Japanese-Russian Territorial Disagreements and Their International Legal Substantiations
|
|
- Nickolas Benson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (Special issue of Politics and Law): 16-24, 2013 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: /idosi.mejsr pl Japanese-Russian Territorial Disagreements and Their International Legal Substantiations Zhaisanbek M. Amanzholov and Yerik B. Akhmetov Kazakh National University named after Al Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract: The article dwells upon e Russian Japanese territorial dispute as a possibility of better understanding e similar international legal and geopolitical aspects of oer territorial disagreements inherited after World War II. The unresolved territorial disputes have made an important impact on international and regional stability and require a orough and systemic analysis. The purpose of e essay is to contribute to e formulation of eoretical and practical approaches towards e settlement of existing territorial relations on e basis of a systemic and comparative analysis of e legal and political positions of e disputing parties. Key words: Japan Russia Territorial disagreement International security Asia-Pacific Region INTRODUCTION existence of such a territorial problem a-priori does not promote constructive and friendly relations in In recent times, e territorial dispute between Russia Japanese-Russian relations. and Japan has become a widely discussed topic in Let s consider arguments of e Japanese side. international relations, which among oer legal Argument number one - Japan appeals to e historical international and geopolitical disputes has resulted from heritage and raer seriously considers at it is e Second World War. The subject of ese territorial traditionally significant and even decisive argument in e relations is an official and open position of Japan on on-going territorial dispute. Moreover, by e researchers returning of e islands of Small Kuriles range by Russia of e Institute for World Affairs at Kyoto Sangyo and, consequently, not all e Kuriles (Ticima), but four of University e problem is defined as "historical memory em. They are: Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and a group of issue for Japan" [2]. In is regards, e Japanese usually islands Habomai (Habomaidze) at covers e islands refer to e historical written sources which demonstrate Souder, Uri, Akiuri, Sibotzu and Taraku (islands of e effectual control over e four Norern territories by Polonski, Zelenyi, Juriy, Tanfiliyev and close to em a Japan at e end of XVIII beginning of XIX century. number of minor islands). In e geopolitical So, in e book "New history of Hokkaido" it is written language Russia calls ese islands as e Souern at in e 11 year of e Kansei era (1799) e central Kuriles while Japan in its turn refers to em as e Japanese government had effective control over ese Norern territories, "situated on e Nor-Eastern coast territories via such principalities as Edzo, Nambu and of Hokkaido" [1]. Tsugaru [3]. Moreover, e official Japanese document Thus, even ough e current problem does not lead "Norern territories of Japan" prepared by e to military confrontation, but remains in e political-legal Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1977 contains early area, nevereless, it is far from a solution. Russian-Japanese territorial relations. For example, it This raises a natural question: is wheer Russia contains e data according to which e "Japanese knew should really return e Souern Kuriles to Japan? Or in about e existence of Sakhalin and Norern territories oer words, wheer Japan has legal grounds to demand (Kuril Islands) long before e Russians. Japan has, in eir return? fact, developed ese Norern areas. But later ey had to leave ose areas because of invasions by Russians" Essence and Content of e Japanese Demands: Japan [4]. So, according to e assertions of e Japanese considers at its demands concerning e return of e government ese facts clearly show at Norern "Norern territories" are just and reasonable. And at is territories have never belonged to e foreign country and why e Japanese side consistently stresses at e have always been part of e Japanese territory. Corresponding Auor: Amanzholov, Kazakh National University named after Al Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan. 16
2 Argument number two - Japan insists on e fact at May 20, 2009 clarified at "e four Norern islands Norern territories are its native age-old lands which have never been e foreign territory and is is e always belonged to it legally and are naturally considered indigenous Japanese land" [9].. In addition, on June 11, as being an integral part of e country according to e 2009 e upper chamber of e Parliament of Japan geographical maps and under e international documents unanimously approved e amendments to e Law on of 1543, 1644, 1745, 1855, 1875 and In particular, special measures promoting e solution of e Norern Japan claims to ese territories on e basis of official territories issue, where, ey are named as e indigenous state map of e Sekho period, which was drawn in lauds of e country [10]. It is e first geographical map in e world which shows Argument ree. The crux of e matter lies in e fact all four islands Kunashir, Iturup, Habomai and Shikotan at in substantiation of its claim, Japan gives e facts [5]. This and oer similar maps are to some extent one of at e Norern territories have been illegitimately e proofs for Japan which show e boundary line in is occupied by e Soviet army just six days earlier its territorial dispute. If to mention international documents, capitulation, i.e. after August 15, 1945, when e en e Communist Party of Japan demands e returning Japanese administration declared at it would accept e to Japan of e whole Kuril archipelago eir claims being terms of capitulation and ends e war as a defeated state. bases on e Treatises of 1855 and The party claims It (Japan) assumes at e USSR while of e conference at " e Kuril Islands were not obtained by capturing in e Crimea agreed upon wi its allies about a war and aggression, but became part of Japan as a result of against Japan and on August 8, 1945 launched largepeaceful treaties of 1855 and 1875" [6]. Indeed, among e scale offensive actions against e Japanese army in international documents e aforementioned treaties are Manchuria, us breaching e Treaty Neutrality on emphasized by Japan. So, according to e Treaty of signed wi Japan in On October 17, 2009 Minister Shimoda on trade and borders of 1855 to which e of State Lands and Transport of Japan Seiji Maehara made Japanese auorities more often are inclined to refer, e e so-called "visual inspection" of e Norern islands Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai have territories and as his predecessors repeated e esis become part of Tokugawa Shogunate and e rest of e about "illegal occupation" of ese islands by Russia. Kuriles would belong to Tsarist Russia. "Since en e In 2011 Ministry of Education allowed to use in high islands ownership was never disputed by any country school textbooks on history, geography and social until ey came under Russian occupation in 1945" [2]. studies formulations about "illegal occupation of Under e Petersburg Treaty of 1875 e Kuriles Souern Kuril Islands". In particular, in e "New History completely joined Japan, in exchange of which Japan textbook", (published by several scientists united under recognises e Sakhalin Island as part of Russia [7]. Under e public organization "Community for creation of a new e Portsmou Treaty of 1905 which has fixed e defeat textbook on history"), e auors mention at e Soviet of Russia in e Russian-Japanese war, Japan not only Union indeed "declared a war on Japan and invaded secures e rights for all e Kuriles, but also returns e Manchuria" [11]. In April 2008 e Political council of e souern part of e Sakhalin Island (to e sou of 50 of prominent "Japanese forum on international relations" by mid latitude) [8]. So, it means at by referring to e e results of annual work of several dozens of specialists Treatise of 1855 in its claims to Russia about e Norern made 10 recommendations to e Cabinet of Ministers of territories, Japan can take as a starting point e Japan. The four principle of ese recommendations international legal basis of peace treaties of 1875 and states at "e occupation of e "Norern territories" And en, according to is official logic, sovereignty of by e Soviet Union" is an unlawful act from e point of e country should be spread over e entire Kuril international law" [12]. In e "Blue book on foreign archipelago, including Souern Sakhalin. According to policy of Japan of 2011", e Ministry of Foreign Affairs e Japanese newspaper "Yomiuri", e Norern of Japan has also made conclusions concerning e given territories today are included in e zone of e Security territorial aspect. On January 21, 2012 Minister of Foreign Treaty e between e USA and Japan (Yomiuri, 1996). Affairs of Japan Koichiro Gemba when answering Wi confirmation of e norms prescribed in e questions of e newspaper called "Sakei Shimbun" previously mentioned international treaties and wi e clearly stated at "e occupation of e Norern aim of strengening of Japan s demands, Japanese Prime territories by Russia does not have any grounds under Minister Taro Aso during e debates in e Budgetary e norms of international law and is position of e Commission of e upper chamber of e Parliament on government remains unalettrable" [13]. 17
3 In order to strengen its position, Japan has stated: Russia has its own arguments related to e position "e ally - states of e Atlantic Charter and Cairo of e Japanese side. In fact e essence of em is, first Declaration have proposed e principle of "non- of all, at Russia completely disagrees wi e Japanese expansion of territories", erefore, annexation of Sakhalin interpretation of e issue and proposes its own proofs. and Kuriles by e Soviet Union is illegal". The decisions In e opinion of e Russian side, historical rights to e of Yalta and Potsdam conferences are not binding for Kuril Islands belong to Russia, because e history shows Japan, because ey are just "treaties of intent". For its (Russia s) priority in discovering and exploration of e example, in confirmation of e said above, if not all, but Kuriles. As an evidence, Russia presents an official map e majority of Japanese scientists consider at e published by e government of e Russian Empire "Yalta agreement does not have any legal binding force during e reign of Caerine II (1796). Anoer historical for Japan, because it (Japan) did not participate in is document at was presented as an evidence of conference and did not know about it when e terms of possessing e islands is e Decree of Caerine II to e e Potsdam declaration were accepted by Japan 1945" Senate in 1779 "On exemption from duties of e [14]. Wi such a definition of a legal nature of e Yalta population of e Kuril Islands, at have acquired agreement since August 1945 e USA has also inclined Russian allegiance" [17, pp: 178,179]. Moreover, ere is to agree, to as well as some Soviet/Russian researchers. also a memorandum of Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov As such, e USA since at time on has been asserting in which e Japanese auorities were informed about at Yalta agreement was just a declaration of aims e leng of e Russian border on e Kuril Islands in between e leaders of e allied powers and in itself it Concerning e doctrine of "primordial territories", was not a document having any legal consensuses. Russia sticks to e opinion at international law does This position concerning e Kuril Islands issues not regulate such a concept, erefore it is hardly lawful was presented in e full form in e Note of e U.S. to consider at e legal status of any territory in e XVI State Department of July 1st, 1955, as well as in e or XVII centuries can define its status in e XX or XXI Memorandum of September 7, 1956 concerning Yalta centuries. In is regard Russia considers at Treatises of and Kuriles [15]. Soviet/Russian scientist S.M. Punzhin 1855 and 1875 do not have any modern value and views has admitted at e Yalta agreement is just a declaration em as Russia s territorial concessions to Japan, at of aims, but he has specified at it has a binding legal were done in at period as a result of coercion of Japan. character not for Japan, but for e Soviet Union, USA Japanese aggression in 1904 against Russia revoked all and Great Britain [16]. As e auor has noted, e fact is e agreements between em. In e works of Russian at e latter two powers have agreed to meet e auors ere is a prevailing viewpoint at e mentioned conditions put forward by e Soviet side at e expanse treaties of e XIX century were dissolved by Japan itself of interests of China and Japan [16]. His legal as a result of an armed attack on Russia and e signing interpretation of Yalta agreement is totally supported by of e Portsmou Peace Treaty in By e way, anoer Russian scientist B.N. Slavinskii. He also Japanese scientist Nada Haruki supports is considers at e Yalta agreement is a set of interpretation as well. He considers at as a result of arrangements between e allies conforming eir Russo-Japanese war of "Japan has lost a moral positions for ending e Pacific region war which did not right to demand from Russia e observance of previously have anying to do wi Japan. In oer words, Japan signed treaties" [18, p. 43]. Thus, Russia makes a was just an object to is agreement. conclusion at references to e Treatises of 1855 and Furer e Japanese suppose at in e San 1875 as well as to Peace treaty of 1905 are unlawful as a Francisco Peace Treaty of September 8, 1951, e souern result of aggressive actions of Japan and e border islands being "indigenous Japanese territories" and delimitation between Russia and Japan must be carried belonging only to Japan, were not included into e out on e basis of international legal acts regulating e notion e Kuriles Islands" and at is Treaty does not world order after e World War II [19, p. 231]. directly, indicate to slouch state Japan or Russia e Secondly, in Russia, many politicians, scientists, specified territories are to be transferred to. And lastly, lawyers and specialists on international law agree wi e Japan has repeatedly declared at due to e USSR s opinion at e Japanese demands concerning e refusal to sign San Francisco Peace Treaty which as assignation of e norern territories do not have clear Japanese scientists note, was its only political mistake [2], enough international legal grounds. According to e item references of Russia as a successor of e former USSR to "C" of Article 2 of Peace Treaty between Japan and e is international legal act are invalid. USA, signed in San Francisco on September, 8, 1951, 18
4 Japan had refused all rights, competences and claims to interpreted ese facts as a victorious state. Considering e Kuriles, also to e souern part of e Sakhalin and e fact at ose documents were formulated after e islands adjoining to it [20]. Besides, in his speech on World War II, including e documents concerning e October 19 of e same year K. Nisimura, Head of e territorial situation in e Far East, Russia does not Treaty Department of e Ministry of Foreign Affairs consider itself obliged "to search for e ways to settle of Japan declared at e notion "e Kuriles" in e disagreements which have arisen because of e Treaty also includes e notion e Souern Kuriles disagreement of Japanese government wi territorial [21, p. 101; 22]. According to e opinion of Russia it changes" [26, p. 118]. means at by making such verbal statement Japan has The Russian side admits at in Soviet-Japanese confirmed its official position concerning ese islands. relations during e process of summarizing e results of Therefore, it has no right to challenge e given territorial World War II, e decisions of e Yalta and Potsdam situation as a whole or in part. conferences on e Far East issues have not been brought Thirdly, in Russia serious attention is paid to e togeer as well as corresponding articles of e Sanreasoning of Japan at San Francisco Peace Treaty does Francisco Peace Treaty. But, at e same time it states at not indicate whom e Souern Sakhalin and e Kuriles bo Yalta and Potsdam agreements of e "Big Three" are assigned to. Actually it is true. However, it is (USSR, USA and Great Britain) as well as San Francisco necessary to keep in mind e fact at e return of e Peace Treaty guarantee e rights of e Soviet Union souern part of Sakhalin to e USSR and assignation of (Russia) on Sou Sakhalin and e Kuril Islands. e Kuriles have been predetermined by e decisions According to e official position of Russia such an of e Yalta (Crimean) Conference of February, 11, 1945 affirmative answer proceeds from Japan s unwillingness and e Potsdam Declaration of July, 26, to recognise e validity of ese international agreements In particular, according to e paragraph "A" of items 2 at present. And such unwillingness of Japan cannot be and 3 of e Agreement of e Three Great Powers e grounds of international legal disagreements. adopted in Yalta (Crimea) e Soviet Union, e United In such a way e general results of e status quo of States of America and Great Britain - e transfer to e e Japanese-Russian territorial relations have been USSR of e souern part of Sakhalin island and all e displayed in a comparative aspect. On e basis of eir islands adjoining to it, as well as e Kuriles were comparative analysis it may be said at Japan and considered as restoration of e rights of Russia violated Russian admit e existence of territorial debate between by e treacherous attack of Japan in 1904 [23]. em, en it means ey admit e existence of certain Paragraph 8 of e Potsdam Declaration states at "e territories to whom ey belong has not been determined conditions of Cairo Declaration will be executed and at yet. Nevereless, summarizing e sides arguments it e Japanese sovereignty will be limited to e Honshu, may be said at e sides probably will argue on ese Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and less larger islands" points for an indefinite time. Hereby, each of em can which will be specified by e Allies (Potsdam offer its own, but fundamentally different package of Declaration, 1945). Being defaced on September 2nd, 1945, arguments not only of legal, but of historical, Japan signed e Act on Capitulation in which Japan geographical, political, practical and economic character unconditionally accepted e terms of e Potsdam as well. But today no matter whose strange it would Declaration [24]. By us, Japan admitted all e above- sound, e problem actually is at in e presence of all stated, but also as Russia beelines, has lost e right to e above-stated international legal acts ere is no refer to e former norern territories as "illegally factual direct documentary registration of handing over occupied". San Francisco Peace Treaty has only fixed e ese islands to e USSR (Russia). In is sense e San points which e Allies have agreed upon. By e way, Francisco Treaty of 1951 is e obvious conformation is neier during its signing, nor during e first years after fact. In Russia ere is a serious belief at wi e signing ere were not any doubts concerning e content intention to confuse e legal aspects of e territorial of e concept "e Kuriles". In Russia ey believe at issue, e USA managed not to include into e document "if Japan had has e lawful grounds not to consider any e articles on assigning e Kuriles and e Souern of e listed islands as e Kuriles, it would have declared Sakhalin to e Soviet Union, ough it had been about it at at time" [25]. As a result, having achieved e predetermined in e Yalta Agreement by e ree Great transfer of e Kuriles to e USSR and also e returning Powers on February 11, 1945 [27, p.23]. According to of Souern Sakhalin, e Soviet administration e Russian side it, is also supported by e fact 19
5 (American sources also note is) at on e basis of e Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco, "e USA has legal possibilities for military cooperation wi Japan as a counterweight to e Soviet-Chinese cooperation, i.e. since 1950 e USA has carried out serious preparations specifying e clauses on e bilateral basis" [28, p.63]. However, in is case one could definitely say at e Russian side is evidently mistaken in its opinion. As it is known e Senate of e USA in e resolution on e ratification of item "B" Article 2 of e Peace Treaty wi Japan, of March 20, 1952 underlined definitely at "Japan declined all its claims on e Kuriles and e Souern Sakhalin " [29]. However, later in e Note of e Department of State dated September 7, 1956 it was declared at e USA after orough studies of historical facts had made quite a different conclusion: Iturup and Kunashir islands along wi Habomai and Shikotan are part of Hokkaido and have always been parts of Japan and us should rightfully be under Japan s sovereignty. This fact proves at since en e USA not considered Habomai and Shikotan islands as e Kuril Islands and at in e Japanese interpretation e notions "Kuril Islands" and "Ticima" are not identical. In oer words, if "e Kuril Islands" (Ticima) which Japan has abandoned according to e San Francisco Treaty, includes in e archipelago e whole chain including Shikotan Island" [30], en e territorial debate in bilateral relations "is taken down to e definition of e status of Habomai Island", as e "traditional definitions of e Kuril Islands did not include e term Habomai, ey traditionally have been considered as part of e Hokkaido Island" [30, p.163]. However, after years conforming wi modern realities, e following question is put: if e Soviet delegation did nevereless take part in e San Francisco Conference en wouldn t it be more reasonable to put e signature under e American- British project of is treaty? According to e statement of some Russian experts it would have enabled e USSR to strengen its position (and consequently, e position of modern Russia) on e issue of e disputed territories. In is case it would be possible for Russia to apply e provisions of Article 2 of e treaty to ground its position according to which, as it is already known, Japan has renounced its rights to e Kuriles [25]. It means if e Soviet Union would have signed San Francisco Treaty, en Russia today could have firmly stated at in Article 2 ere is not any mention at ese territories belong to Japan and moreover, in case wi e Kuril Islands it is definite by stated at ey are not e Japanese territories. Clearly, non signing by e Soviet Union of e San Francisco Treaty of 1951 was a serious mistake, which enables Japan to interpret e provisions of Article 2 for its own benefit. If to consider e position of Japan from is point of view, en its demands to return e Norern territories are reasonable as well as its well statement at e Yalta agreement of 1945 was not legally binding for it, en logically e San Francisco Treaty cannot be applied to Russia eier because it was not a party to it neier de jure nor de facto. In is regard Korean researcher on international legal aspects of territorial disputes in e Far East No Te Chzhun considers at Japan itself has made a serious mistake wi regard to e San Francisco Treaty. He bases his point of view on e fact at Japan in e interpretation of Article 2, uses a controversial approach. For example, when e question of e Taiwan Islands affiliation comes up, Japan refers to e fact at it cannot express its point of view because according to e San Francisco Treaty, Japan has declined any claims on is island, however it does not interprete in e same way when e issue concerns e Kuril Islands, ough such a point of view has been envisaged in e treaty [31, p.21]. The Role of e Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 in e Solution of e Territorial Issue: Not downgrade e role and value of e lasted documents it should be noted at in e above-stated points e Joint Soviet-Japanese Declaration which was signed by e parties on October 19, 1956 was not mentioned and came into force after an exchange of ratification documents on December 12 e same year. Not to underestimate e importance of e Declaration of 1956 for e normalization of Soviet- Japanese relations one should understand at provisions of e given document do not comprise any answers for solving e Japanese-Russian territorial disagreements. So, ere is no defined norm about legitimizing e territorial situation in e Far East. The close look at e content of e text of is Declaration first of all enables us to say at Japan started wi e intention at it would recognise all e rights of e USSR to dispose of e Souern Sakhalin and e Kuriles. The similar conclusion can also be made concerning e USSR position which adhered to e view at e question whom and what exactly should belong to near e Sakhalin and e Kuriles has been already solved. But judging by e content of e Declaration it becomes clear at its provisions definitely do not fix a new approach to e solution of questions touching upon e territorial rights and interests of Japan and e USSR (Russia). 20
6 The important point in e Declaration under depending on e conclusion of e Soviet-Japanese consideration is a provision according to which a legal Peace Treaty. Besides, according to Article 1 of e basis our assigning e islands Habomai and Shikotan to Declaration of 1956 e state of war has already been Japan is formed. In paragraph 2, item 9 it is said: " e officially ceased between e USSR and Japan, e peace Union of e Soviet Socialist Republics meeting half-way and good-neighbourly friendly relations were restored; e wishes of Japan and considering e interests of e and Article 2 defined e restoration of normal diplomatic Japanese state agrees on assigning e islands Habomai and consular relations [32]. and Shikotan to Japan, however, provided at e actual Summarising e above-mentioned on e Sovietassignation of ese islands to Japan will be made after Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, it may be considered e conclusion of a Peace Treaty between e USSR and at e claims of Japan on e handing over of e Japan" [32]. Norern territories by Russia, referring to e provisions This obligation of e Soviet side has been of is international document, unlikely be satisfied. connected wi e will to make Japan renounce its The matter is at in spite of e fact at e Declaration participation in any military-political blocks directed has been ratified by e two parties and has e status of against e USSR, e restoration of its military potential an international treaty, it cannot be considered today as and oer foreign policy actions which, according to e an international legal basis for raising territorial claims to Soviet government opinion, are able to cause in people Russia; moreover, it won t promote e settlement of e quite reasonable anxiety for furer development of existing problem. The Declaration has just admitted e international relations in Eastern Asia and regions fact at e territorial dispute is still pendant and cannot adjoining to it. But, later Japan rejected e Soviet be interpreted as Russia s readiness to admit all four proposal on neutrality, e ideas of its guarantees and disputed islands as e Japanese territory. Therefore, e peace agreement and cooperation wi e USSR, China, territorial delimitation between e two states is on e e USA, Japan and oer states. On January 19, 1960 agenda of succeeding negotiations, e results of which Japan and e USA signed e Treaty "On mutual are hard and premature to predict. However, some cooperation and security guarantees", us prolonging Japanese scientists and officials say at if "e problem e duration of e military-political alliance for twenty of Habomai and Shikotan was resolved by e Declaration years more [33, p.259]. This, according to e Soviet of 1956", en e subject of e current negotiations are administration meant e considerable change of e e terms and conditions of handing over of Kunashir and position of e Japanese government wiout Iturup" [36, p.28]. The auors of e recommendations to consideration of e USSR interests [34, pp ]. e Cabinet of Ministers of "Japanese forum on Here it is necessary to pay attention to anoer international relations" virtually appeal to e government circumstance. From e Joint Soviet-Japanese Declaration of Japan to harden its line in relations wi Russia of 1956 it follows at e obligation of e USSR to especially when it comes to e question of territorial assign two islands did not have an indisputable character disputes and signing of a peace treaty, which as ey [35, pp ]. From e content of Article 9 of e conclude can be signed only on terms of Japan and Declaration it follows at bo sides view Habomai and oppose any compromises wi Russia [12, p.289]. The fact Shikotan islands as territories at currently belong to e at e rhetoric of e Japanese side sometimes becomes USSR. From is it follows at e issue is not about e tough is supported by e statement of Prime Minister of actual return of e islands belonging to Japan, but about Japan Yoshikiko Noda, made on March 8, 2012 at e e transfer bestowal of e islands, at belong to e meeting of e Budget Commission of e lower chamber USSR. However, Russia has made a statement at Japan of Japanese Parliament. He stated at for Tokyo e in had not taken advantage of such a provision "Compromise of 1956" is unacceptable anymore and of e Declaration in 1956, because Peace Treaty has not Tokyo declines from e provisions of e Declaration on been signed due to Japan s delay of signing it and e transfer of e two islands. After all, Shikotan and consequently, e act of bestowal of e islands did not Habomai Islands comprise only 7% of e disputed take place. It should be noted once more at e transfer territories, while 93% remains as e territory of Russia of e islands was connected wi e realisation of e [37]. terms provided in e Declaration and e USSR declared Wi regard to e Joint declaration of 1956 e its readiness to meet "e wishes of Japan" and also to following question arises: Could it have been take into account "e interests of e Japanese state" reconsidered unilaterally? It is hardly possible to give any 21
7 affirmative answer to is question. Nevereless, it The permanent work on e historical-eoretical, should be noted at it is just e basis for e conclusion geographical and legal justification of belonging of e of a peace treaty between Japan and Russia. As a disputed territories is being conducted by bo sides. separate document, it does not touch upon e legal However, it does not show any prospect for a solution of status of e Kuril Islands (Norern territories) and only is question. reflects different approaches to e issue and various The problem of e absence of a peace treaty is ways of solving it. At e same time, it should be noted connected wi e issue under consideration. at e promise of e transfer of Shikotan and Habomai The conclusion of such a treaty could be promoted by islands from e very beginning did not have an eventual diplomatic meods and means; but, difficulties in its character, but was denvisageded for e conclusion of a realisation are caused by e Joint Soviet-Japanese peace treaty [16, p.118]. Declaration of 1956 in which ere was expressed e The conclusion of a peace treaty is necessary for readiness of e Soviet side to cede e Habomai and bo Russia and Japan. The importance of such a treaty Shikotan islands for e sake of e signing a peace treaty. is explained by e fact at for bo parties it is not only Though in Japan all e time ey refer to it as to e an act which should put an end to eir territorial dispute founding basis of normalisation of mutual relations relations but also would become a law-establishing development, its provisions, unfortunately, do not suit document. This in turn means at e problem of e Japanese side and now it insists not on voluntary delimitation and demarcation of external borders of transfer but on "returning of all four illegally occupied Japanese and Russian territories is rigidly linked to e islands" at once. conclusion of a peace treaty. Thus one can t help noting how strange e term "peace treaty" looks. Considering e fact at Russia and CONCLUSION Japan are not at war any more wi respect to each oer and e issue is about drawing e state frontier line on a The territorial dispute between Japan and Russia in concrete part, it would be more appropriate to conclude an many respects defines e complex and ambiguous all - embracing treaty on peace, friendship and relations between e two states. As any oer territorial cooperation and to consider e territorial question dispute it is an extremely troublesome and versatile, separately. But, as e bilateral contacts show, for Russia including not only historical-legal, but also military- as well as for Japan probably it is of great value not e political and economic-strategic aspects. Nevereless, in form but e content of e treaty where e results on e is case it may be only possible to shift some accents settlement of e existing problem should be specified. and to search for e reason of e unbalanced relations From is it follows at e only way for a solution of e not in an actual territorial problem, but in e inability of present territorial question is e conclusion of a peace official leaderships of e two states to come to a treaty between Russia and Japan, in which e provisions consensus in is direction. defining a legal belonging of all four disputed islands and The arguments of e Russian and Japanese sea water areas adjoining to em will be definitively fixed. auorities, scientists and experts on e belonging of e In Japan and Russia it is admitted at only e solution Norern territories or Souern part of e Kuril of e territorial problem can make it possible come closer archipelago are placed in different time frames. So, if e to e time of its adopting. And neier of e parties top Japanese focus eir attention on e period auorities have illusions concerning e possibility of (time of considerable expansion of Japan's influence in signing e treaty wiout solving is problem. Asia), e Russian researchers are inclined to choose The recurrent frictions between Japan and Russia on much later historical periods (e end of World War II). Thus e Japanese representatives basically refer to e Treatise on trade and borders of 1855 according to which e border was defined between e Urup and Iturup islands. The position of Russia is at all four islands were part of e USSR proceeding from e results of World War II, Russia became e assignee and e successor of e Soviet Union. Therefore, e Russian sovereignty over ese territories, recognized by e corresponding international legal registration, is not subject to doubts. e territorial dispute have no tangible influence on e state of international security in e Asia-Pacific Region. However, its preserration can trigger destabilization of e situation in future. In particular, it can have a negative influence on e territorial disputes of Japan wi oer neighboring states China and Sou Korea, as well as between oer states of e region. That's only at present, in order to keep e situation under control, it is necessary to consider e interstate relations of e parties as a triune matter - economy, security and politics. At e same 22
8 time it is necessary to be guided not by emotions and by giving importance only to one party's historical, legal or oer claims, but to be ready to conduct direct negotiations, e ough difficult and complex e result of which, perhaps, in e lapse of many years will become constructive and compromising, decision based on optimisation of eir national interests suitable for bo parties. REFERENCES 1. Border and Territorial Disputes, 1982, Eds., Allcock J.B. et al. Detroit: Gale Research Company. 2. Kazuhiko, T. and H. Masayasu, Japan's Territorial Problem: The Norern Territories, Takeshima and e Senkaku Islands. [Online version]. Retrieved May 8, 2012, from nbr.org/research/. 3. New History of Hokkaido, Hokkaido: Governorate Press. (In Japanese). 4. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Norern Territories of Japan. Tokyo. (In Japanese). 5. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Joint compilation of documents on history of territorial separation between Russia and Japan. Tokyo. 6. Territorial Problems and Points of Agreement Reached JCP and CPSU, Japan Press Weekly, 1476: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg [Online version]. Retrieved October 30, 2011, from ersburg_(1875). 8. Tyler, S., The Treaty of Portsmou on September 5, The Japan-Russia War. Harrisburg: The Minter Company, pp: Prime Minister of Japan His Cabinet. 2009a. Speech of e Prime Minister of Japan Taro Aso in e debates before e budget commission of Japanese Parliament. [Online version]. Retrieved May 20, 2009, f r o m h t t p : / / Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Act on Special Measures for Promoting solves "The problem of e Norern territories". [Online version]. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from policy/ documents/ 2011/ index.html. 11. New History Textbook, Tokyo. (In Japanese). 12. Recommendation of e "Japanese forum on international relations, to e Cabinet of Ministers of Japan Tokyo. Retrieved July 10, 2012, from pdf. (In Japanese). 13. Japanese, Russian territorial row: No solution in sight. China Daily, pp: 3 (2012, January 29). 14. Haruki, V., Considerations on Norern Territories. Tokyo. (In Japanese). 15. Stephan, J., The Kuril Islands: Russo-Japanese Frontier in e Pacific. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 16. Punzhin, S.M., USSR-Japan: Is it possible to solve e problem of e "Norern Territories" by legal means?]. Gosudarstvo iy pravo [State and Law], 7: Polevoy, B.P., Explorers of e Kuril Islands. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. 18. Haruki, V., Two plus four. XX Century and e world, 11: (In Japanese). 19. Kapica, M.S. and S.L. Tikhvinskii, S.L., History of International Relations at e Far East in Khabarovsk: Book press. 20. The Treaty of Peace wi Japan, San-Francisco, September 8, Cmd [Japan, Treaty Series. 33, 1952], L. 1952, pp: Nakasone, Ya., Glimpse on e Conditions in e World after e Cold War Period]. Problemy Dalnego Vostoka [Problems of e Far East], 3: (In Russian). 22. Elisson, G., Territorial Dispute between Russia and Japan. Izvestiya, pp: 5-6 (September 25). 23. The Crimean Conference of February, 4-11, Act of Japan's Surrender on September 2, [Online version]. Retrieved December 1, 2011, from Chernyavsky, S.V., San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951). [Online version]. Retrieved October 10, 2011, from dogovor_1951.pdf. 26. Yermoshin, V.V., To e Question on Character of Russian-Japanese Disagreements Concerning e Membership of e Souern Sakhalin and e Kuriles]. Moskovsky journal mezhdunarodnogo prava [Moscow Journal of International Law], 4: Mitrokhin, V., Some aspects of geopolitical positions Asia-Pacific Region. SSHA. Obshestvenno- politicheskiy journal [The USA. Social-political Journal], 8:
9 28. Great Powers in East Asia , Eds., Cohen, 34. Kutakov, L., History of e Soviet-Japanese W. and A. Iriye. New York: Columbia University Diplomatic Relations]. Moscow: Moscow State Press. University Press. 29. Congressional Records, July, 29, 1952, 35. Ginsburg, J. and I.I. Lukashuk, The Kuriles and pp: A4888 A4889. International Law. Sovetsky journal 30. For Peace and Mutual Relations, Kaneko mezhdunarodnogo prava [Soviet Journal of seminar. Sapporo University. (In Japanese). International Law], 3-4: Chzhun, Territorial Disputes at e Far East 36. Panov, A.N., Sunshine after Thunder. Tokyo. (International Legal Aspects). (In Japanese). 32. Joint Declaration of e Soviet Union and Japan on 37. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, October 19, [Online version]. Retrieved October Speech of e Prime-Minister of Japan Yoshikiko 30, 2011, from discover/ Noda before e Budget Commission of Japanese / ?uid= & Parliament, March 8, [Online version]. Retrieved uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid= &si March 13, 2012, from d= foreign/ noda/statement/201203/ 03interview_e.html. 33. Elliot, J. and W. Heaton, The Politics of East Asia. China, Japan, Korea. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 24
Japan, Russia and their Territorial Dispute: The Northern Delusion
Japan, Russia and their Territorial Dispute: The Northern Delusion Canon Institute for Global Studies (CIGS), 15:00-17:00 James D.J. Brown PhD Associate Professor of Political Science Temple University,
More informationl. The status quo in Outer-Mongolia (The Mongolian People's Republic) shall be preserved;
Modern Japanese Diplomacy (2011 Winter) Reference Documents for October 14 1. Yalta Agreement [Date] February 11, 1945 [Source] Department of State [USA], The Department of State Bulletin, no.347, p.282.
More informationPower Struggle and Diplomatic Crisis: Past, Present and Prospects of Sino Japanese Relations over the Senkaku Conundrum
Power Struggle and Diplomatic Crisis: Past, Present and Prospects of Sino Japanese Relations over the Senkaku Conundrum East West Center in Washington February 13, 2013 Washington, DC Yasuhiro Matsuda
More informationWartime Conferences T H E E A R L Y C O L D W A R
Wartime Conferences T H E E A R L Y C O L D W A R Wartime Conferences Allies anxious to avoid mistakes of Versailles Treaty Did not want peace settlement s of WWII to cause another war Allied leaders had
More informationRussia in the World after September 11P
e Institut d Etudes Européennes et Internationales du Luxembourg Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conference on Russia in e World after September 11 27 April
More informationEurope and North America Section 1
Europe and North America Section 1 Europe and North America Section 1 Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Europe and North America Section
More informationIntroduction to the Cold War
Introduction to the Cold War What is the Cold War? The Cold War is the conflict that existed between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It is called cold because the two sides never
More informationJAPAN-CHINA PEACE TREATY (1978):
Chapter 7 THE CONCLUSION OF THE JAPAN-CHINA PEACE TREATY (1978): SOVIET COERCWE POLICY AND ITS LIMITS 1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONCLUSION OF THE TREATY FOR THE SOVIET UNION On August 12, 1978, after six
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT TO POLISH CITIZENS
Judgment of 27 April 2005, HTU 1/05UTH Summary protected by copyright ALICATION OF THE EUROEAN ARREST WARRANT TO OLISH CITIZENS Type of proceedings: HTUQuestion of law referred by a courtuth Initiator:
More informationAmerica after WWII. The 1946 through the 1950 s
America after WWII The 1946 through the 1950 s The United Nations In 1944 President Roosevelt began to think about what the world would be like after WWII He especially wanted to be sure that there would
More information2. The State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.
1. The Americans become increasingly impatient with the Soviets. 2. The State Department asked the American Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. 3. On February 22, 1946, George Kennan an American
More informationBeginnings of the Cold War
Beginnings of the Cold War Chapter 15 Section 1 Problems of Peace At the end of World War II, Germany was in ruins and had no government. Much of Europe was also in ruins. Problems of Peace Occupied Germany
More informationCOLD WAR ORIGINS. U.S vs. U.S.S.R. Democ./Cap vs Comm.
COLD WAR ORIGINS U.S vs. U.S.S.R. Democ./Cap vs Comm. Section One: Objectives By the end, I will be able to: 1. Explain the breakdown in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union after World
More informationJoint Communique On Crimea Conference
Joint Communique On Crimea Conference Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin United Nations Review February 12, 1945 The following statement is made by the Prime Minister of Great Britain,
More informationModern Japanese Diplomacy (2011 winter) Reference Documents for 21 October
Modern Japanese Diplomacy (2011 winter) Reference Documents for 21 October *Related chapter in Iokibe s edited volume, The Diplomatic History of Postwar Japan: Chapter 2 Conditions of an independent state:
More informationCHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS:
CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS: Introductory Note Preamble Chapter I: Purposes and Principles (Articles 1-2) Chapter II: Membership (Articles 3-6) Chapter III: Organs (Articles 7-8) Chapter
More informationWho was really in charge of the Korean Conflict: the United Nations or the United States?
Who was really in charge of the Korean Conflict: the United Nations or the United States? Lesson Procedures Note- This module is organized around four basic steps essential to an inquiry. You are welcome,
More informationCold War Frontiers in the Asia-Pacific: The Troubling Legacy of the San Francisco Treaty
The Asia-Pacific Journal Japan Focus Volume 4 Issue 9 Sep 04, 2006 Cold War Frontiers in the Asia-Pacific: The Troubling Legacy of the San Francisco Treaty Kimie Hara Cold War Frontiers in the Asia- Pacific:
More information$100 People. WWII and Cold War. The man who made demands at Yalta who led to the dropping of the "iron curtain" around the eastern European countries.
People WWII and Cold War Jeopardy Between the Geography Treaties and Battles of Wars WWII Hot Spots of the Cold War $100 People WWII and Cold War $100 People WWII and Cold War Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100
More informationAnnexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation by the Russian Fe
Annexation of Crimea Annexation of by the Russian Federation Crimea by the Russian Fe ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Policy Paper Jan Matzek,
More informationEnd of WWI and Early Cold War
End of WWI and Early Cold War Why So Scary, Communism? It posed a direct threat to democracy and capitalism Struggle between US and USSR was political but battle between good and evil Democracy A system
More informationCold War. Unit EQ: How did social, economic, and political events influence the US during the Cold War era?
Cold War Unit EQ: How did social, economic, and political events influence the US during the Cold War era? Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference was held towards the end of World War II. During this time
More informationHearing on the U.S. Rebalance to Asia
March 30, 2016 Prepared statement by Sheila A. Smith Senior Fellow for Japan Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on the U.S. Rebalance
More informationthe Cold War The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991
U.S vs. U.S.S.R. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion Their political differences created a climate of icy tension
More informationChapter 37: The Cold War Begins As you read, take notes using this guide. The most significant names/terms are highlighted.
Chapter 37: The Cold War Begins 1945-1952 As you read, take notes using this guide. The most significant names/terms are highlighted. Unit Introduction (pp. 856 857) The authors here summarize the formative
More informationLESSON 1: YALTA, 1945 Student Handout 1: Problems
i: ; i,.,... Ị....,., LESSON 1: YALTA, 1945 Student Handout 1: Problems - 1940 1~5 1950 1~5 1~0 Yalta Conference t is February 1945, and you are President Franklin D. Roosevelt. You have come to the Russian
More informationFascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above
1939-1945 Fascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above the rights of the individual. The word Fascism
More informationCRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web
Order Code RL30095 CRS Report for Congress Received rough e CRS Web Committee Funding Resolutions and Processes, 106 Congress Updated March 25, 1999 Paul S. Rundquist Specialist in American National Government
More informationLine Between Cooperative Good Neighbor and Uncompromising Foreign Policy: China s Diplomacy Under the Xi Jinping Administration
Line Between Cooperative Good Neighbor and Uncompromising Foreign Policy: China s Diplomacy Under the Xi Jinping Administration Kawashima Shin, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations,
More informationTHE PEACE TREATIES FROM JURIDICAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL CONSEQUENCIES SUMMARY
THE PEACE TREATIES FROM 1947. JURIDICAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL CONSEQUENCIES SUMMARY The thesis represents an interdisciplinary approach to a problem of great complexity in the history of international relations:
More informationTREATY ON PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES
TREATY ON PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES Signed at Washington, London, Moscow, January 27, 1967 Ratification
More informationCold War Conflicts Chapter 26
Cold War Conflicts Chapter 26 Former Allies Clash After World War II the US and the Soviets had very different goals for the future. Under Soviet communism the state controlled all property and economic
More informationTopic 5: The Cold War (Compiled from 10 Topic and 6 Topic Format) Revised 2012
Topic 5: The Cold War (Compiled from 10 Topic and 6 Topic Format) Revised 2012 [Since 1998, the pattern is: two subject specific questions, two questions allowing a choice of examples, and one question
More informationThe Cold War Heats Up. Chapter AP US History
+ The Cold War Heats Up Chapter 37-38 AP US History + Goal Statement After studying this chapter students should be able to: Explain how the policies of both the United States and the Soviet Union led
More informationThe Emperor s Surrender Radio Broadcast
Occupied Japan 1 The Emperor s Surrender Radio Broadcast Hardly any of the millions of people who listened to the surrender announcement had ever heard their sovereign s voice. For 8 years the people continued
More informationCHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS With introductory note and Amendments
The Charter of the United Nations signed at San Francisco on 26 June 1945 is the constituent treaty of the United Nations. It is as well one of the constitutional texts of the International Court of Justice
More informationTopic 5: The Cold War (Compiled from 10 Topic and 6 Topic Format) Revised 2014
Topic 5: The Cold War (Compiled from 10 Topic and 6 Topic Format) Revised 2014 [Since 1998, the pattern is: two subject specific questions, two questions allowing a choice of examples, and one question
More informationUnited Nations General Assembly 1st
ASMUN CONFERENCE 2018 "New problems create new opportunities: 7.6 billion people together towards a better future" United Nations General Assembly 1st "Paving the way to a world without a nuclear threat"!
More informationApril 04, 1955 Report from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Draft Plan for Attending the Asian-African Conference'
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org April 04, 1955 Report from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, 'Draft Plan for Attending the Asian-African Conference' Citation:
More informationSection 6: China Resists Outside Influence
Section 6: China Resists Outside Influence Main Idea: Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade and influence Why it matters now: China has become an increasingly important member
More informationUS PRESSURE ON JAPAN-RUSSIA RELATIONS IN LIGHT OF THE UKRAINIAN CRISIS
MA. Thesis International Studies US PRESSURE ON JAPAN-RUSSIA RELATIONS IN LIGHT OF THE UKRAINIAN CRISIS By VIKTORIA SILBAUM Leiden University Supervised by Lindsay Black October 8, 2017 Wordcount: 9990
More information6/7/2016 Outer Space Treaty. Outer Space Treaty
Outer Space Treaty Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Bureau of Arms Control, Verification,
More information4.2.2 Korea, Cuba, Vietnam. Causes, Events and Results
4.2.2 Korea, Cuba, Vietnam Causes, Events and Results This section will illustrate the extent of the Cold War outside of Europe & its impact on international affairs Our focus will be to analyze the causes
More information2. Treaties and Other International Agreements
1 Treaties and Other Agreements 2. Treaties and Other International Agreements FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION By Louis Henkin Second Edition (1996) Chapter VII TREATIES, THE TREATY
More informationPage 1 of 10 Lietuviškai THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA RULING On the compliance of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania resolution "On amending item 5 of the resolution of the
More information1303. Winston Churchill Prime minister of Great Britain during World War II.
1301. D-Day June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point
More informationThis document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Who governs the South China Sea? Author(s) Rosenberg, David Citation Rosenberg, D. (2016). Who governs
More informationThe Significance of the Republic of China for Cross-Strait Relations
The Significance of the Republic of China for Cross-Strait Relations Richard C. Bush The Brookings Institution Presented at a symposium on The Dawn of Modern China May 20, 2011 What does it matter for
More informationTHE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS. US HISTORY Chapter 15 Section 2
THE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS US HISTORY Chapter 15 Section 2 THE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS CONTAINING COMMUNISM MAIN IDEA The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any nation resisting communism; The Marshal Plan aided
More informationRe-Exploring on Japanese Values Diplomacy
Re-Exploring on Japanese Values Diplomacy Xu Meng International Studies University of PLA Nanjing 210039, China E-mail: mengxu_2005@yahoo.com.cn Abstract Japan s values diplomacy was proposed by Tarou
More informationHarry S. Truman Library & Museum Teacher Lessons
Title: Lesson Plans for Conference at Yalta Activity Author: Derek Frieling Course: American History Time Frame: Part of one class period for introduction and one full class period for the debate. Subjects:
More informationUS-ASEAN Relations in the Context of ASEAN s Institutional Development: Challenges and Prospects. K.S. Nathan
1 US-ASEAN Relations in the Context of ASEAN s Institutional Development: Challenges and Prospects K.S. Nathan An earlier version of this paper was presented at the ASEAN 40th Anniversary Conference, Ideas
More informationIt is my utmost pleasure to welcome you all to the first session of Model United Nations Conference of Besiktas Anatolian High School.
Forum: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Student Officer: Sena Temelli Question of: The Situation in Ukraine Position: Deputy Chair Welcome Letter from the Student Officer Distinguished
More informationAnalyze the political cartoon by writing:
Bellringer Analyze the political cartoon by writing: 1. Title (make one up of there isn t one): 2. Important Words: 3. Symbols: 4. Action: 5. Message: The Cold War Day 1 Ms. Luco IB Hist Americas Yr 1
More informationFebruary 28, 1973 Note on the Meeting with Comrade O.B. Rakhmanin, Deputy Head of International Department of CC
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org February 28, 1973 Note on the Meeting with Comrade O.B. Rakhmanin, Deputy Head of International Department of CC Citation:
More informationCharter United. Nations. International Court of Justice. of the. and Statute of the
Charter United of the Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice Charter United of the Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice Department of Public Information United
More informationOrigins of the Cold War
CHAPTER GUIDED READING Origins of the Cold War A. As you read this section, complete the cause-and-effect diagram with the specific U.S. actions made in response to the Soviet actions listed. Use the following
More informationnations united with another for some common purpose such as assistance and protection
SS.7.C.4.1 Differentiate concepts related to U.S. domestic and foreign policy. Students will recognize the difference between domestic and foreign policy. Students will identify issues that relate to U.S.
More informationD-Day Gives the Allies a Foothold in Europe
D-Day Gives the Allies a Foothold in Europe On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the Normandy beaches in history s greatest naval invasion: D-Day. Within three
More informationChapter 15 Section 1 Notes: Beginnings of the Cold War
Name: Chapter 15 Section 1 Notes: Beginnings of the Cold War Problems of Peace At the end of World War II, government Much of was also in ruins was in ruins and had no At the, the Allies (Great Britain,
More informationWHY THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE IS A REAL WAR, AND HOW IT RELATES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW.
WHY THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE IS A REAL WAR, AND HOW IT RELATES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW. IS THE WAR IN UKRAINE INDEED A WAR? The definition of war or armed conflicts can be found in the 1949 Geneva Conventions
More informationUnit 6 Benchmark Study Guide
Unit 6 Benchmark Study Guide Name Period # Date Directions: Use the textbook to answer the questions below. Many of these questions are directly correlated with the benchmark test that you must pass to
More informationCHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE SAN FRANCISCO 1945 CHARTER OF T H E UNITED NATIONS WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations
More informationJoint Marine Scientific Research in Intermediate/Provisional
Joint Marine Scientific Research in Intermediate/Provisional Zones between Korea and Japan Chang-Wee Lee(Daejeon University) & Chanho Park(Pusan University) 1. Introduction It has been eight years since
More informationCharter of the United Nations
Charter of the United Nations WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
More informationBell Work. Describe Truman s plan for. Europe. How will his plan help prevent the spread of communism?
Bell Work Describe Truman s plan for dealing with post-wwii Europe. How will his plan help prevent the spread of communism? Objectives Explain how Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China. Describe
More informationStrengths (+) and weaknesses ( )
Country Report Sou Korea Country Report Maarten van der Molen Sou Korea s economic momentum has been improving, as on e back of higher consumption and government spending e economy grew by 0.9% quarter
More informationUnit 11: The Cold War B A T T L E O F T H E S U P E R P O W E R S :
Unit 11: The Cold War B A T T L E O F T H E S U P E R P O W E R S : 1 9 4 6-1 9 9 1 Textbook Help Remember your textbook has a lot of extra information that can really help you learn more about the Cold
More informationName Period Cold War Germany Divided into zones of occupation; also
Name Period Cold War 1945-1989 Germany Divided into zones of occupation; also Japan by U.S. troops Industries re-built with modern Korea into zones of occupation (USSR and US) Boundary is parallel (38
More informationIn U.S. security policy, as would be expected, adversaries pose the
1 Introduction In U.S. security policy, as would be expected, adversaries pose the greatest challenge. Whether with respect to the Soviet Union during the cold war or Iran, North Korea, or nonstate actors
More informationVoices from the Shifting Russo-Japanese Border: Karafuto/Sakhalin. Svetlana Paichadze and
1 Voices from the Shifting Russo-Japanese Border: Karafuto/Sakhalin. Svetlana Paichadze and Philip, Seaton. (eds.) Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. ISBN: 9781138804784 Sakhalin or Karafuto to some in Japan is
More informationWikiLeaks Document Release
WikiLeaks Document Release February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Service Report 96-798 Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute: The U.S. Legal Relationship and Obligations Larry A. Niksch, Foreign Affairs and
More informationI. Is Military Survey a kind of Marine Scientific Research?
On Dissection of Disputes Between China and the United States over Military Activities in Exclusive Economic Zone by the Law of the Sea Jin Yongming (Institute of Law, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences,
More informationCharter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice
Appendix II Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice Charter of the United Nations NOTE: The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco,
More informationSocial Studies Curriculum Guide Tenth Grade GSE WORLD HISTORY. *BOLD text indicates Prioritized Standard May 2017
Social Studies Curriculum Guide Tenth Grade GSE WORLD HISTORY *BOLD text indicates Prioritized Standard May 2017 1 Grade/Course: World History, Grades 9-12 Standards: 1 (1a), 2 (2c), 3 1 st Semester, 5
More informationPERSONAL INTRODUCTION
Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: Legal Committee The Referendum Status of Crimea Leen Al Saadi Chair PERSONAL INTRODUCTION Distinguished delegates, My name is Leen Al Saadi and it is my great pleasure
More informationMacArthur Memorial Education Programs
MacArthur Memorial Education Programs Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) Primary Resources Immediately following Japan s surrender on September 2, 1945, the Allied Occupation of Japan began. The United States
More information29. Security Council action regarding the terrorist attacks in Buenos Aires and London
Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council 29. Security Council action regarding the terrorist attacks in Buenos Aires and London Initial proceedings Decision of 29 July 1994: statement by the
More information(1) Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
(1) Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies The States Parties to this Treaty, Inspired by the great
More informationUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA CASE NO CIV-MARRA/JOHNSON
Lane, et al v. Capital Acquisitions, et al Doc. 217 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA CASE NO. 04-60602-CIV-MARRA/JOHNSON RICHARD LANE and FAITH LANE, v. Plaintiffs, CAPITAL ACQUISITIONS
More informationCh 25-1 The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe
Ch 25-1 The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe The Main Idea WWIII??? At the end of World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States deepened, leading to an era known as the Cold War. Cold
More informationThe US Is Not Abandoning Asia
The US Is Not Abandoning Asia Feb 13, 2017 A look at US military and investment positions in the Asia-Pacific region. Originally produced on Feb. 6, 2017 for Mauldin Economics, LLC George Friedman and
More informationTreaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation
Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation 2001/07/24 On July l6, 2001, President Jiang Zemin of the People's Republic of China
More informationChapter 36: The Cold War Begins, (Pages ) Per. Date Row
Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins, 1945 1952 (Pages 852--881) Name Per. Date Row I. Postwar Economic Anxieties A. Signs of a faltering economy after the war ended: GNP, prices, wages/labor B. Taft-Hartley
More informationChina s Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping
10 Пленарное заседание Hu Wentao Guangdong University o f Foreign Studies China s Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping The main external issues confronted with China Firstly, How to deal with the logic o f
More informationBRANKSOME HALL ASIA: - DP History HL - Option 4.7: Japan
This section deals with post-meiji Japan; the failure to establish a democratic system of parliamentary government, the rise of militarism and extreme nationalism leading to aggression in Manchuria and
More informationFederal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation
Last revised 12 February 2008 Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation Federal Law N 64-FZ of 15
More informationSouth China Sea- An Insight
South China Sea- An Insight Historical Background China laid claim to the South China Sea (SCS) back in 1947. It demarcated its claims with a U-shaped line made up of eleven dashes on a map, covering most
More informationCold War ( conflict, with no fighting, between USA/Democracy and Soviet Union/Russia/ Communism
Cold War (1945-1991- conflict, with no fighting, between USA/Democracy and Soviet Union/Russia/ Communism 1) Define the Cold War and identify one reasons why the two nations mistrusted each other. 2) Analyze
More informationRunning head: DOMESTIC POLICY VERSUS FOREIGN POLICY 1
Running head: DOMESTIC POLICY VERSUS FOREIGN POLICY 1 Impacts of Chinese Domestic Politics on China s Foreign Policy Name Institution Date DOMESTIC POLICY VERSUS FOREIGN POLICY 2 Impacts of Chinese Domestic
More informationChina s Uncertain Future. Laura DiLuigi. 19 February 2002
China s Uncertain Future Laura DiLuigi 19 February 2002 From the moment President Richard Nixon visited China and signed the Shanghai Communique in 1972, the precedent was set for the extraordinary relationship
More informationUNIT 4: POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE
UNIT 4: POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE Advanced Placement Human Geography Session 5 SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: CHANGING THE MEANING OF SOVEREIGNTY SUPRANATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Supranational organizations
More informationChapter 25 Cold War America, APUSH Mr. Muller
Chapter 25 Cold War America, 1945-1963 APUSH Mr. Muller Aim: How does the U.S. and U.S.S.R. go from allies to rivals? Do Now: Communism holds that the world is so deeply divided into opposing classes that
More informationUnited Nations Security Council (UNSC) 5 November 2016 Emergency Session Regarding the Military Mobilization of the DPRK
Introduction United Nations Security Council (UNSC) 5 November 2016 Emergency Session Regarding the Military Mobilization of the DPRK UNSC DPRK 1 The face of warfare changed when the United States tested
More informationVIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES
VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES SIGNED AT VIENNA 23 May 1969 ENTRY INTO FORCE: 27 January 1980 The States Parties to the present Convention Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the
More informationTHE COLD WAR Part One Teachers Notes by Paul Latham
THE COLD WAR Part One Teachers Notes by Paul Latham Notes also available on DVD disc as either a Word document or PDF file. Also available on the website. 1 2 The Cold War (Part 1) Teachers Notes ORIGINS
More informationPublic Goods Supply on Korean Peninsular 1. Zhang Jingquan. Professor, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University
Public Goods Supply on Korean Peninsular 1 Zhang Jingquan Professor, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University As we know, the scarcest resource on Korean Peninsular is security. However, what
More informationCHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS. We the Peoples of the United Nations United for a Better World
CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS We the Peoples of the United Nations United for a Better World INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion
More information2. Two major ways in which Japanese immigrants were different from European immigrants
Chapter 35: America in World War II, 1941 1945 (Pages 821-849) Name Per. Date Row I. Introduction: Why the U.S. decided on the ABC-1 Plan (Get Germany First Strategy) II. The Allies Trade Space for Time
More informationTHE FOREIGN POLICY INITIATIVE
THE FOREIGN POLICY INITIATIVE FPI PODCAST: UNDERSTADING JAPAN S NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: AN INTERVIEW WITH CAPTAIN IZURU IKEUCHI BY HIDETOSHI AZUMA, FPI POLICY INTERN Friday, December, 0 :0 p.m. The
More information