.4.1 Population In January 2013, the total population of Greenland was 56, % of the population was born in Greenland, and 11.1% were immigrants. The population density was 0.14 people per square kilometer of ice-free land. The Greenlandic population has remained relatively stable over the past decade, declining by only half a percentage (-0.5%) between 2003 and 2013 (Statistics Greenland, 2013a) Ethnic Origin The majority of the Greenlandic population are a combination of Inuit and Scandinavian origin. The Greenlandic Inuit are culturally closely related to the Canadian and Alaskan Inuit/Iñupiat, and more distantly related to the Alaskan and Siberian Yupiit (Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, 2004). In 2008, less than 1% of the Greenlandic population had foreign citizenship; all foreign citizens were Danish. In January 2013, foreign citizenship had increased by 83% to 1.7%. At this time, residents with foreign citizenships included 180 Icelandic, 152 Thai, 119 Pilipino, 99 Swedish, 70 Norwegian, 60 German, 43 American, and 255 other citizens (Statistics Greenland, 2013a) Trends in Population of Towns and Settlements There are 92 recorded active localities in Greenland, including 17 towns, 62 settlements, 4 farms and 6 stations. The most densely populated area is the central coast of western Greenland; this area is accessible year round as the waters remain relatively ice free. 48,151 (85.4%) of the population live in towns. 63.2% of the total population lives in six towns; Nuuk, Sisimiut, Ilulissat, Qaqortoq, Maniitsoq and Aasiaat. Nuuk is the largest town, with a population of 16,454 (29.2% of the population) (Statistics Greenland, 2013k). 14.6% of the remaining population resides in settlements, farms and stations (Statistics Greenland, 2013k). Prior to 2009, the term town was used to describe largest community in each of the original 18 municipalities. This community was the administrative centre of that municipality. In 2009, municipalities were amalgamated to form four municipalities, each one including several towns and settlements. The population of towns and settlements by municipality is shown in Table 21. The current town population ranges from 452 to 16,454 inhabitants, while the population of settlements ranges from less than 10 to 1,656 inhabitants (Statistics Greenland, 2013k). Between 2004 and 2012, there was a 20% increase in the migration of people from settlements to towns. Conversely, there was only been an 11% increase in the percentage of people who are migrating from towns to settlements, indicating that there is a trend towards moving to larger population centres (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). In general, the population living in towns has grown steadily, as can be seen in Table 21. This is the result of natural population growth, and people relocating there from settlements. Between 2003 and 2013, Nuuk, Tasiilaq, Sisimuit and Qaanaaq have all experienced population growth, while in Paamiut and Qasigiannguit have seen their population reduced by approximately 10% Report No

48 (Statistics Greenland, 2013k). All settlements have seen a decline in population and two settlements (Ivittut and Illoqqortoormiut) have been either totally or partially abandoned Gender and Age Characteristics Table 22 (Statistics Greenland, 2013l) provides a population profile by gender and age category. Greenland has a relatively young population; 29% of population is below 19 years of age, and only 7% is older than 65 years. There is a greater percentage of men than women (53% of the total population overall). This skewed gender distribution is highest amongst the year age group; within this age category there is a large proportion of immigrant men (71% of year olds, the majority of which are from Denmark). This influx of men is largely the result of men of working age immigrating to Greenland for employment. In the elderly generation (75 years and older) the population of women is greater, likely as a result of longer life expectancies amongst women. Report No

49 Table 19: Population by Municipality, Town and Settlement, 2003 and Town Settlement Town Settlement Total 46,567 9,545 48,151 7,775 Kujalleq Municipality 6,378 1,387 6, Nanortalik 1, , Qaqortoq 3, , Narsaq 1, , Sermersooq Municipality 18,063 1,788 20,438 1,378 Ivittuut Paamiut 1, , Nuuk 13, , Tasiilaq 1,818 1,189 2, Illoqqortoormiut Qeqqata Municipality 8,162 1,543 8,268 1,352 Maniitsoq 2, , Sisimiut 5, , Qaasuitsup Municipality 13,964 4,827 13,376 4,122 Kangaatsiaq Aasiaat 3, , Qasigiannguit 1, , Ilulissat 4, , Qeqertarsuaq 1, Uummannaq 1,423 1,232 1, Upernavik 1,218 1,688 1,181 1,656 Qaanaaq Outside Municipalities Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013a; Statistics Greenland, 2013k. Report No

50 Table 20: Comparison of Greenlandic Population by Age and Gender, 2002 and Age Women Men Women Men 0-4 2,234 2,262 1,927 2, ,466 2,607 1,950 2, ,636 2,632 2,050 2, ,994 2,100 2,116 2, ,794 1,949 2,301 2, ,530 1,793 2,031 2, ,041 2,344 1,827 1, ,829 3,289 1,420 1, ,326 2,954 1,811 2, ,761 2,280 2,516 2, ,255 1,832 2,084 2, ,097 1,659 1,502 2, , , , Total 26,427 30,249 26,532 29,838 Source: Statistics Greenland 2013l. During the 1960 s there was baby boom in Greenland as demonstration by the large age cohort between 45 and 54 years of age (Table 22)., The baby boomers will begin to retire in 10 years. This mass retirement could have implications on the capacity of health and social services, as well as social cohesion. Dependency ratio is calculated by Statistics Greenland as the number of people outside of working age, being supported by the population in working age (20 64 years). The dependency ratio has declined over the past 30 years and was reported to be 0.59 in 2011, compared to 0.89 in 1979 (Statistics Greenland, 2012c). If the proportion of elderly people increases over the next decade, this may affect the dependency ratio. Report No

51 Trends in Migration The net migration is calculated by Statistics Greenland as the difference between the number of people entering and leaving the country during the year (based on midyear population). In 2012, the net migration was -709 (Statistics Greenland, 2012c). Over the past decade, there has been a consistent trend of emigration from Greenland. Table 23 illustrates that the majority of emigrants were born in Greenland, and are often young women who move for employment and education opportunities (Rotto and Rasmussen, 2010). Table 21: Trends in Greenlandic Migration, 2004 and Net migration Immigration, total 2,482 2,404 2,536 2,491 2,191 Persons born in Greenland , Persons born outside Greenland 1,559 1,514 1,629 1,448 1,320 Emigration, total 2,718 3,048 3,175 2,651 2,900 Persons born in Greenland 1,114 1,358 1,560 1,334 1,483 Persons born outside Greenland 1,604 1,690 1,615 1,317 1,417 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013m; Statistics Greenland 2013n. Internal migration statistics are shown in Table 24; this data provides an overview of the movement of people both within and between communities. The data indicate that internal migration has increased over the last decade. The greatest percent change in internal migration was movement between settlements (46 percent change), and from settlement to town (25 percent change). Table 22: Internal Migration in Greenland, Internal Migration Within the same town 11,217 12,490 12,044 13,755 13,129 Within the same settlement 962 1,271 1,254 1,215 1,191 Between towns 4,153 4,428 4,437 4,553 4,440 Between settlements From settlement to town 1,090 1,240 1,321 1,325 1,359 From town to settlement ,055 1,070 1,079 Other Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013o. Report No

52 Population Projection Population projections are calculated by Statistics Greenland and published in the Statistics Yearbook (Statistics Greenland, 2012d). Projections are based on currently available population data and trends in births, deaths and migration. The population projections for 2013 to 2021 are summarized in Table 25. The total population is expected to remain relatively consistent. Over this same period, the number of people born in Greenland is expected to decline, while the number of immigrants is predicted to increase. Table 23: Estimated Population Growth, Total 56,766 56,782 56,800 56,803 56,815 56,816 56,815 56,790 56,775 Persons born in Greenland Persons born outside Greenland Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012e Mortality 50,295 50,263 50,228 50,194 50,160 50,124 50,089 50,046 49,994 6,471 6,519 6,572 6,609 6,655 6,692 6,726 6,744 6,781 The life expectancy for newborns is lower compared to Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Men have a lower life expectancy than women. From , Statistics Greenland documented that the average male life expectancy was 68.7 years, and 75 years for women (Statistics Greenland 2013p). This is lower than the life expectancies in Denmark and Iceland, which are 76 (male) and 81 (female) years, and 80 (male) and 83 female) years respectively (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). When compared to other countries throughout the world, the life expectancy in Greenland is similar to countries like the Marshall Islands, Morrocco and El Salvador, and lower than Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, and Paraguay (United Nations Development Programme 2013) Fertility In the late 1960s, following a baby boom, there was a substantial drop in annual birth rate. Since 1975, the total birth rate has varied between approximately 2.0 and 2.6 children per woman (Statistics Greenland, 2012c). In 2012, the birth rate for women between 15 and 49 years was 2.0 (Statistics Greenland, 2012c). 4.5 Society and Community Well Being Education and Training The main institution of higher learning in Greenland is the University of Greenland, which is located in the capital, Nuuk. An overview of other institutions and the types of training and education offered is provided in Table 26 Report No

53 Table 24: Overview of Higher Education Institutions in Greenland Location Institution Training/Education Focus Nuuk Jern og Metalskolen (Iron and Metal school) Blacksmith, Welder and Ship fitter. Qaqortoq Sisimiut Ilulissat Narsaq Paamiut Grønlands Handelskole (Greenlands Business Academy) Center for Sundhedsuddannelser (Center for Health Education) Kunstskolen (Art Academy) Politiskolen (Police Academy) Grønlands Universitet /University of Greenland) Grønlands Seminarium (Teacher Training Institute) Grønlands Handelskole (Greenlands Businessschool) Upernaviarsuk Landbrugsskolen (Agriculture School) Bygge- og Anlægskole, Råstofskolen og Grønlands Tekniske Gymnasium (Building and Construction School, Greenland School of Mineral and Petroleum and Greenland Technical College) Center for Arktisk Teknologi (Centre for Arctic Technology, ARTEK) Grønlands Socialpædagoiske Seminarium (Greenland s Social College of Education ) Levnedmiddelskolen INUILI (Hospitality Training) Grønlands Maritime Skole (Greenland s Maritime School) Business Nurses, Health Workers and Ambulance Workers Design, Arts Police training academy Social Science, Cultural & Social History, Language, Literature and Media, Theology, Journalism, Social Worker and Interpreters & translators. Teaching Farming and production gardeners Mining and Construction Arctic Engineering (Geology - Construction & Resources, Construction and City, Planning & Environment) Social Assistants and Child Care Training for Cooks, Waiters and Receptionists Skipper and Coastal Skipper Report No

54 The Greenland Education Programme (GEP) was ratified by Parliament in The GEP provides the basis for reform in the education and vocational training sectors, with the objective of contributing to a self-sustaining economy with a well-educated workforce (Government of Greenland, 2014a). The GEP reforms are partially funded by the European Commission which has provided 175 million EURO of assistance to date (EU, 2013a). Currently, the Greenlandic economy is dependent on the public sector, including publicly owned enterprises and municipalities (EU, 2013a). Improvements in education and training are necessary for Greenland respond to potential opportunities in the oil, gas and minerals sector. The GEP includes two phases. In the first phase ( ), efforts were focused on lowering the number of secondary school drop outs, and unskilled workers under the age of 50 who are unemployed. Educational enrolment and attendance in formal post-primary education increased over the first phase of the GEP, while the dropout rate remained roughly the same, resulting in an increase in the total number of people completing post-primary programs (Government of Greenland, 2014a). In 2013, the EU commission prepared a report to evaluate the performance of higher education in Greenland. The study found that in order for Greenland to meet the potential workforce demands by the end of the GEP in 2025, there is a need for 100 additional graduates each year. Graduates are needed in all subject areas. The study also identified a shortage of teachers who are proficient in Greenlandic, particularly in the science fields. This has resulted in a particular shortage of science graduates (European Commission, 2013b). The rate of change in the number of students accessing and completing education, during the first phase of the GEP is shown in Table 27. The greatest rate of increase was seen in students completing vocational education degrees. The second phase of the GEP (2013 to 2020) will focus on higher education (European Parliamentary Research Service, 2014). The Government of Greenland published an Education Strategy in 2012, to build on the GEP and other initiatives in order to achieve a target of 70% of graduates gaining job-ready qualifications by 2025 (Government of Greenland, 2012b). Initiatives include:! Expansion of educational institution capacity;! Expansion of student housing capacity;! Student placement in international programs;! Focus on early childhood development;! Improvements in the elementary school system;! Youth initiatives, including more guidance and better apprenticeships;! Implementation and evaluation of high school reform;! External evaluation of the University of Greenland; and! Develop and incentive program for student grants. Report No

55 Table 25: Numbers of Starters, Drop-Outs and Graduates within the Greenland Education System, Educations total Started Active students Drop-outs Graduates 1,118 2, ,213 2, ,236 2, ,388 2, ,478 2, Vocational Education Started Active students Drop-outs Graduates 723 1, , , , , Mid-range Education Started Active students Drop-outs Graduates Higher Education Started Active students Drop-outs Graduates Other Education Started Active students Drop-outs Graduates Source: Statistics Greenland, 2011a Note: All statements are "by year's end." Until 2008 the "year end" was the end of October. From 2009, year end was end of December figures are preliminary Social Care The Government of Greenland shares the financial responsibility for social care programs with the municipalities. Some services are fully funded by the Government of Greenland or by the municipality, and others are shared responsibilities. With the exception of study grants, municipalities are responsible for the administration of public aid and social assistance programs (Greenlandic Commission on Tax and Welfare, 2011). Report No

56 In 2012, there was an increase in the number of people receiving public assistance by 9.1% and an increase in old-age pension recipients by 1.4%. Comparatively, the number of people receiving social benefits fell by 10.1% and maternity benefit recipients fell by 5.7%. Overall, the number of recipients receiving all publically funded income assistance programs increased by 0.7% (Statistics Greenland, 2012f). Table 28 shows number of recipients receiving social assistance and the total amount of funding on social assistance 17 programs in Greenland and in the Qeqqata Municipality (Statistics Greenland, 2012g). The table illustrates that the total number of recipients has decreased nationally and in the municipality. In addition, the total amount spent on social assistance has decreased in both jurisdictions between 2009 and Table 26: Municipal Social Aid Payments, number of recipients and total amounts, (1,000 DKK) Year Area Number of recipients Amount (1,000 DKK) 2009 Greenland, total 3,777 42,351 Qeqqata Municipality 805 8, Greenland, total 3,521 39,804 Qeqqata Municipality , Greenland, total 3,632 46,741 Qeqqata Municipality , Greenland, total 3,374 41,999 Qeqqata Municipality 608 6,176 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012e. Table 29 provides a summary of early retirement and age pension payments in Greenland and Qeqqata Municipality from 2009 to 2012 (Statistics Greenland 2012g). The number of citizens receiving early retirement payments increased from 2009 to 2011, and decreased in The number of citizens receiving age pension was relatively stable over the same period. The same trend was seen in Qeqqata Municipality. In the future, a growing proportion of the population will be over the age of 65, which means larger funds will be needed to provide pension payments. The Greenlandic Commission of Tax and Welfare estimates that age pension will constitute approximately 10.5% of the total national income in 2040, compared to 4.5% today (Greenlandic Commission on Tax and Welfare, 2011). 17 Social aid covers payment for unemployment, repatriation and illness. Report No

57 Table 27: Yea r Social Aid Payments by Type, Number of Recipients and Total Amounts, (1,000 DKK) Area Type of benefit Number Amount (1000 DKK) Total Qeqqata Kommunia Total Qeqqata Kommunia Total Qeqqata Kommunia Total Qeqqata Kommunia Early retirement benefit, total 2, ,591 Age pension, total 3, ,095 Early retirement benefit, total ,578 Age pension, total ,985 Early retirement benefit, total 2, ,958 Age pension, total 3, ,786 Early retirement benefit, total ,236 Age pension, total ,403 Early retirement benefit, total 3, ,187 Age pension, total 3, ,590 Early retirement benefit, total ,829 Age pension, total ,986 Early retirement benefit, total 2, ,792 Age pension, total 3, ,420 Early retirement benefit, total ,310 Age pension, total ,180 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012f. Kindergartens and public day care are delivered and subsidized by the municipalities. Fees are based on income levels, determined annually by the municipalities. All towns and larger settlements have public day care and kindergartens (Greenlandic Commission on Tax and Welfare, 2011) Social Cohesion / Integration The Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR) (Arctic Council, 2004) highlights the importance of maintaining cultural integrity for the long-term well-being and development of Arctic societies. The AHDR defines culture as the set of rules and values shared by a given society. In Greenland, this culture is made up of majority Greenlandic Inuit and citizens from other nations (mainly Danish, and other European/Scandinavian countries). The culture is influenced by strong historic ties to Denmark. The increasing independence from Denmark, and initiative to develop and exploit Greenland s natural mineral resources, may affect Greenlandic society and culture in the future. Revenue collected from the exploitation of Greenland s natural mineral resources will Report No

58 facilitate greater independence from Denmark and strengthen the welfare system. The development of the mineral resource industry may also provide greater opportunities for young people and encourage investment in education and training (Parello-Plesner, 2013 and Scrutton, 2013). In light of these changes to Greenlandic society, potential challenges have been identified, including:! In-migration of foreign workers from different cultures may have effects on the local culture;! shifting from net emigration to net immigration may place strain on services;! increasing potential for inter-generational and geographic disputes over the speed and nature of resource development (e.g., expectations of older versus younger generations, skewed investment in towns and facilities at the expense of settlements, ability of remote communities to participate in debates over resource development);! changing intra-household relationships; and! balancing expectations of an independent Greenland with geopolitical issues.! (Poppel et. al, 2007, and Arctic Council, 2004) Maintaining cultural and social cohesion requires consideration of the many different ways Greenlanders define and relate to their culture. For example, the AHDR determined that younger generations were more likely to engage in cultural activities associated with change, development and transition, while adults and elders often prefer activities involving preserving traditions or sharing them on to younger generations (Arctic Council, 2004). There are also gender variations in cultural activities, as well as between people living in towns versus settlements (Poppel et. al, 2007). The AHDR report supports a more flexible concept of cultural integrity that is adaptable to change, while maintaining the fundamental elements of culture. This can be compared to the more conservative viewpoint that culture must be maintained at all costs, despite change. AHDR defines the following elements as part of culture :! Language, including its use and retention;! Knowledge, including its transmission;! Communication, including education and performance;! Spirituality, including religion and ritual;! Cultural events and media;! Economic and subsistence practices; and! Social organization, institutions, and networks. Report No

59 Although Greenlanders no longer rely solely on hunting and fishing for food, these traditions remain an integral part of their culture. Traditional land use practices are especially important in North and East Greenland. Here, unpredictable environmental conditions, which are suggested by local people to be the result of climate change, are putting a strain on traditional land use practices (Hassal, 2004, and Huntington and Fox, 2005). Greenlandic way of living and language is becoming increasingly integrated into the education system, although as a result of limited resources in small communities many children and youth from settlements and remote towns must travel to larger towns to continue education (Poppel et. al, 2007). Table 30 provides a summary of the amount of funding provided by the Government of Greenland for cultural activities. Funding for most activities was relatively consistent over the five year period, with the exception of an increase in funding for the Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation (KNR), and the initiation of funding for the National Theatre of Greenland in Table 28: Comparison of Expenditure on Cultural Activities, (million DKK) Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation (KNR) Broadcasting radio and television National Library of Greenland Museums Folk High Schools Art School Katuaq (Arts Centre) Grants for cultural purposes National Theatre of Greenland Total Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013a Language Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) was established as the official language of Greenland by the Act on Greenland Self-Government. The Act also recognised three dialects spoken in North Greenland. These are: North Greenland (Avanersuaq), East Greenland (Tunu) and West Greenland (Kitaa) (Government of Denmark, 2011b). Greenlandic is now the primary language of the Inatsisartut (Greenlandic Parliament), and proceedings are simultaneously translated to or from Danish, when required. The Act also stipulates that translations of Report No

60 required materials, such as non-technical summaries, are to be prepared by trained translators, wherever possible (Government of Denmark, 2011). The Administration of Justice Act establishes the court languages as Greenlandic and Danish, and stipulates that proceedings must be translated if case participants require. Challenges have arisen during the transition to using Greenlandic in the judicial system and as the official language nationally. For example, there is a shortage of fluent lawyers and interpreters. As a result, the Government of Greenland had undertaken a number of initiatives to support ongoing language development and training. In 2010, the Greenlandic Parliament passed an act to strengthen the role and use of Greenlandic (Government of Denmark, 2011), requiring all private companies, public authorities and institutions to promote the use of the Greenlandic language, and support Greenlandic culture and identity. The Greenland Language Secretariat and Greenland Language Council are mandated to promote language retention and development, and the Language Center leads language training with the support of other educational institutions. Despite these initiatives, it still remains difficult to find Greenlandicspeaking lawyers, qualified interpreters and translators (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011). A large proportion of the population in Greenland is able to understand, speak and write Kalaallisut (one of the three northern dialects). The Surveys of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA) show that the majority, 68%, of the population understands and speaks the language at a high level, while 32% at a low-medium level. The number of people who identify Kalaallisut as their primary language is 75% in settlements and 60% in towns. The population in the Disko Bay area and in Northern Greenland have the largest population who are fluent in Kalaallisut (Poppel et. al, 2007). In 2010, a survey showed that 73% of respondents speak fluent Greenlandic, 7.0% are able to make themselves understood in Greenlandic in most situations and 20.5% have limited or no Greenlandic skills (Nordregio, 2010a). The survey also evaluated the respondent s level of proficiency in Danish and English and determined that 48% of respondents spoke Danish fluently, and 30% can be understood in most situations. 24% of the respondents spoke English fluently, while 29% can use English in most situations. 47% of the respondents reported that they speak limited or no English (Nordregio, 2010a) Religion The predominant religion in Greenland is Evangelical Lutheran (Statistics Greenland, 2013a). Minority religions include Catholicism, Adventism, Pentecostalism, Baha i s, Jehovah s Witnesses (EU, 2009) Gender Greenland has two institutions which support gender issues; the Ministry of Family, Culture, Church and Gender Equality (MFCCGE); and the Gender Equality Council (Naligiissitaanissamut Siunnersuisoqatigiit). The Government reports to the Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and participates in CEDAW Report No

61 committee examinations. Greenland has extensive legislation to promote and legally enshrine gender equality. This includes clauses that promote equal representation of men and women on boards and committees in publicly owned companies and institutions, and fair and equal wages between genders in both the public and private sectors (Ligestillingsområdet (IKINN), 2011). In 2011, MFCCGE published the Report Regarding Gender and Gender Equality in the Labour Market in Greenland (Rapport om køn og ligestilling på arbejdsmarkedet i Grønland). This report provides an analysis of gender composition and equality, based on feedback from 49 public and private companies (Ligestillingsområdet (IKINN), 2011). The study found that the overall companies employed more men (60%) than women (40%). Across the public and private workplace, there are a greater proportion of male employees at senior management level, while the balance is reversed at lower levels. Male employees make up 75% of board members in all companies. Further, there are two males for every female member in permanent public committees. From 2009 to 2011, there was an increase in the number of female board members appointed by the Government from 18% to 33%. The majority of companies had clear personnel policies, including reference to gender issues (e.g., policies on family responsibilities). Only 16% of respondents had an equal opportunities policy at the time of the report. The study also found a distinct segregation by sector. Historically, the oil, gas and mining sectors have a greater number of male employees than females. Conversely, the public and service sectors typically employ more women than men. A gender-segregated labour market has a number of impacts in relation to labour market flexibility. For example, there are inherent wage differences between men and women (Ligestillingsområdet (IKINN), 2011). The Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLICA) (Poppel et, al, 2007) examined the relationship between gender and traditional and informal livelihood activity. The study found that 66% of women surveys preferred wage earning work, compared to 49% of men. In comparison, only 22% of women preferred harvesting, herding or processing own food, compared to 36% of men. Overall, there was little difference when it came to the percentage of self-employed men (16%) and women (12%). The study noted that the range of opportunities available to Greenlandic people vary depending on their location, with settlements having less diversity than towns Differences between Town and Settlement In 2007, the SLICA (Poppel et. al, 2007) demonstrated differences between towns and settlements. Educational attainment was expressed as the percentage of adults with vocational or college education. The study determined that educational attainment was 54% in towns and cities, while only 19% in villages and settlements. Similarly in 2010, a study identified that children in settlements generally had lower grades than those educated in town schools (Nordregio, 2010b). There were also differences between employment levels between towns and settlements; 77% of those living in towns or cities had a job in the past year, compared to 58% of those residing in villages or settlements. This difference may be a Report No

62 reflection of the limited employment opportunities available in settlements. The study also determined that settlement community members participate in more subsistence activities, and speak Greenlandic more frequently Leisure Activities There were 5,500 recreational hunters in Greenland in 2011, indicating that leisure hunting is a popular activity (Government of Greenland, 2012e). Winter leisure activities include dog sledding, skiing/heli-skiing and snowmobiling (Greenland.com n.d.a). Summer leisure activities include hiking, camping, mountaineering, whale watching, kayaking, fishing and sailing (Greenland.com n.d.b) Health Care System Health care, dental care and prescribed medicine are publicly funded in Greenland (Niclasen and Mulvad, 2010). In January 2010, the health care system was reorganized into five regions each consisting of two to four towns (Fontain 2011, Pedersen, Rolskov, Jacobsen & Lynge 2012). The main institutions of health care in Greenland are:! Queen Ingrid s Hospital, located in Nuuk, is Greenland s main hospital and has 191 beds (Peqqik Sundhedsportalen n.d.a).! 16 towns have a primary health care clinic which acts as a local hospital and serves the surrounding settlements (Pedersen, Rolskov, Jacobsen & Lynge 2012, Peqqik Sundhedsportalen. n.d.b).! There are 17 dental care clinics, one in each town, and dental clinics are being designed for settlement consultations (Peqqij Sundhedsportalen n.d.c).! Health Research is carried out through the Circumpolar Health Research Network (CHRN), formed in 2012 through the amalgamation of the International Network for Circumpolar Health Research and the International Association of Circumpolar Health Publishers (CHRN 2013).The aim of this network is to promote cooperation and collaboration among health researchers, facilitate the exchange, communication and dissemination of research results, support training and development of researchers and publish the International Journal of Circumpolar Health.! Peqqissaanermik Ilinniarfik, Centre for Health Education. This centre manages nurses, health care workers and health worker education in Nuuk (Peqqissaanermik Ilinniarfik n.d.).! Telemedicine (Pipaluk) was implemented by the end of 2010 for all settlements with more than 50 residents, and serves about 70 settlements throughout Greenland. The telemedicine system will be expanded in 2013 to increase the use of telemedicine services, extend the use to new disciplines (e.g., midwives, dental care) and to improve the level of care given of village health workers (Peqqik Sundhedsportalen n.d.d). Report No

63 Public Health Programmes (Inuuneritta) The Government of Greenland introduced the first comprehensive public health programme, Inuuneritta I, in The program ran until 2012 and covered a variety of topics. Based on an evaluation of the program, Inuuneritta II was launched in 2013 and will run from until One of the recommendations given by the evaluation panel was to reduce the number of topics and strengthen the cooperation between the national health care system and the municipalities (Department of Health, 2013). The overall aim of Inuuneritta II is to improve the health and wellbeing for all Greenlanders with a focus on children, youth, and families. The four areas of focus for the program are to do research and develop policies on:! Alcohol and marijuana;! Smoking;! Physical activity; and! Diet and nutrition Risk Behaviour and Health Determinants Alcohol and Marijuana (Department of Health, 2013): Figure 8 shows the historic rate of alcohol consumption in Greenland and Denmark. Greenlanders have historically consumed more alcohol, although in the last 20 years alcohol consumption has declined and is now lower than in Denmark. The average alcohol consumption in Greenland is, however, still high compared to other Nordic countries (Aage 2012). Table 31 provides the import numbers for alcoholic beverages into Greenland for 2006 to It shows the decline in total amount of alcohol imported, as well as the average per person import volumes. Alcohol abuse can have severe negative consequences for children and subsequent generations but the extent of the consequences is not well researched in Greenland. The social consequences of misuse of alcohol and marijuana are not limited to the person but also affect family members and the community. Alcohol misuse has been shown to be associated with sexual abuse and suicidal behavior in children of alcoholics in Greenland. (Bjerregaard, 2004). Report No

64 Source: Aage 2012; GLcons: alcohol consumption in Greenland; DKcons: alcohol consumption in Denmark. Figure 3: Alcohol Consumption in Greenland ( ) and Denmark( ) Table 29: Import of Alcoholic Beverages into Greenland ( ) Total (1,000 litres) 8,124 8,347 7,970 7,889 7,890 7,488 Beer 7,146 7,280 7,196 6,999 7,077 6,711 Wine Spirits Average per person over 14 years of age (litres of 100 per cent alcohol) Beer Wine Spirits Source: Statistics Greenland 2013a. Report No

65 Smoking Table 32 shows the total number of cigarettes imported into Greenland from 2007 through The data suggests that while smoking may be prevalent in Greenland, levels are decreasing. Over the six year period, the total number of cigarettes imported declined by 27.6%. Table 30: Import of Cigarettes to Greenland ( ) Total consumption (millions of cigarettes) Per person average (number of cigarettes per day) Per person, aged 14 or older Source: Statistics Greenland 2013a Diet and Nutrition Compared to other remote Inuit communities in northern Canada and Alaska, food security is relatively stable in Greenland. All communities have imported food items which are available for purchase locally. Many towns have a local market where hunters and fishermen can sell their food and other products. In recent years, the consumption of traditional food has declined and is being replaced by imported foods (e.g., carbonated soft drinks with sugar, sweets, chips and farmed red meat with high saturated fat content) (Bjerregaard and Mulvad, 2012). The major dietary issues in Greenland are the consumption of high calorie foods, fats and simple sugars. Certain populations may be deficient in certain minerals (calcium) and micronutrients (vitamin D) (Andersen et al., 2013; Deutch et al., 2007). Generally, the population of Greenland is becoming increasingly overweight. Notwithstanding the fact that people are gaining weight, a percentage of children are suffering from hunger. A study of children in grades 6 to 11 showed that the proportion of children who suffered from hunger often or daily due to lack of food in their households was 17%. The proportion of children who suffered from hunger was higher (22%) in settlements and remote districts (Niclasen, 2009) Physical Activity Historically, Greenlandic residents undertook a high level of physical activity through involvement in traditional activities, including hunting and fishing for men and strenuous household chores for women. A study of physical activity in populations found that some health indicators were declining due to modernization (i.e., moving from traditional life style to a more western lifestyle). This is because less time was spent on domestic and occupational activities that required physical work, and more is spent on sedentary activities (Dahl-Petersen et al., 2011). As participation in traditional activities declines, the population is at higher risk of chronic diseases typically seen in western cultures. These Report No

66 include diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Walking remains the primary method of transportation for many residents Social Determinants and Inequality in Health There is a high degree of economic inequality in Greenland when compared to other Nordic countries, demonstrated by a higher Gini-coefficient. There are many variations which have been documented between those living in settlements and towns. For example, diabetes has been found to be more prevalent in settlements than in towns (Jørgensen et al., 2012). Living conditions also vary depending on geographical region. Studies have demonstrated other regional variations in health including, infant mortality (Aaen-Larsen and Bjerregaard, 2003), alcohol consumption (Madsen et al., 2005), and mortality from injuries (Bjerregaard, 1990). Variation has also been identified in diet and physical activity based on job category and wealth (Bjerregaard and Jeppesen, 2010; Dahl-Petersen et al., 2011) Environmental Determinants The Arctic acts as a sink for heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and pesticides that are transported by river and ocean currents. These pollutants include mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dioxins and furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perfluorinated compounds. These pollutants degrade slowly in the cold climate, and are biomagnified in the food chain. Due to the high consumption of marine mammals in the traditional Greenlandic diet, concentrations of these contaminants may be considered environmental determinants of health (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), 1998) Causes of Injury and Death Greenland has a higher infant mortality rate compared to other Nordic countries (15 per 1000 live births). The National Institute of Public Health carried out analyses of perinatal mortality in 1987 to 1991 (Bjerregaard et al., 1994), 1992 to 1999 (Aaen-Larsen and Bjerregaard, 2003), and in 2002 to 2009 (Bjerregaard et al., 2012). Perinatal mortality decreased in Greenland from 1970 to 1985, remained constant until 1999, and decreased again after It is important to note that the low number of perinatal deaths make the mortality estimates uncertain. From 2002 to 2009, the best estimate of perinatal mortality is 16.1 per 1000 births, which is high when compared with other circumpolar jurisdictions. However, if late abortions are excluded the rate is 11.4 per 1000 births, which is slightly higher than in the Canadian North (Bjerregaard, 2012). Between 2007 and 2013 the number of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increased. In 2007, gonorrhoea was contracted by 20 people in 1,000, while in 2013 the rate has almost doubled to 38 in 1,000 people. Incidents of chlamydia also increased (IceNews.is, The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Greenland was relatively low with 171 HIV cases identified in total in the country in The HIV prevalence rate was increasing until 2009, however evidence suggests it has slowly decreased since then (Bjorn-Mortensen et al, Report No

67 2013). The increase in other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) suggests that the HIV rate may once again increase if people are not practicing safe sexual behavior. Between 2005 and 2010 tuberculosis in Greenland has increased to over 100 cases per 100,000 people. Increases were attributed to a scattered population in remote communities (World Health Organization, 2011). A national tuberculosis strategy for was developed by the Government of Greenland (Government of Greenland, 2011a) Chronic Diseases (Non-communicable Diseases) The predominant types of cancer among men are cancers of the lung, stomach, and oesophagus. In women they are lung, breast, and cervix uteri cancers. For many cancers the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) differs significantly between Greenland and Denmark. This includes a very high SIR from nasopharynx cancer and high SIR from cancer of the mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, lung, and cervix uteri. There is a low SIR from cancer of the breast, prostate, skin, and corpus uteri. The incidence for all cancers combined increased by 12% among both men and women from to , especially for stomach (24% increase), lung (23% increase), and breast cancer (14% increase), while the incidence of cervix uteri cancer decreased (10% decrease). (Friborg et al., 2003). Over the past 60 years, the shift from traditional to western lifestyle in Greenland has increased the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The traditional diet consisting of fish and marine mammals has been replaced to a certain extent by imported foods. Traditional physically demanding subsistence activities, such as hunting and fishing, have been replaced by sedentary income-based employment. Physical activity has also declined due to the motorization of transportation. Even though there are some differences in lifestyle and living conditions geographically, these differences are less than the temporal changes observed since Overweight and obesity are more prevalent (Young et al., 2007; Bjerregaard and Jørgensen, 2013), and one in ten adults has diabetes (Jørgensen et al., 2002, 2012). Mortality from heart disease has paradoxically decreased over this time (Bjerregaard et al., 2003) Injuries and Violence The frequency, type and extent of injuries have been affected by recent sociocultural changes, including the increase in availability of alcohol. Traditionally, injuries were the result of accidents (e.g., animal attacks, shooting and boating accidents) or related to the cold weather (e.g., exposure or hypothermia). In recent years, motor vehicle accidents and house fires have been the cause of injuries (Bjerregaard, 1990). Today many accidents are related to alcohol consumption. The misuse of alcohol has become a major health determinant in communities (Bjerregaard and Young, 1998). Violence, including homicides, assaults and abuse, is a major public health concern in most circumpolar indigenous communities including Greenland (Curtis et al., 2002). Recent studies have indicated that of children born between 1980 and 1995, approximately 30% of girls and 9% of boys were sexually abused (Curtis et al., 2006; Bjerregaard and Dahl- Report No

68 Petersen, 2008; Pedersen and Bjerregaard, 2013). Suicides rates are considerably higher in Greenland than in Western Europe. Suicide is most prevalent in 15 to 24 year old males, where the suicide rate is 450 to 500 per 100,000 person-years. In Greenland, the suicide rate is 4.3 greater among men, compared to 1.8 in Denmark. Suicide rates decline for the 55 to 59 age cohort. Comparatively, in Denmark suicide rates increase in older age cohorts. The suicide rate peaked in the early 1990s and has declined slightly over the past twenty years (Bjerregaard and Lynge, 2006). While the suicide rate is higher for young men, young women most often report having had suicidal thoughts and attempts (Pedersen and Dahl-Petersen 2008). Similarly, a study among 15 to 17 year olds showed that 11% of boys and 25% of girls had attempted suicide (Pedersen and Bjerregaard, 2013). 18% of adults reported suicidal thoughts and 14% reported attempted suicide. Among year old women the proportion who reported suicidal thoughts within the previous year increased from 8% in 1993 to 16% in 2007 (Pedersen and Dahl-Petersen 2008). There are also regional differences in suicide rates. While the youth suicide epidemic peaked in the early 1980s in Nuuk, it reached a plateau in West Greenland and is still increasing in East Greenland (Leineweber et al., 2001). The suicide rate has for a number of years been higher among young men than women (Pedersen and Bjerregaard, 2007). In 2007, 23% of youth had attempted suicide (33% of girls and 11% of boys). However, these trends reverse when examining actual suicides. The suicide rate (suicides per 100,000 people) was 400 among boys 15 to 19 years of age in , but only 180 for girls in the same age group (Pedersen and Bjerregaard, 2007). In 1993 the prevalence of suicidal thoughts was slightly higher in towns than in settlements. From 1993 to 2007, the frequency of suicidal thoughts doubled in settlements greatly surpassing the frequency in towns (Pedersen and Bjerregaard, 2007) Crime and Violence Crime and violence decreased steadily between 2008 and Reports of violence decreased from 730 reports in 2011 to 704 reports in According to the Police, the greatest challenges they face are violence, murder cases and sexual crimes. They also note that the majority of these cases are committed by very intoxicated persons, and suggest cracking down on binge drinking as a possible solution. Reported burglaries and thefts increased slightly between 2011 (2,225) and 2012 (2,471) (Greenlandic Police, 2012). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has reported the annual homicide rate in Greenland was 10.5 per 100,000 residents in 2008, compared to a rate of 5.0 for the USA in 2009 and 0.9 in Denmark in 2009 (UNODC, 2011). The homicide rates from 1995 to 2008 are provided in Table 33. Report No

69 Table 31: Greenlandic Rate of Homicide, Intentional Homicide (per 100,000 residents) Rat e Source: UNODC, na = Not available, 4.6 Public Opinion, Participation and Engagement When preparing an SIA for mineral exploitation, the Government of Greenland requires stakeholder consultation. Stakeholder consultation requirements are legislated as part of the Mineral Act as amended in 2012 (Government of Greenland, 2009c, Government of Greenland 2012a) and are specified in the MLSA Guidelines for Social Impact Assessments (BMP, 2009) and in Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessments (BMP, 2011). A public consultation meeting that provides relevant information about the SIA report and issues which have been addressed is recommended before the final SIA report is submitted for government approval (BMP, 2011). The MLSA Guidelines outline specific requirements for public participation. According to the guidelines, the SIA process should have a high degree of public participation; all relevant stakeholders should be heard and involved in a timely manner to ensure that project benefits and challenges are addressed proactively. Information should be made available through workshops and public meetings held in both Greenlandic and Danish (BMP, 2009). Recently, there has been increased criticism of the low level of public involvement in consultation processes (ICC, 2014, Langhoff 2013). In 2012, the Greenlandic Employers Association published a report questioning the democratic legitimacy in the consultation processes associated with large-scale projects in Greenland. This criticism targeted the MLSA (formerly BMP) (Aaen, 2012), and focused on shortcomings in the existing consultation processes, including the need for more time to read through material and produce responses. Other criticisms included the need of a public participation guide developed with stakeholders, better timing of the process, and an impartial consultation entity to lead the process rather than resource companies themselves (Aaen, 2012, Lektor 2013). As a result of the above criticisms, the Greenlandic Government has extended the SIA public hearing period from 6 to 8 weeks (Lektor 2013). The government is also in the process of preparing a new guideline and sections regarding hearings are in the process of being added to the Mineral Resources Act. Report No

70 5.0 Local Study Area 5.1 Similar Areas (Cases) When assessing potential effects of development, looking at similar cases can be helpful. There are a limited number of regions in the world with similar socio-economic conditions to the LSA. It is therefore challenging to use case study comparisons to assess the effects of proposed project activities on local area residents, their traditional culture and livelihoods. Communities in the Arctic region of Canada (e.g., the Kivalliq region, Nunavut) are currently experiencing similar types of growth in the resource and mining sector, and are potentially the most appropriate region to use as a comparison. 5.2 Governance and Institutions Roles and Responsibilities The Qeqqata Municipal Council has 15 members, including two deputy mayors, and one mayor. The last municipal election was in April Councilors are elected through a proportional representation system. The City manager acts as the chief administrative officer (Qeqqata Municipality, 2013a). The municipality operates service centres in each settlement (Kangerlussuaq, Sarfannguaq, Itelleq, Kangaamiut, Napasoq and Atammik) so that municipal services are accessible to all residents. The Qeqqata Municipal Council includes the following political committees (Qeqqata Municipality, 2013b):! Finance;! Family;! Technology and Environment;! Education Culture and Leisure;! Mining and Infrastructure;! Commerce and Labour; and! Delegates Greenland Association of Local Authorities. The Mining and Infrastructure Committee prepares proposals and submits recommendations to the Finance Committee and the municipal council on matters relating to mining, including proposed expansion plans in the municipality (Qeqqata Municipality, 2013c). As Table 34 shows, the six settlements in the LSA are organised in four Settlement Boards. The Municipal Council works in cooperation with the Settlement Councils on matters that relate to them. Report No

71 Table 32: Settlement Councils in Qeqqata Municipality Settlements Number of Council members Itellq/Sarfannquits Napasoq/Atammik Kangaamuit Kangerlussuaq 5 members 5 members 3 members 3 members (Qeqqata Municipality, 2013d) 5.3 Economy Employment Table 35 provides a breakdown of employment in the Qeqqata and Sermersooq municipalities by sector. Table 35 shows that in the Qeqqata Municipality, public administration, construction business and wholesale trade account for almost 57% of the total employment (Statistics Greenland, 2012b). In the Sermersooq Municipality (where the capital Nuuk is located), the public administration and the construction sectors account for 51% of total employment. As with Greenlandic-wide statistics (please refer to Section 4), fishing and fisheries are represented under several sectors. Table 33: Employment in Qeqqata and Sermersooq Municipalities by Sector, Sector Qeqqata Sermersooq # of employed persons % # of employed persons Agriculture, fishing, hunting, etc Inshore fishing Offshore fisheries Fishing, other Extraction of raw materials Food, beverage, tobacco products industry Textile-, clothing-, leather industry Wood, paper and graphic industry Stone, clay and glass industry Industry, other Supply of electricity and water Construction business Auto trade, service, filling station % Report No

72 Table 33: Employment in Qeqqata and Sermersooq Municipalities by Sector, Sector Qeqqata Sermersooq # of employed persons % # of employed persons Wholesale trade, except motor vehicles Retail and repair, except motor vehicles Hotels and restaurants Land transport, transport via pipelines Shipping Air transport Support activities for transportation Post and telecommunications Finance and insurance Real estate and renting Business Public administration 1, , Education Healthcare Social institutions Refuse, association, culture, other Unknown Total 4, , Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012b Note: Employment is based on the number of main employed persons in average per month Settlements In 2011, the average unemployment rate amongst the settlements in the districts of Maniitsoq and Sisimiut was 6.6% Statistics Greenland, 2012h). Table 36 summarizes labour force information for settlements in the LSA by districts. The unemployment rate was relatively consistent in 2011, ranging from 5.5% in the Sisimiut district to 7.5% in Maniitsoq district (see Table 36). In 2013, the average number of registered jobseekers in LSA settlements was low at 73, but represented a 48.9% increase from 2010 (Statistics Greenland, 2013q). % Report No

73 Table 34: Summarized Labour Force Information for the Settlements within the Local Study Area, 2010, 2011 and 2013 Unemployment Rate Registered Job Employed persons (% of Permanent Seekers (annual (2011) (see note) Population 18-64) averages) (2011) District Men Wome n Total Men Wome n Total Maniitsoq Sisimiut Total , Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012h; Statistics Greenland, 2012i; Statistics Greenland, 2013q. Note: The number of employed people includes individuals outside of the typical working age range (18-64). Unemployment has been very low in some LSA settlements (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012). In some areas of the Qeqqata Municipality, the government has actually lowered local hiring targets for foreign firms, as there are not enough people available for hire (pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Council, 2012). However, the Greenlandic workforce is also described as very mobile, with people relocating across the country for work (pers. comm. KANUKOKA, 2012) Towns Table 37 summarizes recent labour force information for towns in the LSA. Unemployment rates were higher in these towns than in the settlements in the LSA. In 2011, the situation was the most favorable in Nuuk district and the most unfavorable in Maniitsoq district. In Maniitsoq district, unemployment rates were recorded as 8.4% overall, and slightly higher for women at 9%. In total, the number of registered job seekers in the LSA towns was 1,283 people. There was an increase of almost 91% between 2009 and 2013 (Statistics Greenland, 2013q). Report No

74 Table 35: Labour Force Information for Towns within the Local Study Area, Town Employed (2011) Unemployment Rate (% of Permanent Population 18-64) (2011) Registered Job Seekers (annual averages) Men Wome n Total Men Wome n Total Maniitsoq 1, , Nuuk 6,430 5,767 12, Sisimiut 1,989 2,202 4, Total 9,526 8,941 18, ,038 1,128 1,283 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2012h; Statistics Greenland, 2012i; Statistics Greenland, 2013q. Note: The number of registered job seekers includes individuals outside of the typical working age range (18-64) Incomes Table 38 demonstrates that, for each district in the LSA, incomes in towns are higher than those in settlements. However, some towns have higher incomes than other towns, for instance Sisimiut has a higher income per capita than Maniitsoq (Statistics Greenland, 2013r). Therefore, incomes appear to be in correlation with location and community type, both of which are likely related to the availability of employment opportunities. Report No

75 Table 36: Household and Individual Incomes for Towns and Settlements in the Local Study Area, District Population aged Number of Households Gross Household Income Disposable Household Income After Tax Personal Income Gross Personal Income ( ) Maniitsoq Town 1,767 1, , , , , , ,375 Settlement , , , , , ,171 Nuuk Town 11,314 6, , , , , , ,388 Town 3,615 2, , , , , , ,436 Sisimiut Settlement , , , , , ,314 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013h; Statistics Greenland, 2013r; Statistics Greenland, 2013s; Statistics Greenland 2013t; Statistics Greenland 2013u; Statistics Greenland 2013v; Statistics Greenland 2013w; Statistics Greenland 2013x; Statistics Greenland 2013y. Note: Gross personal income includes the incomes of those working beyond the typical working range (18-64). As such, weighted average gross personal incomes and after tax personal incomes are estimates.. Report No

76 5.3.3 Cost of Living and Inflation Greenland is recognized to have a high cost of living, and this extends to the LSA. The consumer price index has continued to rise since 2008, increasing 5% by 2010, an additional 6% by 2012, and 1.6% further by 2013 (Statistics Greenland 2013i). Between 2008 and 2013, construction costs rose by 9% in Greenland (Statistics Greenland 2013z). Key informants have indicated that remoteness causes higher transportation and power costs, contributing to a high and sometimes prohibitive cost of doing business in the LSA (particularly in the case of the settlement communities) (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012; pers. comm. Sisimiut Business Council, 2012). However, the 2012 the tax rates in the LSA were lower than those in other parts of the country. The Municipality of Sermersooq had the lowest tax rates in Greenland, at 42%. Tax rates in Qeqqata Municipality were only marginally higher, at 43%. Comparatively, the tax rates in the remaining two municipalities (Kujalleq and Qaasuitsup) were set at 45% in 2012 (KPMG, 2012) Economic Sectors Fishing and Fishing Industry Fishing represents a key industry to the LSA, active in each local town and settlement. Fishing and fish processing activities account for as much as 50% of local employment in some communities (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012.; pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sisimiut Business Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Town Council, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012.; pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Council, 2012). Fishing is managed through quotas and licenses regulating the total allowable catch for Greenlandic waters. Licences not only regulate access to fishing, but are required to sell fish commercially (Statistics Greenland n.d.a; pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, Some stakeholders indicated that quotas have limited their fishing activities to the point that fishing no longer represents a feasible livelihood for them, leading them to look to other industries or community investment for economic opportunities (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Local fish landings and prices have fluctuated over the last few years (Statistics Greenland, 2013k; Statistics Greenland, 2013l; Statistics Greenland, 2013m). Landing values had increased from 2002 to 2008, however they dropped sharply between 2010 and 2011, and recovered in 2012, when the total landings were valued at 227,104,000 DKK. As Table 39 Report No

77 shows, the Nuuk and Sisimiut districts each captured approximately 45% of the income generated from the LSA fishing industry between 2002 and Maniitsoq benefitted less from the local fishing industry in financial terms (capturing 9.5% of total earnings over the same period). Table 37: Total Value of Landings of Fish and Shellfish by Community, (1,000 DKK) Maniitsoq 11,550 7,891 44,239 17,610 13,338 26,796 23,055 Nuuk 87, ,596 95,648 99,132 91,314 86, ,178 Sisimiut 117,015 93, , ,997 88,775 57,349 85,871 Total 216, , , , , , ,104 Source: Statistics Greenland 2013aa Statistics Greenland 2013ab ; Statistics Greenland 2013ac. Note: Values are rounded to the closest whole number. They are presented in thousands. In the LSA, there is commercial fishing for char, cod, roe, flounder, wolf fish, whale, and at times, salmon (pers. comm. Air Greenland, 2012; pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012). The two largest land-based fishing companies in Greenland, Royal Greenland Ltd. and Arctic Green Food Ltd., both have facilities in the LSA (Statistics Greenland n.d.b). Fish factories and/or processing facilities have been identified in Sarfanguit, Itilleq, Napasoq, Kangaamiut and Maniitsoq (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. with Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. with Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012). Maniitsoq maintains the largest fish plant in the LSA, distributing products all over Greenland (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Town Council, 2012). However, fish factories in other communities face capacity issues: in Itilleq and Napasoq, production is slowed because of lack of access to freezers (either having never acquired one on-site, or as a result of maintenance issues). This forces operations to shut down until existing product can be shipped out (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). It has also been noted that it is also challenging for fishermen to sell their catch during the winter, making this industry somewhat seasonal (pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012). Reinforcing its seasonality, sport fishing takes place in July and August (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Outside of the formal fishing industry, subsistence fishing plays an important role both in towns and settlements of the LSA, acting as an important supplement for many households (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012). Report No

78 According to key informants in the LSA, the fishing industry currently employs people who may be interested in working for resource companies. The Greenlandic licensing system, however, may make fishermen reluctant to take on work in other industries as they lose their licenses if incomes from other occupations exceed more than half of their annual income (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012) Resource Industries Resource activities are ongoing in the LSA, although exploration for both mining and offshore oil and gas decreased in 2012 (pers. comm. Air Greenland, 2012). This is consistent with the decrease in active resource exploration permits experienced at the national level (see Section 4.2). In the Qeqqata Municipality, exclusive mineral licenses cover the western coast and move inland, covering much of the northern and central regions of the municipality (see Figure 7). Key licensees include Talbot Group Investments, Hudson Resources, and North American Nickel (see Figure 7). In 2012, the MLSA (formerly BMP) reported that the Hudson Resources rare earth project in Sarfartoq (80 km from Kangerlussuaq), was among Greenland s most mature exploration projects, was with possible production from 2015 (BMP 2012b). The Alcoa aluminum company has also been exploring the feasibility of constructing an aluminum smelter in Qeqqata s town of Maniitsoq since 2007 (Alcoa 2013). As of January 2013, further studies had to be undertaken of some aspects of the project related to construction, energy and infrastructure prior to the project receiving approval (Alcoa 2013). There has been continued debate over the use and wage of foreign workers for this project (pers. comm. Sisimiut Business Council, 2012). Other potential mining-related investment in the Qeqqata Municipality include stone crushing plants in Sisimiut, Kangerlussuaq and Nuuk; the National Centre for Energy and Environment has prepared environmental studies for these projects in 2011 (BMP 2012b). In the Sermersooq Municipality, the northern and western coastal areas are also covered by exclusive mineral licenses, with Talbot Group Investments acting as the primary licensee in this region (see Figure 7) (BMP 2012a). London Mining Greenland A/S has begun an iron project north of Nuuk, with plans to construct an open-pit mine, processing plant, and iron ore pipeline with road leading from the mine to harbour (BMP 2012b). An estimated seven exclusive off-shore licenses have been granted in proximity to the Qeqqata and Sermersooq coasts, west of the towns of Nuuk, Maniitsoq and Sisimiut (BMP 2012a). In 2011, the exploration wells AT7-1, AT2-1 and LF7-1 were drilled west of Nuuk in the license areas known as Atammik and Lady Franklin (see Figure 7). These were the first drilling programs to commence in these license areas (BMP 2012b). There is some local experience in the mining sector, with 20 former workers from the Minelco Seqi Olivine mine residing in the LSA. The White Mountain project is very similar in scope to the Seqi mine so the experience of these workers is very applicable. There are also workers from the former Maarmorilik Black Angel mine and graduates of the Greenland School of Report No

79 Minerals and Petroleum living in the LSA (pers. comm. Employers Association of Greenland, 2012; pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Council, 2012; LKAB Minerals 2010). Past experience in Greenland indicates that there has been high turnover at the start of mineral projects, as some employees return to hunting and fishing livelihoods (pers. comm. Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum, 2012). However, some stakeholders indicated that as youth move away from these traditional livelihoods, there may be increased interest in mining sector opportunities (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012). Some local stakeholders also emphasized the need to develop an educated and skilled workforce ready to take on work in the extractive industries and its related sectors (e.g., construction, transportation, environmental management) Hunting and Traditional Activities Hunting and traditional activities are an important part of local economies in Greenland and within the municipalities, towns and settlements within the LSA. Approximately 10% of the population of Greenland s workforce is directly or indirectly employed in the hunting industry (Government of Greenland n.d.a). Around 80% of the local diet comes from country foods including muskox, reindeer, and fish, however, consumption of locally harvested food varies between families, and younger people typically consume more commercial foods (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012). Hunting licences can be acquired from municipal offices. Professional hunters, the majority of whose income comes from hunting and/or fishing, are issued special hunting licences. Professional hunters do not have any limit on the number of muskox they can take, but holders of regular licences need special permits for muskox (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). In order for a hunter to maintain a professional hunting licence at least 50% of the hunter s income must come from hunting (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012). There is a limit on the amount of meat that can be brought out of Greenland; however there is a strong market for the sale of meat from local hunters within Greenland (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Arctic Green Foods purchases as many as 800 muskoxen per year, within a 2 months period (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012). This past winter, private producers also purchased approximately 300 muskoxen (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012). Muskox meat is also occasionally sold to markets in Denmark and Spain, but given the lack of a continuous supply, it is difficult to build a market and as a result nearly all of the muskox meat is sold domestically (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012). Meat for the proposed Project, when at an exploration stage, was purchased from Nuuk, but there is an emphasis on purchasing local meat directly from hunters and several scenarios are under consideration (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Council, 2012). There is a meat factory in Maniitsoq (n.b. Arctic Green Foods), but transporting meat from the Project area (or Sisimiut, or elsewhere) to Maniitsoq is very expensive. There used to be a meat factory in Kangerlussuaq but it is closed (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012; Report No

80 pers. comm. Sisimiut Business Council, 2012). There are plans to develop local infrastructure in Kangerlussuaq that would include a place where local hunters could sell their meat and daily catch (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Hunters from the Kangaamiut Settlement Area would also welcome the opportunity to sell their catch. There is no freezing capacity in the community; however there may be an opportunity to buy meat from the Kangaamiut hunters when they are in the Robinson Bay area. If local meat from Kangaamiut is purchased, it may have to be taken by boat to the project location and frozen on site (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). \ With over 100 seals harvested per year, hunting of seals still plays an important role in Greenland. Landing of seal skin is the main source of income for seal hunters, the seal meat is typically consumed by the hunter s household including dogs (Statistics Greenland, 2012g). As Table 40 shows, there has been a strong decline in income from landing of seal skin for settlements in the LSA (Statistics Greenland, 2013p). Seal skin is sold to the national seal skin tannery (Great Greenland), which has more than 45 sales locations along the Greenlandic coast (Great Greenland, 2013). Table 38: Income from Landing of Seal Skin in the Qeqqata Municipality, (1.000 DKK) Maniitsoq Nuuk Sisimiut Total Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013aa, Statistics Greenland ab, Statistics Greenland ac. Seals are not common in the project area, however over 2,000 seals are consumed each year in Sisimiut (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012). According to the Kangaamiut Settlement and Council it may be practical to have seal meat available for consumption at the Project, given that a large percentage of the workers will likely be Greenlandic (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Arctic Green Food, who operates a large fish meat processing plant in Maniitsoq and distributes their products throughout Greenland, may have the capacity to supply seal to the project (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Port / Royal Arctic, 2012). Polar bear hunting used to occur in some portions of the LSA, including Kangaamuit, however polar bears are now less common in this portion of the LSA than in previous years due to declines in sea ice (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). As a result, polar bear hunting is not a particularly important activity in the LSA. The official seasons for hunting of polar bear and seal are shown in Table 41. Report No

81 Table 39: Species Hunting Seasons in the Local Study Area Hunting Season Polar bear September 1 - June 30 Bearded seal, hooded deal, ringed seal and harp seal All year Source: Government of Greenland, 2013b Tourism As discussed in Section 4.2, tourism is becoming a key economic sector in the Greenlandic economy. The industry is already active in the LSA, with Visit Greenland identifying four LSA communities amongst its national tourist destinations:! The Kangerlussuaq settlement offers the country s only direct route to the Greenland ice sheet, a popular attraction. Other prominent activities include dog sledding, kayaking, observing the northern lights, and travelling on musk ox safaris (Visit Greenland n.d.a).! The town of Maniitsoq, at the mouth of the fjords, is a popular location for heliskiing, whale watching and river fishing (Visit Greenland n.d.b).! In the capital city of Nuuk, key tourist stops include museums and art exhibitions, guided sightseeing tours, whale watching excursions, cruises and costal ferry trips (Visit Greenland n.d.c).! The town of Sisimiut is well known for activities such as dogsledding, snowmobiling, hiking, sporting events, and river fishing (Visit Greenland n.d.d). It was estimated that approximately half (49%) of travellers to and from Greenland are tourists, most of which visit Greenland in July and August (Statistics Greenland, 2012j). The number of visitors to the LSA municipalities rose between 2002 and 2008, but fluctuated between 2010 and 2013; by 2013, the number of visitors the LSA municipalities was at its lowest levels over this ten-year period (34,361). While Qeqqata has been a popular tourist destination since 2002, there have been more visitors to the Municipality of Sermersooq since 2012 (see Table 42). Table 40: Number of Overnight Visitors by Municipality, Number of Visitors Municipality of Qeqqata Municipality of Sermersooq 18,459 21,259 25,192 24,826 18,162 18,401 15,150 17,287 17,539 16,585 19,377 17,155 20,523 19,211 Report No

82 Table 40: Number of Overnight Visitors by Municipality, Number of Visitors Total 35,746 38,798 41,777 44,203 35,317 38,924 34,361 Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013ad; Statistics Greenland, 2013ae; Statistics Greenland, 2013af. Cruise ships stop in all of the towns in the LSA (Sisimiut, Maniitsoq and Nuuk), as well as one settlement (Kangerlussuaq). In Table 43, available data shows that the numbers of cruise ship berths has decreased in Nuuk and Kangerlussuaq since 2008 (Government of Greenland, 2011a; Visit Greenland, 2013e). Table 41: Number of Cruise Ship Berths in LSA Communities, Community Kangerlussuaq Nuuk Source: Government of Greenland, 2011b. The Sisimiut Business Council maintains an agreement with the Qeqqata Municipality to develop tourism locally (pers. comm. Sisimiut Business Council, 2012). Outside of the communities identified above, this has proven to be challenging, given the size of the municipality. The Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council and the Kangaamiut Settlement Council would like to further develop tourism marketing, services and infrastructure, particularly in terms of accommodations, as there are no hotels or hostels in either community (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Both communities have prospective tourist attractions (i.e., ice caps and the Paradise Valley) that they would like to see developed (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). As discussed in Section 5.3.4, the Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council has noted that there is some conflict between hunters and tourists, whose hiking activities can interfere with local hunting efforts. At the community s request, the national government has committed to establish a local controller to work with participants of these two economic sectors, although this yet to be established (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). To date, there are no tourism activities in Napasoq or Atammik, although Atammik is currently assessing the potential for tourism development (pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Report No

83 5.4 Land and Water Use The White Mountain (Naajat) site is traditionally referred to as Qaqortorsuu Kangilia according to the Maniitsoq Town Council (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Town Council, 2012). There are several traditional uses that occur within Greenland and the LSA, including hunting and fishing, which are discussed in detail in the following sections Land Use Hunting is an important activity, both culturally and economically within Greenland and the LSA (Government of Greenland, n.d.). The Ministry of Fishing Hunting and Agriculture, and more specifically, the Department of Fishing and Hunting is responsible for the management and administration of hunting activities within Greenland (Government of Greenland 2012f). The department s responsibilities include establishing catch times and setting quotas for game species within Greenland (Government of Greenland 2012a). Detailed information on catch times and quotas for birds as well as terrestrial and marine mammals is available in Piniarneq 2013, a Government of Greenland (2013b) publication. The department works in consultation with Greenland s Catch Council who provides expertise on the management of natural resources within Greenland. The Catch Council is comprised of members of KNAPK, the Greenland Association of Local Authorities (KANUKOKA), the Ministry of Domestic Affairs, Nature and Environment (NNPAN), the Association of recreational hunters and fishermen (TPAK) and members of the Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture (DFFL) (Government of Greenland 2013e). Broadly speaking, hunting activities in Greenland fall into one of two categories; professional and recreational, and are regulated accordingly with separate licencing processes, associated catch times and quotas. Professional hunters must be able to demonstrate that at least 50% of their annual incomes are generated from hunting activities, and be accepted by their respective local hunting and fishing associations in order to be eligible for professional licences (pers. comm. KNAPK, 2012). It is also possible for tourists and local residents seeking guided hunts to obtain a trophy licences to hunt. Licences for trophy hunting, also referred to as payment hunting, must be obtained from certified trophy hunt organizers, of which there are approximately 30 within Greenland (Government of Greenland 2013f). In 2011, there were a total of 7,020 hunters in Greenland, including 4,973 licenced recreational hunters and 2,060 licenced commercial hunters (Government of Greenland 2012g). The species harvested by both recreational and commercial hunters within Greenland varies by region, but typically includes a variety of seals, small and large whales, walruses, birds and land mammals, including musk ox (Ovibus moschatus), caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), polar bear (Ursus maritimus), arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) and arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) (Government of Greenland 2012h). The total number of animals harvested by all hunters within Greenland was 335,929 in 2009 and 345,673 in 2010 (Government of Greenland 2012c). Based on harvest data for Greenland, 78.4% (270,934 animals) of all animals harvested in 2010 were harvested by commercial hunters (Government of Greenland 2012h). Report No

84 Musk ox and caribou are of particular importance to this study. According to Statistics Greenland (2013a), the total number of musk ox and caribou harvested in Greenland in 2011 where 2,676 and 10,989 respectively. As illustrated in Table 44, the number of musk ox harvested annually since 2007 has been relatively consistent with a high of 2,833 animals in 2008 and a low of 2,485 animals in 2010 (Statistics Greenland 2013). The number of caribou harvested annually since 2007 (15,092) has generally declined each year with the exception of a peak year in 2008 (16,243). Table 42: Musk ox and Caribou harvests in Greenland from 2007 to Musk ox 2,546 2,833 2,675 2,485 2,676 Caribou 15,092 16,243 13,855 12,721 10,989 Source: Statistics Greenland Hunting licences issued by the Government of Greenland can be obtained at settlement service centers (Government of Greenland 2013g). In 2011, there were a total of 2,974 hunters in the LSA, including 2,563 licenced recreational hunters and 411 licenced commercial hunters (Government of Greenland 2012b). Based on licencing data for Greenland municipalities, 66.0% (1,691) of all recreational hunting licences issued in the LSA in 2011 were issued to residents of Nuuk, Greenland s capital city (Government of Greenland 2012b). The remaining 34% (872) of recreational licences issued in 2011 were issued by the Municipality of Qeqqata. The breakdown of municipal licences for 2011 was as follows: 18.5% (473) were issued to residents of Sisimiut, 11.8% (302) were issued to residents of Maniitsoq, and 3.7% (97) were issued to residents of Kangerlussuaq (Government of Greenland 2012b). Conversely, only 30.4% (125) of all commercial hunting licences issued in the LSA in 2011 were issued to residents of Nuuk, whereas the remaining 69.6% (286) were issued to residents of the Qeqqata Municipality (Government of Greenland 2012b). Of the 69.6% of commercial hunting licenses issued to residents of the Qeqqata Municipality in 2011, 37.0% (152) were issued to residents of Maniitsoq, 31.1% (128) were issued to residents of Sisimiut, and 1.5% (6) were issued to residents of Kangerlussuaq (Government of Greenland 2012b). The total number of animals harvested by all hunters within the LSA was 98,937 in 2009 and 90,373 in 2010 (Government of Greenland 2012c). Based on 2010 harvest data for Greenland municipalities, residents of Nuuk harvested the largest percentage of animals (40.7%), followed by Maniitsoq (30.5%), Sisimiut (27.6%) and Kangerlussuaq (1.3%) (Government of Greenland 2012c). The primary species harvested by both recreational and commercial hunters within the LSA are muskox and caribou (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012, pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012), however residents may also harvest a variety of birds, and other land mammals such as arctic fox, and arctic hare (Greenland 2012c). Report No

85 Hunting catch times and quotas in the LSA are determined by a combination of federal and local legislation (Government of Greenland 2013a). Musk oxen are managed based on distinct populations, referred to as stocks, which are further delineated into management areas (Government of Greenland 2013d). There are three musk ox stocks within the LSA; the Sisimiut Stock, Maniitsoq Stock, and the Nuuk stock. Table 45 illustrates the associated catch times and quotas for commercial, recreational, and trophy hunting for musk ox stocks within the LSA for the 2013/2014 season. Note that the Sisimiut Stock is divided into two management areas: Sisimiut and Kangaatsiaq (only Sisimiut is relevant to the LSA and therefore Kangaatsiaq in not shown in Table 45). The Nuuk Stock does not have associated catch times or quotas for the 2013/2014 season and is also not shown in Table 45 (Government of Greenland 2013d). Table 43: Musk ox Quotas and Catch Times, 2013/2014 Sisimiut Stock Management Area Sisimiut Maniitsoq Stock Management Area All Management Areas Quota Fall: 300 Winter: 390 Quota Trophy Quota Trophy Quota Open 500 Catch Times Commercial and recreational hunting (Autumn): 1 August 31 October Commercial and recreational hunting (Winter): 1 January - 28 February Payment Hunting (Autumn): 1 July - 15 October Payment Hunting (Winter): 11 February - 11 April Catch Times Commercial and recreational hunting (Autumn): 1 August - 31 October Commercial hunting (Winter): 1 January - 28 February Payment Hunting (Autumn): 1 July - 15 October Payment Hunting (Winter): 11 February - 11 April Source: Government of Greenland 2013d. The Qeqqata Municipality publishes annual statistics on the number of commercial and recreational hunting licences issues for muskox each year. According to the municipality, a 18 The trophy quota is distributed equally amongst the Sisimiut and Kangaatsiaq management areas. Report No

86 total of 97 recreational hunting licences and 15 commercial hunting licences were issued for musk ox in 2014 (Qeqqata Municipality 2013e). Of the 97 recreational licences issued for musk ox, 59 were issued by Sisimiut, and 38 were issued by Kangerlussuaq (Qeqqata Municipality 2013). Likewise, of the 15 commercial licences issued for musk ox, 12 were issued by Sisimiut, 1 was issued by Kangerlussuaq, and 2 were issued by Sarfannguit (Qeqqata Municipality 2013). In West Greenland, caribou are managed by regions, of which there are 11 in total (Government of Greenland 2013d). There are two caribou management regions within the LSA; Sisimiut-Kangerlussuaq (Region 2), and Akia-Maniitsoq (Region 3). Table 46 illustrates the associated catch times and quotas for commercial, recreational, and trophy hunting for caribou management regions within the LSA for the 2013/2014 season. Note that the winter and spring catch of caribou in the Sisimiut-Kangerlussuaq Region (Region 2) is closed for commercial and recreational hunters for the 2013/2014 season (Government of Greenland 2013d). It is also important to note that there is an area in Kangerlussuaq where hunting is currently not permitted (Government of Greenland 2013d). Table 44: Reindeer Quotas and Catch Times, 2013/2014 Region Quota Trophy Quota Catch Times Sisimiut- Kangerlussuaq (Region 2) Akia-Maniitsoq (Region 3) Open Open Commercial and recreational hunting (Autumn): 1 August - 15 October Payment Hunting (Autumn): 1 August - 31 October Payment Hunting (Winter): 11 February - 11 April Commercial and recreational hunting (Autumn): 1 August - 15 October Payment Hunting (Autumn): 1 August - 15 October Payment Hunting (Winter): 11 February - 11 April Source: Government of Greenland 2013d. The fall hunting season typically goes until mid-october, August and September are the most important times of the year for hunting (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Hunting typically declines in winter due to issues associated with access (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Both musk ox and caribou are present in the vicinity of the Project s License area and hunting for both of these species has occurred in the vicinity (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement 19 The trophy quota is distributed equally amongst Regions 1-7. Report No

87 Council, 2012, pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012). Residents from Kangerlussuaq report hunting both musk ox and caribou in the Project area and reportedly harvested at least 4 musk ox and several caribou last season (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Residents of Kangerlussuaq also indicated that there are at least two campsites in the vicinity of the proposed dock, although consultation with the user indicate that the site is currently abandoned (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Residents of Maniitsoq and Napasoq also report hunting caribou in the Project area (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012). According to the Maniitsoq and Itilleq Settlement Councils, residents from Sisimiut and Itilleq access the Project area for hunting via the Itilleq fjord, located to the northwest of the Project site (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, June 20 th 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012). According to the Maniitsoq Settlement Council, the Project area is also used for trophy hunting (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Town Council, 2012). However, there are low population densities of both caribou and muskox in the project area, and as a result, only a few hunters visit this area (stakeholder-engagement, 2013). Residents of Itilleq and Sisimiut also visit the Aussivit Valley in the Itilleq fjord to hunt for caribou (stakeholder-engagement, 2013). The area around Kangerlussuaq is also very important for hunting for caribou and muskox. Many hunters from the nearby towns and villages come to this area on or around the start of the hunting season, August 1 st. Since the area is quite remote, tent camps are typically used as a base of operation for the hunt. There are only a few sites in the area where local topography is suitable for camping and safely anchoring and dragging boats ashore. All of these sites are located on the southern bank of the Kangerlussuaq fjord. The largest and most used site is located in the bottom of Angujortarfik. Hunters typically hunt near the camps, although some take day trips to other areas, including the northern side of the Kangerlussuaq fjord (stakeholder-engagement, 2013). Municipal legislation governs the use of snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles (ATV s) for hunting activities. The use of snowmobiles and ATV s is permitted along accepted travel corridors for the transportation of equipment and catch/kill, however the use of these vehicles for all activities related to the pursuit and capture of both musk oxen and caribou is strictly prohibited (pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Police, 2012; Government of Greenland 2013d, pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). There are currently no concessions allowing commercial hunters to use of ATV s to transport equipment and catch/kill outside of agreed upon travel corridors, however commercial hunters can obtain special permission from the municipality to use snowmobiles during the winter months for these purposes (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012, pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, Additional land uses in the LSA include berry picking and plant collection, soapstone collection, and hiking. Residents of Sisimiut harvest blueberries, blackberries and Angelica in Report No

88 the area, whereas soapstone gathering occurs at the head of the Itilleq fjord (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Police, 2012). Hiking activities usually commence in July and sometimes coincide with fall hunting activities (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Residents from the settlements of Itilleq and Atammik indicated that there may be archaeological sites that would require protection (pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). It is also interesting to note that residents of Kangaamiut used to participate in polar bear harvesting before changes in the sea ice during the 1980 s altered polar bear ranges (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). During a series of informant interviews with various settlement councils, the Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council highlighted concerns with respect to conflicting land uses within the LSA. Specifically, the Council expressed concern over conflicts between hunters and tourists in the LSA, stating that issues related to safety and the potential for tourists to startle game animals could have potential impacts on the success of associated hunting efforts (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). The Council has asked the national government to create a position for a local controller who can work with the hunters and tourists in the area (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). However, regarding the issue of conflict between hunters and tourists in the project area, the Qeqqata Municipal Police presented an opposing view stating that the matter has been exaggerated, and is not really a concern (pers. comm. Qeqqata Municipal Police, 2012) Water Use Fishing is also an important activity, both culturally and economically, within Greenland and the LSA (Government of Greenland, n.d.).the Ministry of Fishing Hunting and Agriculture, and more specifically, the Department of Fishing and Hunting is responsible for the management and administration of fishing activities within Greenland (Government of Greenland 2012a). The department s responsibilities include establishing and managing quotas for fish species within Greenland, and managing international relations and agreements pertaining to the export of Greenland s natural resources (Government of Greenland 2012a). The department works in consultation with Greenland s Fisheries Council who provides expertise on the management of natural resources within Greenland (Government of Greenland 2013b). The department also works in consultation with the Greenland Fisheries Licence Control (GFLK) who is responsible for the regulation of Greenland s fisheries. The GFLK conducts inspections of commercial and artisanal fishing vessels in domestic and foreign waters, monitors the compliance of domestic and international regulations, and reports fisheries data including vessel catches to the GINR (Government of Greenland, 2010b). Broadly speaking, commercial fishing activities in Greenland are divided into one of two categories; offshore fishing, including deep-sea and coastal fishing, and inshore fishing (Government of Greenland 2010c). In 2010, there were less than 30 offshore commercial Report No

89 owners operating a total of 53 vessels in Greenland (Government of Greenland 2010c). Conversely, there are approximately 500 individuals and roughly the same number of vessels involved with inshore fishing in Greenland (Government of Greenland 2010c). Inshore fishing is typically conducted in small to medium sized boats (Government of Greenland 2010b). Small boats are defined as less than 30 feet (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, June 15 th 2012). The following species are regulated for offshore fishing within Greenland: halibut, crabs, solder, shrimp, redfish, herring, grenadier, lumpfish, and cod (Government of Greenland 2010d). A licence is required to fish commercially for these species offshore (Government of Greenland 2010d). Likewise, the following species are regulated for onshore fishing within Greenland: halibut, salmon, lumpfish, scallops, crab, and shrimp (Government of Greenland 2010d). A licence is required to fish commercially for these species onshore (Government of Greenland 2010d). Species that are not listed as regulated for offshore and inshore fisheries are considered free or open and fishing for these species does not require a licence (Government of Greenland 2010b). The Government of Greenland sets quotas for regulated species for ocean-going and artisanal fishing (Government of Greenland 2013h). Table 47 and Table 48 provide information regarding the biological advice and quotas associated with regulated fish species within the LSA. Note that artisanal fisheries are those fisheries which employ traditional methods and small-scale gear and boats (NOAA, n.d.). Artisanal fishing operations can be commercial depending on how they are licenced. Table 47 provides information regarding the biological advice and quotas associated with regulated ocean-going fishing within the LSA. Note that all quotas are for the area of West Greenland, unless otherwise designated. If a quota is for a specific area other than West Greenland, that area will be indicated in parentheses beside the name of the species, e.g., Crab (Sisimiut). The total quota for shrimp includes both ocean going and coastal fishing and total allowable catches (TAC) are designated as follows: 3,400 tonnes to the EU, 2,737 tonnes to Canada and 83,863 tonnes to Greenland (Government of Greenland 2013i). West Greenland s TAC for shrimp is further divided amongst the ocean-going and coastal fleet as follows: 57% or 47,802 tonnes for the ocean-going fleet and 43% or 36,802 tonnes for the coastal fleet (Government of Greenland 2013f). Table 48 provides information regarding the biological advice and quotas associated with regulated artisanal fish species within the LSA. Note that all quotas are for the area of West Greenland, unless otherwise designated. If a quota is for a specific area other than West Greenland, that area will be indicated in parentheses beside the name of the species, e.g., Crab (Sisimiut). Note that the salmon fishery is considered a subsistence fishery and as such there are not associated quotas, however annual catch typically ranges from 20 to 30 tonnes per year in Greenland (Government of Greenland, 2014b). Also note that artisanal fisheries for cod are permitted with certain conditions (Government of Greenland 2014b). Report No

90 Table 45: Fishing Quotas and Biological Advice for West Greenland Ocean-going Fishing in 2013 (tonnes) West Greenland Advice Quota Shrimp 90,000 (total all fisheries) 47,802 Crab (Sisimiut) Closed Closed Crab (Maniitsoq) No advice 250 Crabs (Nuuk Paamiut) 1, Scallops (Nuuk) No new advice 720 Scallops (Sisimiut-south) No new advice 400 Scallops (Sisimiut-north) No new advice 700 Grenadier Not a directed fishery 1,000 Redfish Bi-catch only 1,000 Halibut No advice 1,000 Catfish Not a directed fishery 1,000 Solder No advice 3,000 Cod Not a directed fishery 6,500 Source: Government of Greenland 2013h, i. Table 46: Fishing Quotas and Biological Advice for West Greenland Artisanal Fisheries in 2014 (tonnes) West Greenland Advice Quota Shrimp (Total) 80,000 34,145 Crab (Total) 1,100 2,550 Crab (Sisimiut) Crab (Maniitsoq Kangaamiut) No advice 100 Crabs (Nuuk Paamiut) Halibut (Other Greenland) No advice Free fishing Salmon Source: Government of Greenland, 2014b. Subsistence fishery not directed Typically between tonnes Report No

91 All types of fishing, including commercial, recreational/sport fishing occur within the LSA (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012, pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Commercial fishing activities, including both inshore and offshore fishing, are an important means of livelihood within the LSA, and fishing in general is an important means of subsistence (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012, pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012, pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012, pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Inshore fishing, including fishing in deep fjords, takes place all year, whereas offshore fishing takes place largely during the summer months (NERI 2009). Within the LSA, inshore fishing takes place in both the Kangerlussuaq and Itilleq fjords, and offshore fishing takes place as far up the coast as Aasiaat (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012, pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012, pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Stocks of migratory Arctic Char are present in the Kangerlussuaq fjord as well as many of rivers which flow into the fjord. Visiting fishermen and hunters use gillnets to fish for char in the area (pers. comm Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers). Arctic Char are also present in the Itilleq Fiord, which is frequented by fishermen primarily from Itilleq and Sisimiut. The Aussivit Valley, a key hunting area in the Itilleq fjord, provides good fishing opportunities and is also frequented by char fishermen (stakeholder-engagement, 2013). Robinson Bay, within the Kangerlussuaq fjord, is a particularly important fishing location, especially during the months of July and August, and residents from several of the towns and settlements within the LSA travel there to fish including residents from Kangerlussuaq, Sisimiut, Itilleq, Kangaamiut, and Maniitsoq (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). In addition to fishing at Robinson Bay, residents of Kangaamiut also fish across the fjord from the bay near the Project site, and south of the bay, where the Paradise Valley joins the Kangerlussuaq fjord (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Residents of Maniitsoq also fish further up the Kangerlussuaq fjord, closer to Kangerlussuaq and inland from the fjord (pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Residents of Itilleq also fish in the Itilleq fjord near the project site (pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Important fish species in the LSA include cod, lump fish, wolfish, flounder, salmon and char (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, June 15 th 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Fishing in the Kangerlussuaq fjord is primarily for char according to the Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers and residents of Napasoq (pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Char fishing in the Robinson Bay area is mainly conducted with stationary gill nets, which are set both at the mouth of the Report No

92 river and in the river itself (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Fishing is also conducted with fishing rods, and there are no catch limits for fishing with rods, but there are for gill net fishing (pers. comm. Itilleq Hunters and Fishers, 2012) Protected Areas The Paradise Valley (Arnangarnup Qoorua) is a protected area within the Qeqqata Municipality s district of Maniitsoq (Statistics Greenland 2013). The valley, located approximately 55 kilometers southwest of the Kangerlussuaq International Airport, is approximately 90 km 2 (UNESCO 2014, Statistics Greenland 2013, Circum Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network, n.d.). The valley has a large musk ox population and is located within the Kangerlussuaq-Sisimiut caribou range. Hunting as well as other human activities are currently not permitted in the area and the valley is considered off limits for humans (CARMA, n.d., pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Although Paradise Valley is off limits to humans and human activity, it is currently being recognized for its tourism potential (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Residents of Kangaamiut, who used to visit the valley at least twice a year to fish for char before it was designated a protected area by the Qeqqata Municipality, have expressed interest in continuing to use the area for fishing and also for tourism (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). The valley is unique and valued as a cultural landscape, with archaeological evidence of hunting and fishing activities dating back to 2150 BC (UNESCO 2014). The Paradise Valley along with Aasivissuit are currently on the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) tentative list for designation as a world heritage site (UNESCO 2014). Both the Itilleq Settlement Council and Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers emphasized the importance of protecting the Paradise Valley area during informant interviews (pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012). Robinson Bay (Angujartorfik), located across the Kangerlussuaq Fjord from the White Mountain Project, is also an important cultural area (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, June 14 th 2012). It is used as a remote wilderness area, where local residents and guides hunt and fish during the months of August and September (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012, pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012, pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). It is also in proximity to a caribou calving area (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers, 2012), and there is a protected archaeological area inland from the Kangerlussuaq fjord (NunaGIS 2014). Report No

93 In addition to Paradise Valley and Robinson Bay, there are also several ecologically sensitive areas within the LSA. There is a protected area in the vicinity of the Kangerlussuaq International Airport and the road to the Ice Cap where hunting is prohibited (CARMA, n.d). There are two Eider colonies, one along the Kangerlussuaq fjord north of the project area, and one along the Itilleq fjord, each of which is surrounded by a 200 meter protective zone (NunaGIS 2014). There is also a geese resting area along the Itilleq fjord, which is used during migration (NunaGIS 2014). There are also several bird colonies and an Important Bird Area (IBA) inland from the settlement of Kangaamiut (NunaGIS 2014). 5.5 Infrastructure and Services The majority of information presented in this section focuses on Nuuk, and the Towns of Sisimiut and Maniitsoq as they may be considered as supply ports for the Project, and are expected to source the majority of employees. Nuuk is the training and business center of Greenland and may therefore provide opportunities for recruitment and procurement. Information is also presented for the settlement of Kangerlussuaq, as it contains the national and international airport and will therefore be the main transfer point for staff, supplies and possibly emergency services. Where available and relevant, information is provided for the other Qeqqata Municipality settlements (Itilleq, Sarfannguit, Kangaamiut, Atammik, and Napasoq) Transportation Airports All towns in the LSA have airports operated by Air Greenland. Table 49 provides an overview of the availability and capacity of airports in the LSA (Air Greenland, 2014a). Air Greenland also offers specialized services for mineral resource companies, including transportation of employees, equipment and supplies, and aerial surveys (Air Greenland, 2014b). International flights are limited to the Kangerlussuag airport, which offers connecting flights to all other LSA Towns. The Government of Greenland has expressed a desire to move the main international airport to Nuuk (pers. comm. Sisimiut Business Council, 2012.) Table 47: Availability and capacity of Airports in the Local Study Area Community Current Availability Current Capacity Sisimiut All year Domestic Airport Maniitsoq All year Domestic Airport Kangerlussuaq All year International Airport Nuuk All year Domestic Airport Source: Air Greenland, 2014a. Report No

94 Harbours All towns in the LSA, as well as five of the settlements, are coastal and, therefore, economic activity relies on harbours. Table 50 contains an overview of harbours in the LSA. Maniitsoq harbour is closest to the project. The Nuuk harbour is the largest, and serves as the main harbour in Greenland (Ministry of Industry Labour and Mineral Resources, 2010). The Government of Greenland has initiated an expansion of the Nuuk harbour, which is expected to be completed in The harbour in Sisimiut was expanded in 2012 to resolve previous capacity concerns (Qeqqata Municipality, 2012). There are capacity and accessibility issues for the harbours in Maniitsoq and Kangerlussuaq that are costly to businesses and result in delays in cargo transport. Access to the port in Kangerlussuaq is limited by a shallow inlet. The harbour in Maniitsoq has a narrow entrance which inhibits the entry of larger cargo and cruise ships that are unfamiliar with the area. Cargo transport across the bridge which connects the port to the town is limited to ten tonnes per axil Qeqqata Municipality, 2011). RAL identified that while the Maniitsoq port is busy it can accommodate growth. There is a passenger ship every Monday, as well as regular cargo ships traveling to the settlements. Fishing trawlers, private boats, and ferries to settlements (carrying passengers and cars) also use the port. Around containers usually come into the port every week, and around 30 are outgoing (many of them empty). There are usually around 100 containers in the port at any given time. There are plans to expand the Maniitsoq port, but they are dependent on the success of the Alcoa Project (pers. comm. RAL, 2012). Table 48: Town/Settlement Overview of Harbours in the Local Study Area Water Depth at M.L.W.S (metres) Mean Spring Range (m) Container Terminal Annual Cargo (m 3 ) Sismiut Yes 108,800 Maniitsoq Yes 42,300 Kangaatsiaq No 3,100 Nuuk Yes 382,200 Source: Government of Greenland, Roads Currently, there are no roads connecting towns and settlements within the LSA. The Qeqqata Municipality has initiated a planning project to build a road between Sisimiut and Kangerlussuaq to improve transportation and accessibility. The road is expected to have many benefits for local businesses, including providing supply options for mineral exploration. The Municipality has completed exploration work and field studies for the road, and requires approval and funding from the national government for the project (Qeqqata Municipality, 2011). Report No

95 5.5.2 Fuel Supplies Greenland s oil supply company, Polaroil, is a sub-division of KNI A/S, which is 100 percent government-owned. The company operates 69 plants, including tank installations in all 16 towns, and 52 villages, as well as one import installation (KNI, 2014). Polaroil supplies fuel, arctic grade gasoil, diesel, petrol, gasoline, kerosene and Jet A-1 to most towns and settlements in Greenland under a service agreement with the Government. The service agreement does not include cargo ships in international trade, construction sites outside populated areas, mines, or airport facilities, or exclusive petroleum product import rights. Within the LSA, petroleum products are stored at each town, and then distributed to settlements using small tankers. Towns and settlements also have storage facilities for lubricating oils and gases. Polaroil delivers petroleum at a fixed price for the whole country (Govenrment of Greenland, 2010a) Solid Waste Solid waste is managed locally within LSA towns and settlements. companies pay a fee that covers some of the municipality s expenses. expenses are covered by income taxes and corporate taxes. Table 49: Capacity of Incinerator Plants in the Local Study Area Community Design Capacity Maniitsoq Sisimiut Nuuk 400 kg/h ~ 3,000 tons/year with an operating time 7,500 h/year 800 kg/h ~ 6,000 tons/year with an operating time 7,500 h/year 1,600 kg/h ~ 12,000 tons/year with an operating time 7,500 h/year Estimated Practical Capacity 360 kg/h ~ 2,500 tons/year with an operating time 7,000 h/year 650 kg/h ~ 4,500 tons/year with an operating time 7,000 h/year 1,300 kg/h ~ 10,000 tons/year with an operating time 7,500 h/year Present Waste Volume for Incineration 300 kg/h ~ 1,500 tons/year with an operating time h/year 500 kg/h ~ 3,400 tons/year with an operating time 6,800 h/year 1,300 kg/h ~ 10,000 tons/year with an operating time 7,500 h/year Households and The rest of the Estimated Free Capacity 1,000 ton/year 1,100 ton/year 0 ton/year Source: Rambøll, Report No

96 For household waste, the municipality has established a collection system. The waste collection is outsourced to a private company. For other types of combustible waste the municipality has established receiving systems. All LSA communities, with the exception of Kangerlussuaq, have an incinerator plant for the treatment of waste. Table 51 shows the availability and capacity of the incinerator plants in Nuuk, Sisimiut and Maniitsoq. Noncombustible waste is disposed at the local landfill and covered with soil, sand or gravel. Excess heat from the plants is used to heat surrounding buildings. In Sisimiut, the municipality has established recycling systems for glass (bottle etc.) and metal cans. Glass is recycled in the production of asphalt. Metal cans are shipped out with other scrap metal to Denmark for recycling. In Kangerlussuaq, because there is no incinerator plant combustible waste is disposed at the local landfill. There are no local hazardous waste treatment centres in the LSA; hazardous waste is collected and shipped to treatment facilities in Denmark (Government of Greenland, 2010) Sanitation Construction and maintenance of the sewer systems is the municipality s responsibility. Within the LSA, towns have sewage systems, while settlements have sewage tanks or use septic bags (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012). There are no wastewater treatment plants; untreated wastewater is released into the sea (Ministry of Industry, Labour and Mineral Resources, 2010). In the LSA, sanitary wastewater (from toilets) is discharged into the sea through a sewer system. Buildings/households which are not connected to the sewer system have a septic tank or a bucket toilet for the sanitary wastewater. The distribution between the three systems for each community is provided in Table 52. Nonsanitary wastewater (from sinks etc.) is discharged to sea together with sanitary wastewater. Buildings/household, which is not connected to the sewer system, discharged the nonsanitary wastewater to a septic tank or directly to the ground outside the building with drainage to a ditch or the sea. Table 50: Availability of Sanitation Services in Local Study Area communities Community Sewer System Septic Tank Bucket Toilet Sisimiut 1,943 households 253 households 307 households Maniitsoq 894 households 40 households 217 households Kangerlussuaq 206 households 36 households 0 households Nuuk 6,821 households 106 households 45 households Source: Qeqqata Municipality, 2014a Potable Water Potable groundwater is not accessible in most towns and settlements, so many rely on surface water supplies from lakes. The lakes are protected with restricted zones. Within Report No

97 these zones there must not be any activities, which can cause contamination/pollution of the water. Where surface and ground water is not available, reverse osmosis is used to treat sea water (Ministry of Industry, Labour and Mineral Resources, 2010). The water supply in Nuuk, Sisimiut and Maniitsoq is carried out by Nukissiorfiit, which is the national utility company. The water supply in Kangerlussuaq is carried out by Mittarfeqarfiit (Greenland Airports) on the behalf of Nukissiorfiit. Table 53 shows the availability and capacity of potable water services in LSA communities. Table 51: Community Sisimiut Maniitsoq Kangerlussu aq Nuuk Availability of Potable Water Services in Local Study Area Towns, Nuuk and Kangerlussuaq Water Resource Surface Water (Sø 3 and Sø 5) Surface Water (Sø 2 and Sø 1) Surface Water (Lake Ferguson) Surface Water Cirkussøen Source: Asiaq, 2003; Statistics Greenland, 2011b Emergency and Services Annual Capacity 16,386,000 m 3 /y ear 1,074,000 m 3 /ye ar 7,553,000 m 3 /ye ar 3,830,000 m 3 /ye ar Annual Surplus Capacity Consumption The Qeqqata Municipal police coordinate all emergency response. Their head office is located in Sisimiut. The municipal police force includes 18 officers, and two hunting inspectors. Two police officers are located in Kangerlussuaq and the remaining 16 are managed by Sisimiut and Maniitsoq which patrol their respective settlements. The municipality has four police ships which patrol the settlements, travelling along the coast on a weekly or bi-weekly basis (pers. comm. Sisimiut Municipal Police, 2012). If there is an emergency or accident at sea, the police and fire departments have rescue boats. Other fishing boats also respond if they are nearby (pers. comm. Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers, 2012). The Sisimiut fire department has 31 firefighters and is responsible for fire and rescue. The fire department is prepared to extinguish different types of fires and provide rescue services for fire, mountain and sea emergencies. The police are responsible for rescue outside of the town. The Itilleq and Sarfannguaq settlements have 10 part-time firefighters and a limited amount of firefighting equipment (Qeqqata Municipality, 2014b). na 1,152,000 m 3 /ye ar 134,000 m 3 /year 154,000 m 3 /year na 4,5 million m 3 /year na 1,407,000 m 3 /ye ar Report No

98 5.5.7 Education and Training In Qeqqata Municipality, 23 percent of the population has a primary level education or lower, 72 percent has completed a secondary or tertiary level of education, including vocational education, while only 5 percent of the population has obtained an academic degree (Statistics Greenland, 2012k). A number of institutions in the LSA offer vocational training and further education for adults in subjects ranging from Arctic engineering, construction, business studies and social welfare. The majority of these are concentrated in Nuuk. The Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum is located within in Sisimiut. In 2012, the School had approximately 40 people enrolled, including four women. It was expected that the school would expand to 80 students (~eight women) in the fall 2012 with the initiation of a new mining program. Most of the courses are for a period of six to ten weeks. They are currently running the 13 th Common Core course, and each course has approximately 20 students. The school year runs from August to June. The school is initiating a new four-year program, including two years of study and two years of industry work experience. This program was designed for youth to target recent high school graduates. Students enrolled in the new four-year program will choose from two possible training streams: mining or heavy machinery operations. The program will include English language training (pers. comm. Greenland School of Mining and Petroleum, 2012). The School is interested in working with industry representatives to provide input into program design and implementation. The School s training focuses on open pit / surface mining, as they do not have the right equipment to train for underground mining Communication Telecommunications services in the LSA are provided by TELE Greenland, a government owned company. TELE Greenland provides telecommunications, IT and postal services. Radio, TV and telephone services are offered in all towns and settlements. Broadband internet and GSM mobile telephone services are available in towns and settlements with a population larger than 70 (TELE Greenland, 2014a). TELE Greenland also provides coastal radio service; Aasiat Radio s primary goal is to provide safety for maritime emergencies and shipping activities (TELE Greenland, 2013). Stakeholders in the LSA identified that most offices have internet access, while only a few people have internet at home. The main forms of communication in the LSA are radio and newspaper (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Napasoq Settlement Council, 2012; pers. comm. Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012) Housing Table 54 provides an overview of the types of housing occupied by people in the LSA communities. The majority of the population in Maniitsoq and associated settlements live in Report No

99 one-family houses. The majority of people in the larger towns, including Sisimiut and Nuuk, live in storey dwellings. Table 52: Types of Dwellings in Local Study Area Communities, 2010 Dwellings by district Onefamily house Town Terrace house Storey dwellin g Unk now n Onefamily house Settlement Terrace house Storey dwellin g Nuuk Maniitsoq Sisimiut Source: Statistics Greenland, 2010c Unk now n In 2012, the Qeqqata Municipal housing waiting list for municipal housing was 883, while the waiting list for self-owned housing was 284 (Qeqqata Municipality, 2012). Residents in the settlements identified that there is a long wait list for housing in Sisimiut, so people cannot move there for work. There is some housing available privately, but availability is also limited (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012). The municipality has initiated several projects to improve the availability of local housing, including 12 senior s homes in Sisimiut, existing home renovations and the development of a new area for single family homes in Maniitsoq, and senior homes in Maniitsoq (Qeqqata Municipality, 2012) Accommodation Availability of temporary accommodations varies between LSA communities. There are hotels and hostels available in LSA towns. Other types of accommodations include hotel apartments, seamen s hostels, and lodges. Table 55 provides an overview of some of the accommodation services in each of the LSA towns. Table 53: Accommodation Services in Local Study Area Community Current Availability Current Capacity Sisimiut Maniitsoq The Seaman s Home Sisimiut Knud Rasmussen Folks High school Katak Housing Hotel Sisimiut Sisimiut Youth Hostel Hotel Maniitsoq Kangia Camp 30 rooms Available may-august Single, double and four room apartments n/a 40 rooms 11 rooms (21 beds) 21 rooms n/a Report No

100 Table 53: Accommodation Services in Local Study Area Community Current Availability Current Capacity Kangerlussuaq Nuuk Source: various webpages. Note: n/a= Hotel Heilmann Lyberth Hotel Kangerlussuaq Old Camp Hostel Polar Lodge Hotel Hans Egede The Seamen's Hostel Hotel Nordbo (Apartments) Nuuk Inn 18 rooms 70 rooms (142 beds) n/a 16 rooms 157 rooms 10 apartments 41 rooms 25 apartments n/a Most hotels are open all year. Other accommodation services are usually open during summers. Not available Food Within the LSA, people living in the settlements rely more on wild or country foods, while those in towns buy more food from the grocery store (pers. comm. Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers, 2012). For example, it is estimated in Sarfannguit approximately 80% of local diet comes from country foods including muskox, caribou, and fish. In general, younger people consume more commercial foods (pers. comm. Sarfannguit Settlement Council, 2012). 5.6 Society and Community Well Being Health The national hospital is located in Nuuk and the Qeqqata regional hospital is located in Sisimiut. The Sismiut hospital provides outpatient and emergency room services, as well as surgery, obstetrics, psychiatric, and physical therapy (Qeqqata Municipality, 2014). Maniitsoq also has a clinic. The settlements have limited access to medical services and must travel to Maniitsoq or Sisimiut for serious conditions. Settlements have a health care worker or nurse which offer high level medical services, and are visited by a social worker as needed (pers. comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012). Health care workers are trained through a five month course (pers comm. Ministry of Health, 2012) Leisure Table 56 contains an overview of available leisure facilities and opportunities in selected towns in LSA. Qeqqata Municipality offers a wide range of leisure activities for residents in Sisimiut and Maniitsoq. Residents also engage in outdoor activities, including dog sledding, Report No

101 fishing, skiing, and hiking. There is an annual soccer (football) tournament between Itilleq and Sarfannguit (pers.comm. Itilleq Settlement Council, 2012). Residents in Kangerlussuaq have identified the need for a community centre; there is currently not one because the settlement was only recently formed (pers. comm. Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council, 2012). Table 54: Leisure Facilities and Opportunities in the Local Study Area Sisimiut Maniitsoq Kangerlussuaq Nuuk Museum X X X X Community Hall X Sports hall X X X X Cinema X X Swimming pool X X Choir X Whale watching X X X Fishing X X X X Dog sledding X X X Hiking X X Cross country skiing X Handicraft workshop X X X Fitness centre X Youth Centre X X Source: Qeqqata Municipality, 2014c. 5.7 Public Opinion, Participation and Engagement Overall, people in the LSA indicate that there is a need for local employment, and understand that employment through the mining industry may address this demand and provide higher living standards. There are some differences in public opinion and concerns regarding the Project between communities. For instance, people in Kangerlussuaq identified concerns about potential effects to hunters and fishers (both for subsistence and commercial purposes), employment numbers for the proposed mine, and transportation alternatives for workers. In Sisimiut, comments were related to human health risks, local hiring and training, hunting and fishing practices, the permitting processes and potential environmental effects of the Project. In Sarfannguit participants raised issues related to community well-being, housing and Report No

102 employment. Participants in Itilleq focused on potential impacts on hunters and hunting traditions and employment and training opportunities 20. Generally, people in LSA are concerned about 21 :! Concerns about cultural and environmental impacts;! Potential effects on hunting and fishing, both commercially and for subsistence;! The hiring of local workforces and the related training that would be required;! Use of local suppliers;! How mine waste will be stored;! Noise from blasting activities;! Local hiring policy, number of jobs and training opportunities;! How mine waste will be dealt with;! Environmental risks; and! Potential effects on local animals (specifically reindeer) Focus group meetings and public meetings with stakeholders in Qeggata Municipality in June 2012 and November 2013 respectively. Focus group meetings and public meetings with stakeholders in Qeggata Municipality in June 2012 and November 2013 respectively. Report No

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104 6.0 References Aaen S.B Democratic legitimacy in consultation processes associated with largescale projects in Greenland. Available from: DK. Accessed February, Aaen-Larsen, B. and Bjerregaard, P Changes in causes of death and mortality rates among children in Greenland from to Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 31:3 pp Aage. H Alcohol in Greenland : consumption, mortality, prices. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 71: Air Greenland. 2014a. Visit Greenland's Towns. Available from: Accessed February, Air Greenland. 2014b. Mineral Exploration. Available from: Accessed February, Air Greenland Interview Held at Air Greenland Conference Room. June 14th Alcoa Project Updates. Available from: Accessed January Andersen S., Laurberg P., Hvingel B., Kleinschmidt K., Heickendorff L., Mosekilde L Vitamin D status in Greenland is influenced by diet and ethnicity: a population-based survey in an Arctic society in transition. Br Journal of Nutrition. 109: Artic Council Search and Rescue in the Artic. Available from: Accessed February Arctic Council Arctic Human Development Report. Available from: Accessed February, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Oslo, Norway. Asiaq Grønlands drikkevandsforsyning - Et datagrundlag for en vandforsyningsstrategi, (Greenland's drinking water supply - A database for a water supply strategy). Available from: kur.gl/upload/insp/greenland_survey_rapport.pdf. Accessed February Atammik Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers Interview Held at Community Centre. June 22 nd Report No

105 Avataq Cultural Institute, Arctic Chronology. Available from: Archaeology/Arctic-Chronology. Accessed in May Bjerregaard, P A Comparative Review of Circumpolar Health Systems. Available from: l?id=ke15mweacaaj&redir_esc=y. Accessed February Bjerregaard. P Folkesundhed Gronland. Arctic Research Journal. Available from: Accessed February 6, Bjerregaard, P Fatal accidents in Greenland. Arctic Medical Research. 49:3 pp Bjerregaard P. and Jeppesen C Inuit dietary patterns in modern Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 69: Bjerregaard and Jorgensen Prevalence of obesity among Inuit in Greenland and temporal trend by social position. Available from: Accessed February Bjerregaard P., Kristensen LHB, Olesen I., Secher N.J Evaluering af de perinatale retningslinier. Report to the Department of Health. Greenland of Government. Available from: Accessed February, Bjerregaard and Lynge Suicide a challenge in modern Greenland. Available from: a_challenge_in_modern_greenland. Accessed February, Bjerregaard P., Misfeldt, J., Kern, P., Nielsen, I.M Toppen af isfjeldet. Børnedødsfald i Grønland Available from: folkesundhed.dk/upload/b%c3%b8rned%c3%b8dsfald_i_gr%c3%b8nland_ pdf. Accessed February,2014. Bjerregaard P. and Mulvad G The best of two worlds: how the Greenland Board of Nutrition has handled conflicting evidence about diet and health. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 71: Bjerregaard P., and Young T.K The Circumpolar Inuit: Health of a Population in Transition. Munksgaard International: Copenhagen. Bjorn-Mortensen, K., Ladefoged. K., and Obel. N., Helleberg. M The HIV epidemic in Greenland a slow spreading infection among adult heteroxual Greenlanders. Report No

106 Available from: Accessed February Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) List of Licenses. Available from: Accessed January, BMP. 2012a. Overview map of exclusive mineral and hydrocarbon licenses. Available from: Accessed January, BMP. 2012b. Report to Inatsisartut on mineral resource activities. Available from: Accessed January, BMP BMP Guidelines for Preparing an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for Mineral Exploitation in Greenland. Available from: Accessed February, BMP Guidelines for Social Impact Assessments for mining projects in Greenland. Available from: Accessed January, CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network. n.d. Available from: Accessed February, Circumpolar Health Research Network About. Available from: Accessed February, Curtis T., Larsen H.B. Helweg-Larsen, K. Pedersen, C.P., Olesen, I., Sorensen, K., Jorgensen, M.E., and Bjerregaard, P Unges trivsel i Grønland Available from: Accessed February, 2014 Curtis T., Larsen F.B., Helweg-Larsen K., Bjerregaard P., Violence, sexual abuse and health in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 61 pp Dahl-Petersen I.K., Jørgensen M.E., and Bjerregaard P Physical activity patterns in Greenland: a country in transition. Scand Journal of Public Health. 39 pp Department of Health Inuuneritta II. Available from: ner/inuunerittaii/inuunerittaii_dk_small.ashx. Accessed February, Deutch, B., Dyerberg, J., Pedersen, H. S., Aschlund, E., and Hansen, J. C., Traditional and modern Greenlandic food - dietary composition, nutrients and contaminants. Science Total Environment. 384:1-3 pp Employers Association of Greenland Interview held at Employers Association of Greenland Office, Nuuk. June 26th Report No

107 European Commission. 2013a. EU Relations with Greenland. Available from: Accessed February, European Commission. 2013b. Study to evaluate the performance of higher education in Greenland. Available from: nnelsesplaner/study%20to%20evaluate%20higher%20education%20in%20greenlan d% pdf. Accessed February European Parliamentary Research Service A changing environment for Greenland. Available from: 014)140730_REV1_EN.pdf. Accessed February, European Union Greenland Representation to the EU, Brussels: Facts on Greenland. Available from: and.aspx. Accessed February, Fontain, A Keynote address at the Arctic Health Minister s Meeting. February 6, Available from: rmoede.aspx. Accessed February 6, Forsvaret Artic Command. Available from: x. Accessed February, Friborg, J. Koch, A., Wahlfarht, J. Storm, H.H., and Melbye, M Cancer in Greenlandic Inuit : A cohort study. Available from: Accessed February, Greenlandic Commission of Tax and Welfare Social sikkerhed. Baggrundsnotat marts Available from: ng/baggrundsmateriale%20social%20sikkerhed.pdf. Accessed February Greenlandic Police Arsstatislik Available from: CADD0B1D/0/%C3%85rsstatistik2012gl.pdf. Accessed February, Government of Denmark. 2011a. Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands: Kingdom of Denmark - Strategy for the Arctic Available from: Accessed January, Government of Denmark. 2011b. Final Draft for the United Nations Universal Periodic Review, 11 th Session Available from: Report No

108 nal%20draft%20for%20the%20uns%20unervisal%20periodic%20review%2011th%20 session%202011%20reporting%20on%20greenland.pdf. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2014a. Greenland Education Programme. Available from: Ligestilling/Uddannelsesplan. Accessed February Government of Greenland. 2014b. Artisanal fisheries. Available from: TACere_og%20kvoter_Fordeling_af_kvoter/2014/Kystnaer% aspx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013a. Resources and Industry. Available from: Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013b. Piniarneq Available from: nanoq/dffl/fangst/piniarneq/piniarneq%202013_dk.ashx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013c. Olieefterforskningsaktiviteter Available from: formationsmøde%20maj%202013%20til%20offentliggørelse.pdf. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013d. Facts on Greenland. Available from: Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013e. Catch Council. Available from: adet.aspx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013f. Payment Hunting. Available from: jagt.aspx.accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013g. Catch times and quotas for reindeer and musk oxen Available from: Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2013h. Ocean-going fishing. Available from: TACere_og%20kvoter_Fordeling_af_kvoter/2013/Havgaaende% aspx. Accessed February, Report No

109 Government of Greenland. 2013i. Kvoter for rejer Available from: TACere_og%20kvoter_Fordeling_af_kvoter/2013/Rejekvote_2013.aspx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2012a. Greenland Parliament Act No. 26 Amendments to the Mineral Resources Act. Available from: Accessed February Government of Greenland. 2012b. Our future Yours and My Responsibility - Towards Available from: VoresFremtid_UK_2025_net%20pdf.ashx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2012c. National Turismestrategi Available from: Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2012d. Politisk- Økonomisk Beretning Prepared and published by Departementet for Finanser. Available from: Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2012e. Fact Sheet Seals Greenland. Available from: 20sealApril2012eng%20DOK pdf. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2012f. Fields of hunting and fishing. Available from: delingens_arbejdsomraader.aspx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2012g. Hunting Evidence. Available from: atistik/jagtbeviser.aspx. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2012h. Catch Data. Available from: atistik/fangstdata.aspx. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2011a. National TB Strategy Available from: TB_strategi_2012_2016/National%20TB-strategi% _final_dk_web.ashx. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2011b. Transportkommissionen Betækning. Government of Greenland (Ministry of Industry, Labour and Mineral Resources). 2010a. Setting up a Business in Greenland, a guide for investors. Available from: Report No

110 Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2010b. Fishing Licence Control (GFLK). Available from: llen.aspx. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2010c. Ocean-going and coastal fishing. Available from: Om_fiskeriet_i_Groenland/Havgaaende_og_kystnaert_fiskeri.aspx. Accessed February Government of Greenland. 2010d. Regulated species in Greenland. Available from: Regulerede_fiskearter.aspx. Accessed January, Government of Greenland. 2009a. Act on Greenland Self Government. Available from: Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2009b. Mineral Resources Act. Available from: on.pdf. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2009c. Greenland Parliament Act of 7 on mineral resources and mineral resources activities (The Mineral Resources Act). Available from: on.pdf. Accessed February, Government of Greenland. 2006a. Landstingsforordning nr. 15 af 20. november 2006 om offentlig hjælp. Available from: Accessed January, Government of Greenland, 2006b. Landstingsforordning nr. 5 af 1. juni 2006 om arbejdsmarkedsydelse. Accessed in January, Government of Greenland. n.d.a. Economy and Industry in Greenland. Available from: Greenland/Economy-and-Industry-in-Greenland. Accessed January, Greenland.com. n.d.a. Winter Activities. Available from: Accessed February, Greenland.com. n.d.b. Summer activities. Available from: Accessed February, Report No

111 Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum Interview held at Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum. June 18th Greenlandic Economic Council (Grønlands Økonomisk Råd) Økonomisk Råds rapport Naturressourcer som vækststrategi. Available from: www. naalakkersuisut.gl. Accessed January, Hassol, S.J Arctic Climate Impact Assessment: Impacts of a Warming Arctic. Available from: /786. Accessed February, Huntington and Fox The Changing Arctic: Indigenous Perspectives. Available from: Accessed February, IceNews.is STD Rates rise in Greenland. Available from: Accessed February, Inuit Circumpolar Council Submitted statements to public consultation in Greenland. Available from: Accessed February Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Years of Inuit History and Heritage. Available from: Accessed January Itilleq Hunters and Fishers Interview held at Community Centre, Itilleq. June 17th Itilleq Settlement Council Interview held at Community Centre. June 17 th Jorgensen M.E., Bjeregaard, P. Borch-Johnsen, K., and Backer, V Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance among the Inuit Population of Greenland. Available from: Accessed February, Jørgensen, M.E., Borch-Johnsen, K., Witte, D. R., and Bjerregaard, P Diabetes in Greenland and its relationship with urbanization. Diabetic Medicine. 29:6 pp Kangaamiut Settlement Council and Hunters and Fishers Interview held at Kangaamiut School. June 19th Kangerlussuaq Hunters and Fishers Interview held at Air Greenland Conference Room. June 14th, Kangerlussuaq Settlement Council Interview held at Council Office. June 14th, Report No

112 Kalaallit Niuerfiat (KNI) About Polaroli. Available from: Accessed February, Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa About KNR. Available from: Accessed February, KANUKOKA Interview held at INUPLAN Office. June 25 th, KNAPK Interview held at KNAPK Office. June 26th KPMG Greenland Tax Update New government in Greenland. Available from: Accessed January, KPMG Greenland, Country Profile Mineral resource activity. Available from: Accessed January, Langhoff Med folkets mandate? Horingsprocesser og borgerinddragelse pa rastofomradet. Available from: DK 1 9_august_2013.pdf. Acccessed February, Leineweber, M., Bjerregaard, P. Baerveldt, C.; and Voestermans, P Suicidie in a society in transition. Available from: Accessed February Lektor, A. M. H Community Impacts: Public Participation, culture and Democracy. Available from: Accessed February, Ligestillingsområdet (IKINN) Rapport om køn og ligestilling på arbejdsmarkedet i Grønland Statistik på offentlige og private arbejdspladser samt offentlige råd, nævn og udvalg. Available from: else_kultur_kirke_ligestilling/ligestilling/~/media/nanoq/departementet%20for%20fam ilie%20%20kultur%20%20kirke%20og%20ligestilling/ikinn/ligestilling/indberetninger %202011/Rapport_indberetninger_2011_DK.ashx. Accessed February, LKAB Minerals Minelco closes its olivine mine in Greenland. Available from: Greenland/. Accessed January, Madsen M.H., Grønbæk M., Bjerregaard P., and Becker U Urbanization, migration and alcohol use in a population of Greenland Inuit. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 64 pp Maniitsoq Hunters and Fishers Interview held at KNAPP and SAAPP office. June 20th Report No

113 Maniitsoq Port/Royal Arctic Interview held at Royal Arctic Office. June 20, Maniitsoq Town Council Interview held at Municipal Office. June 20th Mineral Licence and Safety Authority Emergency Response. Available from: Accessed February, Ministry of Industry Labour and Mines Guide to Setting up a Business in Greenland A Guide for Investors. Available from: Accessed January, Napasoq Settlement Council Interview held at Napasoq Church. June 22 nd, National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark (NERI) The Eastern Baffin Bay: A preliminary strategic environmental impact assessment of hydrocarbon activities in the KANUMAS West area. NERI Technical Report no National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). n.d. What is a Fishery. Available from: Accessed February, Niclasen B.V Børns sundhed i et socialt perspektiv med udgangspunkt i Inuuneritta Folkesundhedsprogrammet (Children s health ina social perspective based on Inuuneritta the Public Health Program). Available from: nge/kategorier/sundhed/children%20s%20health%20in%20a%20social%20perspecti ve%20final%20eng.ashx. Accessed February, Niclasen, B. and Mulvad, G Health care and health care delivery in Greenland. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 69:5. pp Nordic Centre for Spatial Development (NORDREGIO).Royal Arctic Line. Available from: Accessed February, Nordic Council of Ministers PRIC01: Consumer price indices, 2005=100, by reporting country, item and time. Available from: %20prices/Prices/Prices.asp. Accessed January, Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Statistical Yearbook Available from: Accessed January, Nordregio. 2010a. Mobilitet I Gronland Sammenfattende analyse. Available from: Accessed February, Report No

114 Nordregio. 2010b. Report: Status for bosteder i Grønland - med særlig fokus på bygderne. Available from: Accessed February, NunaGIS About NunaGIS. Available from: Accessed February, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 15 (a) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 Denmark. Available from: 2.pdf. Accessed February, Parello-Plesner China and Greenland: Digging for trouble. Available from: Accessed February, Pedersen and Bjerregaard Det svære ungdomsliv. Unges Trivsel i Grønland en undersøgelse blandt de ældste folkeskoleelever. Available from: Accessed February, Pedersen C.P. and Bjerregaard P Selvmordstanker og selvmordsforsøg blandt unge i Grønland. Copenhagen, National Institute of Public Health: Ugens tal 12, Available from: Accessed February, Pedersen and Dahl-Petersen In: Bjerregaard and Dahl-Petersen. Selvmordstanker og selvmordsforsøg. Available from: Accessed February, Pedersen, M. L., Rolskov, A., Jacobsen, J. L. and Lynge, A. R Frequent use of primary health care service in Greenland: an opportunity for undiagnosed disease case-finding. The International Journal of Circumpolar Health pp. 71. Peqqik. Sundhedsportalen. n.d.a. Queen Ingrid s Hospital. Available from: Accessed February, Peqqik Sundhedsportalen. n.d.b. Health Regions. Available from: Accessed February, Peqqik Sundhedsportalen. n.d.c. Dentistry. Available from: Accessed February 6, Peqqik Sundhedsportalen n.d.d. Telemedicine. Available from: Accessed February 6, Report No

115 Peqqissaanermik Ilinniarfik. n.d. Description of the PI. Available from: Accessed February, Poppel, B., Kruse, J., Duhaime, G. and Abryutina, L Survey of Living Conditinos in the Arctic Results. Anchorage: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage. Available from: ss.pdf. Accessed February, Qeqqata Municipal Council Interview held at Municipal Office, Sisimiut. June 15 th Qeqqata Municipality. 2014a. Nature, Environment and Sustainability. Available from: Accessed February Qeqqata Municipality. 2014b. Fire. Available from: bid/299/default.aspx. Accessed February Qeqqata Municipality. 2014c. Leisure and Culture. Available from: February, Qeqqata Municipality. 2013a. Local Council. Available from: Accessed February, Qeqqata Municipality. 2013b. Political Committees. Available from: Accessed February, Qeqqata Municipality. 2013c. Mining and Infrastructure Committee. Available from: 325/Default.aspx Accessed February, Qeqqata Municipality. 2013d. Selection of Village Councils. Available from: yrelser/tabid/451/default.aspx. Accessed January Qeqqata Municipality. 2013e. Musk ox licences. Available from: Accessed February Qeqqata Municipality Arsberetning Accessed January Qeqqata Municipality Erhversplan 2011; Med overslgsarene Available from: Accessed February Report No

116 Rotto, J. and Rasmussen, R.O New Nordic Regional Developments - Migration and Energy A United Nordic Federation?. Journal of Nordregio 2010, 3:10. pp 8-9. Sarfannguit Settlement Council Interview held at Community Centre. June 16th Sasson, A, and Blomgren, A Knowledge Based Oil and Gas Industry. Published by BI Norwegian Business School. Oslo, Norway. Scrutton, A Analysis: Greenland s resources boom still more talk than action. Available from: Accessed February, Sisimiut Business Council Interview held at Sisimiut Business Council Office. June 18th, Sisimiut Hunters and Fishers Interview held at Seamen's Home. June 15th, Sisimiut Municipal Police Interview held at Sisimiut Police Station. June 18, Statistics Denmark. 2013a. RNAT11: GDP (DKK mio) and GDP per capita (DKK 1000) by region, type and price unit, regions. Available from: age=1&pxsid=121146&st=sd. Accessed in January Statistics Denmark. 2013b. INDKP6: Disposable income by region, unit, sex, age and income interval. Available from: bsel&maintable=indkp6&pxsid=146749&tablestyle=&st=sd&buttons=0 - INDKP6. Accessed January, Statistics Denmark. 2013c. International trade. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Denmark. 2013d. PRIS61: Consumer price index (2000=100) by main figures. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013a. Greenland in Figures 2013, 10 th Revised Edition. Available from: GF. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013b. (FIE001) Total landings of fish and shellfish by time, municipality, species, unit and month (Greenland). Available from: 20Catch.asp. Accessed January, Report No

117 Statistics Greenland. 2013c. (TUEHOT) Number of overnight stays by unit, region, nationality, time and month (Greenland). Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013d. (TUEKA) Tax for cruise passengers by year, month and paid tax. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013e. (NRE10) Trends in GDP by unit, account and time. Available from: p. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013f. (NRE04) The gross value added by units, industry and time. Available from: p. Accessed January Statistics Greenland. 2013g. (IEEBALMND) Trade balance by time, type and month. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013h. (INEH1) Average household income by municipalities. Available from: ncome.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013i. (PREPRISF) Consumer Price Index. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013j. (OFEREAI) Revenue of general government by sector, transaction and time. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013k. Population in municipalities by time, municipality and residence. Available from: ation/population%20in%20greenland/&lang=1. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013l. Population by time, age and gender. Available from: ation/population%20in%20greenland/&lang=1. Accessed January, Report No

118 Statistics Greenland. 2013m. Vital Statistics by time and type. Available from: ation/population%20in%20greenland/&lang=1 Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013n. Migrations to and from Greenland by time migration, type, municipality, age,gender and place of birth. Available from: ulation/migrations/&lang=1. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013o. Migrations by time, municipality, municipality from, type, gender, place of birth and age. Available from: pulation/internal%20migration/&lang=1. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013p. Mortality. Available from: o6&colcode=o. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013q. Registered jobseekers by place of residence, time, district and month. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013r. Average personal income by districts (Gross Personal Income ). Available from: me.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013s. Average personal income by districts (After-tax Personal Income). Available from: me.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013t. Households in municipalities/districts by time, municipality, residence and size. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013u. Population in districts by time, district, residence, age, gender and place of birth (Nuuk, Town). Available from: pulation%20in%20greenland.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013v. Population in districts by time, district, residence, age, gender and place of birth (Maniitsoq, Town). Available from: pulation%20in%20greenland.asp. Accessed January, Report No

119 Statistics Greenland. 2013w. Population in districts by time, district, residence, age, gender and place of birth (Maniitsoq, Settlement). Available from: pulation%20in%20greenland.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013x. Population in districts by time, district, residence, age, gender and place of birth (Sisimiut, Town). Available from: pulation%20in%20greenland.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013y. Population in districts by time, district, residence, age, gender and place of birth (Sisimiut, Settlement). Available from: pulation%20in%20greenland.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013z. Construction costs by building trade, type and period. Available from: es/&lang=. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013aa. Total landings of fish and shellfish by time, municipality, species, unit and month (Nuuk). Available from: 20Catch.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013ab. Total landings of fish and shellfish by time, municipality, species, unit and month (Maniitsoq). Available from: 20Catch.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013ac. Total landings of fish and shellfish by time, municipality, species, unit and month (Sisimiut). Available from: 20Catch.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013ad. Overnight stays by region, time, month, unit and nationality (Number of Guests; Qeqqata). Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013ae. Overnight stays by region, time, month, unit and nationality (Number of Guests; West-Sermersooq). Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2013af. Overnight stays by region, time, month, unit and nationality (Number of Guests; East-Sermersooq). Available from: Accessed January, Report No

120 Statistics Greenland. 2012a. (ARESTK1) The labour force among permanent residents aged years by time, quarter, age and gender. Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2012b. Main employment for permanent residents by time, industry, municipalities and gender. Available from: sp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2012c. (BEEST2) Population in municipalities January 1.st by municipality, residence, age, gender and place of birth Available from: ulation%20in%20greenland.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2012d. Statistics Yearbook Available from: o2&colcode=o. Accessed in January, Statistics Greenland. 2012e. Population forecast by place of birth and time. Available from: ulation/population%20in%20greenland/&lang=1. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2012f. Social Conditions. Available from: Accessed January Statistics Greenland. 2012g. Social services by time, municipality, payment and unit. Available from: Accessed February, Statistics Greenland. 2012h. (ARELED4) Unemployment in percent of the labour force among permanent residents aged years by time, quarter, district, place of residence, age and gender. Available from: ent.asp. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2012i. Main Employment and employment rate for permanent residents by time, place of residence, district, gender and inventory variable (employed persons in average per month [persons]). Available from: Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2012j. Turismestatistik I perioden 1. okt sept Available from: p2&colcode=p. Accessed February, Report No

121 Statistics Greenland. 2012k. Education levels by residence, place, and time. Available from: Education/Educational%20profiles/&lang=1. Accessed online on February Statistics Greenland. 2011a. Kompetencegivende Uddannelser Available from: 11.pdf. Accessed February, Statistics Greenland. 2011b. Consumption of Water. Available from: sion= Accessed February, Statistics Greenland. 2010a. Labour market. Available from: Market&link=AR. Accessed January, Statistics Greenland. 2010b. Dwellings by ownership, time and place. Available from: : February, Statistics Greenland. 2010c. Number of dwellings by time, district, type and place. Available from: Accessed online on February 2014 Statistics Greenland. n.d.a. Administration of Fishing. Available from: o1&colcode=o.accessed February, Statistics Greenland. n.d.b. Land-based Fishing Industry. Available from: o5&colcode=o. Accessed January, TELE Greenland. 2014a. About TELE. Available from: Accessed February, TELE Greenland. 2014b. Business Catalogue. Available from: 100/Default.aspx. Accessed February, TELE Greenland Annual Report Available from: Accessed February, United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. Available from: Accessed February, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Aasivissuit, Arnangarnup Qoorua (Greenland inland and coastal hunting area). Available from: Accessed February, Report No

122 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Global Study on Homicide. Available from: Accessed February, Visit Greenland. n.d.a. Kangerlussuaq. Available from: Accessed January, Visit Greenland n.d.b. Maniitsoq. Available from: Accessed January, Visit Greenland n.d.c. Nuuk. Available from: Accessed January, Visit Greenland n.d.d. Sisimiut. Available from: Accessed January, Visit Greenland. n.d.e. Maps and Providers. Available from: Accessed January, World Health Organization Tuberculosis control in Greenland. Available from: data/assets/pdf_file/0010/133489/e94755.pdf. Accessed February, Young T.K., Bjerregaard, P., Dewailly, E., Risica, P.,Jorgensen, M.E., and Ebbesson, S.E Prevalence of Obesity and Its Metabolic Correlates Among the Cicumpolar Inuit in 3 Countries. Available from: Accessed February, Report No

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