UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA

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1 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 1 of 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA Nelson Kargbo, Civil File No. 15-cv PJS/LIB Petitioner, v. JIM OLSON, Carver County Sheriff; JOEL BROTT, Sherburne County Sheriff; SCOTT BANIECKE, Field Office Director, Immigration and Customs Enforcement; SARAH SALDAÑA, Director, Immigration and Customs Enforcement; JEH JOHNSON, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security; LORETTA LYNCH, Attorney General of the United States. [PROPOSED] Supplemental Habeas Petition Respondents. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d), Petitioner Nelson Kargbo files this Supplemental Habeas Petition, which alleges the occurrence of jurisdictional facts occurring after the original Petition was filed and pleads claims under the Fifth Amendment and in violation of 8 U.S.C A new respondent has also been added as Mr. Kargbo has been transferred from Sherburne County Jail to Carver County Jail. Petitioner alleges as follows: INTRODUCTION 1. Petitioner Nelson Kargbo has been held in immigration detention since August 29, 2013, even though an immigration judge granted his application for relief under the Convention Against Torture after finding, in July 2015, that it was more likely 1

2 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 2 of 7 than not that he would be tortured if he were removed to Sierra Leone. The Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) did not appeal this determination or designate any other country for possible removal. Instead, DHS has continued to detain him. Because that detention is not tied to any reasonably foreseeable removal, it is unlawful, and Petitioner is entitled to release. See Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, , (2001). 2. Because the legal under-pinning for his detention has changed, in the interest of judicial economy, Petitioner will limit this supplemental petition to the new matters created and reference the original habeas, Doc. 1, where appropriate. 3. During pre-removal detention the government argued his detention was legal under 236(c). (Gov t Response to Habeas, Doc. 10). However, with his relief now granted, that section of law no longer applies. Instead, DHS has now taken the position that they can detain him for 90 days under 8 U.S.C (Affidavit of Linus Chan, Ex. HH.) PARTIES 4. Jim Olson is named in his official capacity as the Sheriff of Carver County, Minnesota. In that capacity, Sheriff Olson is responsible for the Carver County Jail, a detention facility under contract with Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) and the physical location where Mr. Kargbo has been in custody since on or about August 1, The address for Carver County Jail is 606 E. 4th St., Chaska, MN JURISDICTION AND VENUE 2

3 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 3 of 7 5. This Court retains jurisdiction and venue of this matter. See Doc. 1. The Court has already accepted the case and only the legal justification for Kargbo s detention has changed. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS 6. On June 11, 2015, Petitioner filed a habeas petition to challenge his long-term detention by Respondents. 7. On July 30, 2015, Immigration Judge Kristin W. Olmanson ordered removal to Sierra Leone but granted withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture after finding that Mr. Kargbo was more likely than not to face torture if he were removed to Sierra Leone. Ex. GG, see 8 C.F.R (c)(2), During his removal proceedings, Sierra Leone was designated as the country of removal. At no time during his removal proceedings did Mr. Kargbo, DHS, or the immigration judge identify any alternative country for removal. 9. DHS waived appeal of the immigration judge s decision. See 8 C.F.R As of that date, Petitioner s immigration case is settled and he is no longer in custody under 8 U.S.C The government contends that he is now in post-removal detention under 8 U.S.C Petitioner s removal is not reasonably foreseeable because he cannot be removed to his home country of Sierra Leone and no other alternative country for removal has been identified. 13. Petitioner is still detained, currently in the Carver County Jail. 3

4 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 4 of 7 CLAIMS FOR RELIEF SIXTH CAUSE OF ACTION VIOLATION OF THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE OF THE FIFTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION 14. The foregoing allegations are realleged and incorporated herein. 15. Mr. Kargbo s detention by Defendants violates his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Immigration detention violates due process if it is not reasonably related to the purpose of ensuring a noncitizen s removal from the United States. See Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, , (2001); Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715, 738 (1972). Where removal is not reasonably foreseeable, detention cannot be reasonably related to the purpose of effectuating removal and is unlawful. See id. at Bah v. Cangemi, 489 F. Supp.2d. 905, 920 (D. Minn., 2007). 16. Mr. Kargbo s detention is not reasonably related to the purpose of effectuating his removal from the United States. 17. Mr. Kargbo s detention is not reasonably related to the purpose of effectuating his removal to Sierra Leone, because the immigration judge s ruling prevents the United States from deporting him to Sierra Leone. 18. Nor is Mr. Kargbo s detention reasonably related to the purpose of effectuating his removal to some other country. Although a grant of deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture permits removal to a third country, no third country was designated during removal proceedings. It would be unlawful to remove Kargbo to a third country without notice and the opportunity, during his removal 4

5 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 5 of 7 hearing, to assert any claims to protection from removal to that country. And even if it were not unlawful, removal to a third country is, as a practical matter, implausible as he lacks any ties to any other country. 19. Because Mr. Kargbo s removal is not reasonably foreseeable, his detention by DHS is unconstitutional. SEVENTH CAUSE OF ACTION VIOLATION OF 8 U.S.C The foregoing allegations are realleged and incorporated herein. 21. Title 8, section 1231, of the U.S. Code authorizes detention only for the purpose of effectuating removal. Because Mr. Kargbo s removal is not reasonably foreseeable, his detention is not authorized by 8 U.S.C See Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 689 (reading statute in light of the Constitution s demands to contain limitation on detention). 22. Title 8, section 1231, of the U.S. Code authorizes detention only for the purpose of effectuating removal during a 90 day removal period. 23. Petitioner has now been detained for over 140 days in post removal detention. Judge Schiltz has ruled that 1231 regulates immigration officials and that unencumbered time where the government could have removed the alien, but failed to do, counts as post removal time even if the alien later reopened his immigration proceedings. See Bah v. Cangemi, 489 F.Supp.2d 905, (D. Minn., 2007). As such, the time Mr. Kargbo has spent in post removal is already in violation of his rights. 5

6 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 6 of 7 PRAYER FOR RELIEF Petitioner asks that this Court grant the following relief: 1. Order Petitioner s release from DHS custody; 2. Award attorney s fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. 2412(d) and 5 U.S.C. 504, if applicable; and, 3. Order any further relief this Court deems just and proper. Respectfully submitted this 11 th day of August, AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF MINNESOTA s/ Ian S. Bratlie Ian Bratlie # S. Front St., Suite 1B Mankato, MN (507) Teresa Nelson # Myrtle Ave, Suite 180 St Paul, MN (651) Katherine L Evans Nicholas Hittler, Student Attorney Rebecca Cassler, Student Attorney University of Minnesota 190 Mondale hall th Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN (612) Fax: (612) evans407@umn.edu Kirsten E Schubert Dorsey & Whitney LLP

7 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-1 Filed 08/11/15 Page 7 of 7 50 S 6 th St Ste 1500 MPLS, MN (612) Fax: (952) Schubert.kirsten@dorsey.com Attorneys for Petitioner 7

8 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 1 of 12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA Nelson Kargbo, Civil File No. 15-cv PJS/LIB Petitioner, v. JIM OLSON, Carver County Sheriff; JOEL BROTT, Sherburne County Sheriff; SCOTT BANIECKE, Field Office Director, Immigration and Customs Enforcement; SARAH SALDAÑA, Director, Immigration and Customs Enforcement; JEH JOHNSON, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security; LORETTA LYNCH, Attorney General of the United States. [PROPOSED] Brief of Petitioner in Support of Supplemental Habeas Petition Respondents. INTRODUCTION Petitioner Nelson Kargbo has been detained by federal immigration officials for nearly two years. His detention is ongoing despite Immigration Judge Olmanson granting his application for relief under the Convention Against Torture and finding that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured if he returned to Sierra Leone. The Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) waived appeal of this decision. Nor did it seek to designate another country for potential removal. Instead, DHS, through ICE, has simply detained Mr. Kargbo under their local office s official policy to detain 1

9 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 2 of 12 CAT/Withholding grants for 90 days after a final order. Because that detention is not tied to any reasonably foreseeable removal, it is unlawful, and Mr. Kargbo is entitled to immediate release. FACTS On July 30, 2015, Mr. Kargbo s immigration proceedings finally ended when the immigration judge ordered him removed to Sierra Leone but granted deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture after finding that Mr. Kargbo was more likely than not to face torture if returned to Sierra Leone. See 8 C.F.R (c)(2), DHS did not appeal the immigration judge s decision. See Ex. GG. Mr. Kargbo challenged his lengthy detention through a habeas petition filed with this Court on June 11, His original petition challenged the long pre-removal detention. Now that his immigration case is final, his detention has now changed to postremoval status and is authorized by different statutes and regulations. ARGUMENT Mr. Kargbo raises arguments based on the fact that his detention is now governed by different statues. Such arguments are appropriately before this court as they arise out of the same unconstitutional custody that gave rise to the instant suit. The mere fact that the government has changed its legal theory of the case does not prohibit Mr. Kargbo from challenging it. As Judge Schiltz has noted, to an alien, detention is detention. He or she is no more free when detained under sec 1226 than when detained under sec Bah v. Cangemi, 489 F. Supp. 2d 904, 920 (D. Minn 2007). I. Nelson Kargbo s detention violates Due Process 2

10 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 3 of 12 Mr. Kargbo s detention violates the Fifth Amendment s Due Process Clause because it is not related to any reasonable possibility of removal. The Due Process Clause places strict limits on detention. It is clear that commitment for any purpose constitutes a significant deprivation of liberty that requires due process protection. Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 361 (1983)(internal citations omitted). Detention is unconstitutional unless... ordered in a criminal proceeding with adequate procedural protections, or, in certain special and narrow nonpunitive circumstances where a special justification... outweighs the individual s constitutionally protected interest in avoiding physical restraint. Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 690 (2001) (emphasis removed) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). This guarantee prohibits immigration detention unless it is reasonably related to the purpose of effectuating noncitizens removal from the United States. Id. at , Mr. Kargbo s detention is not related to that permissible purpose. Instead, Mr. Kargbo is being detained by immigration authorities based on a local policy of keeping aliens who have been granted CAT relief in detention for 90 days of post removal detention under 8 U.S.C Chan aff. ex. HH. This policy is in violation of the Constitution. Mr. Kargbo s removal from the United States is legally barred to Sierra Leone and practically implausible to any other country. Mr. Kargbo s continued custody thus violates due process. A. The Due Process Clause prohibits immigration detention when removal is not reasonably foreseeable. 3

11 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 4 of 12 [D]ue process requires that the nature and duration of any civil detention bear some reasonable relation to the purpose of that commitment. Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715, 738 (1972); see also Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 79 (1992). For example, someone who is incompetent to stand trial cannot be detained for longer than the reasonable period of time necessary to determine whether there is a substantial probability that he will attain that capacity in the foreseeable future. Jackson, 406 U.S. at 738. And if there is no substantial probability that he will become competent to stand trial, he cannot be detained on the basis of his incapacity. Id. The requirement that detention be reasonably related to its purposes applies with equal force in the immigration context. See Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 690 (citing Jackson, 406 U.S. 715). Because the central purpose of immigration detention is to secure removal of those ordered removed from the United States, id. at 699; Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510, (2003), the Supreme Court has recognized that immigration detention is lawful only where it bears a reasonable relation to that purpose, see Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at ; Demore, 538 U.S. at Detention of a noncitizen who has received a final order of removal, therefore, is limited to a period reasonably necessary to bring about that alien s removal. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 689. Where removal is not practically attainable, immigration detention does not bear a reasonable relation to the purpose for which the individual was committed. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 690 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Demore, 538 U.S. at 527. Thus, a noncitizen can be detained after a final order of removal only if his removal is reasonably foreseeable ; 4

12 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 5 of 12 otherwise, continued detention is unlawful. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at ; Jackson, 406 U.S. at 738. B. Nelson Kargbo s detention violates due process because his removal is not reasonably foreseeable. Mr. Kargbo s detention violates due process because it is not reasonably related to the purpose of effectuating his removal. Because of his grant of deferral of removal, Mr. Kargbo cannot be removed to Sierra Leone. 8 C.F.R During removal proceedings, the government never sought to designate another country to remove him to and Mr. Kargbo lacks any ties to another country to make his removal realistically possible. Courts that have reviewed similar facts have also found that removal is not realistic in these circumstances. Nadarajah v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1069, 1082 (9th Cir. 2006) ( Thus, at this juncture, the government is not entitled to remove Nadarajah to Sri Lanka, and no other country has been identified to which Nadarajah might be removed. Therefore, examining the circumstances objectively, one cannot say that his removal is reasonably foreseeable. ). Like the plaintiff in Nadarajah, Mr. Kargbo cannot be removed to his designated country and no other country has been identified by the government to remove him to. Additionally, Mr. Kargbo was under a final order of removal from January 5, 2015 until May 15, During those 130 days the government, despite no restrictions to removing him, was unable to remove Mr. Kargbo to Sierra Leone or any other country. It is not now realistic to believe that another country, with no ties to Kargbo, would 5

13 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 6 of 12 accept him. 1 During that time, immigration officials provided Mr. Kargbo with a 90-day custody review where they determined that the only legal reason to continue to hold him was that his removal to Sierra Leone was reasonably foreseeable. Ex. II. They instructed him that he may in the future bring forth evidence of why his removal would be unlikely. Importantly, immigration officials rejected the idea that Mr. Kargbo could be continued to be held in custody due to being a danger to the community. 8 C.F.R (f). ICE is detaining Mr. Kargbo, then, not to remove him but simply under an ICE local office policy of detaining CAT/Withholding grantees for the entire 90-day post removal period. This policy runs afoul of the agencies own position on the detention of those protected under CAT/Withholding. See Strait memo, Ex. JJ. The Strait memo states that policies implemented in 2000 and 2004 are still in effect and The memorandum provides guidance that [i]n general, it is ICE policy to favor release of aliens who have been granted protection relief by an immigration judge, absent exceptional concerns such as national security issues or danger to the community and absent any requirement under law to detain. Protection relief includes asylum, withholding of removal under section 241 (b)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and withholding or deferral of removal under the regulations implementing U.S. obligations under Article 3 of the U.N. Convention Against Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, see 8 C.F.R (d) This policy applies at all times following a grant of protection, including during any appellate proceedings and throughout the removal period. Given the legal and practical roadblocks to removal, the mere theoretical possibility that Mr. Kargbo could be removed from the United States is plainly 1 Nor is it likely that such an action, without giving Kargbo notice to challenge his removal to that country, would be constitutional. 6

14 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 7 of 12 insufficient to justify detention. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 690; Jackson, 406 U.S. at 738. Because his removal is not reasonably foreseeable, nor is he a danger to the community, he is entitled to immediate release. II. 8 U.S.C does not authorize Kargbo s detention. 8 U.S.C does authorize post removal detention of aliens. However, that statutory provision does not trump the Supreme Court s rulings that civil detention is narrowly tailored to a legitimate government interest, in this case the ability to reasonably effectuate removal of the alien. The Supreme Court has upheld post removal detention because it is based on the premise that the government will remove those aliens. Carlson v. Landon, 342 U.S (1952). Demore, 538 U.S , Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 699. Civil detention cannot be used to punish an alien. Foucha, 504 U.S. at 80. When the government s stated purpose for justifying the detention of an individual is no longer practically attainable the detention doesn t have a reasonable relation to the purpose for which the individual was committed. Jackson, 406 U.S. at 738. A statute cannot be read to allow detention of an individual who is not likely to be removed. Clark v. Martinez, 543 U.S. 371, 378 (2005), Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 699 ( We conclude that, once removal is no longer reasonably foreseeable, continued detention is no longer authorized by the statute. ). Our Constitution protects against even short confinement. Making aliens wait an additional 90 days before they can challenge their detention violates their constitutional rights. While courts have permitted some short durations in custody that do not violate 7

15 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 8 of 12 the Constitution, the Eighth Circuit has recognized that short duration is crucial to the outcome of the case. Davis v. Hall, 375 F.3d 703, 718 (8 th Cir. 2014). In Hunt v. Elkhart County Sheriff, 95 F.Supp.2d 930, 937 (N.D. Ind 2000), the Court noted that 57 extra days of detention is clearly excessive, the Fifth Circuit found 30 days of extended detention could violate the Constitution in Douthit v. Jones, 619 F.2d 527, 532 (5th Cir. 1980) and another court noted that the Due Process Clause clearly protects against eighteen days of unlawful incarceration. Johnson v. Herman, 132 F.Supp.2d 1130, 1139 (N.D. Ind 2001). Under local ICE policy, ICE detains aliens like Mr. Kargbo due to a misreading of 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(2), which reads: During the removal period, the Attorney General shall detain the alien. Under no circumstance during the removal period shall the Attorney General release an alien who has been found inadmissible under section 1182 (a)(2) or 1182 (a)(3)(b) of this title or deportable under section 1227 (a)(2) or 1227 (a)(4)(b) of this title. That is the only detention provision that even arguably applies to Mr. Kargbo s status. But in light of the serious constitutional concerns identified above, that provision cannot be read to authorize his detention after he was granted protection under the Convention Against Torture. See INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, (2001) (court must construe statute to avoid serious constitutional questions if an alternative interpretation of the statute is fairly possible (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); Clark, 543 U.S. at (2005) (applying avoidance canon). 8

16 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 9 of 12 Statutory authority to detain noncitizens after a final order of removal under 1231(a) is premised on the ability to actually effectuate removal. Section 1231(a)(1)(A) requires federal authorities to remove noncitizens who are subject to final orders of removal within 90 days after the order becomes final, a period called the removal period. Under 1231(a)(2), DHS shall detain an alien [d]uring the removal period. Moreover, [u]nder no circumstance during the removal period shall [DHS] release an alien who is subject to criminal or terrorism-based grounds of deportability under 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(2) and (a)(4)(b). Id. Section 1231(a)(2) does not provide authority to detain a noncitizen who like Mr. Kargbo cannot be removed because he has obtained protection from being returned to the only country designated for removal. Judge Schiltz has noted that this section of law is directed primarily to regulating the behavior of immigration officials and does not discuss the rights of detainees. Bah v. Cangemi, 489 F. Supp. 2d 904, 921 (D. Minn 2007). The statute applies to noncitizens who can be removed, requiring their detention during the removal period, i.e., the period in which the government, or immigration officials, shall remove them. By its plain terms, the provision has no application to noncitizens who cannot be removed because they have been awarded relief from removal. Removal of a noncitizen awarded protection is surely not required during the removal period; neither is detention. At a minimum, 1231(a)(2) is fairly interpreted not to apply to noncitizens who cannot be removed. And because such confinement runs afoul of the Due Process Clause, 9

17 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 10 of 12 the statute must be construed not to authorize detention under such circumstances. See Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 689, Properly construed, therefore, 1231(a)(2) does not authorize Mr. Kargbo s detention. Mr. Kargbo was ordered removed to Sierra Leone, the only country designated for removal by the government, but was awarded withholding of removal to that country. Because he cannot be removed or, at a minimum, his removal is not reasonably foreseeable detention is not authorized by 1231(a)(2). III. Nelson Kargbo s detention has exceeded statutory authorization Alternatively, even if the court rules that 1231(a)(2) authorizes his detention during the initial removal period, which it does not, Mr. Kargbo has been detained far beyond the statutorily permissible time available in the initial removal period. From August 29, 2013 until January 5, 2015, 494 days, Mr. Kargbo was held in pre-removal detention. That status ended when the BIA declined his appeal. (Ex. G.) From January 5, 2015 until the BIA reopened his case on May 15, 2015, 130 days, Mr. Kargbo was held in post-removal detention. After his case was reopened, his detention converted again to pre-removal status and was the focus of this original habeas petition. From May 15, 2015 until July 30, 2015, 76 days, Mr. Kargbo was again held in preremoval detention. Since July 30, 2015, Mr. Kargbo has been held in post-removal detention, governed by 8 U.S.C So far, Mr. Kargbo s time in detention has exceeded 710 days, nearly 150 of which are in post-removal status. Mr. Kargbo served 24 days in jail for his criminal acts. 10

18 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 11 of 12 This court has already addressed the issue where the removal period time changes by later events in Bah v. Cangemi, 489 F. Supp. 2d 905 (D. MN 2007). This court found that allowing unlimited pre-removal period detention under 1226 would be inconsistent with the reasoning underlying Zadvydas. Bah, 489 F. Supp. 2d at 920. In that case, like this one, Judge Schiltz noted that the alien s removal time had shifted between both preand post- removal time during his confinement. The government s position was that time that had been previously been considered post-removal detention must be now considered pre-removal detention. Judge Schiltz was rightly concerned that such holdings could permit and create potentially indefinite detention. Id. Instead, the court ruled that unencumbered time, time where the government could have removed the alien but failed to do so, would still count in the post removal detention period. Id. at Judge Schiltz noted that 1231 is directed to regulate the behavior of immigration officials and not secure the rights of detained aliens. Once the statute is understood to require diligence on the part of immigration officials, the unencumberedtime approach seems appropriate in cases like Mr. Kargbo s. Id. at 921. Factoring that time period, Mr. Kargbo has already surpassed the 90 day removal period dictated by 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(2). As his removal to Sierra Leone is prohibited, the government has no reason to hold him past this 90 day removal period. CONCLUSION Nelson Kargbo s immigration detention violates the Due Process Clause and is not authorized by 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(2). He is entitled to immediate release. 11

19 CASE 0:15-cv PJS-LIB Document 15-2 Filed 08/11/15 Page 12 of 12 Respectfully submitted this 11 th day of August, 2015 AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF MINNESOTA s/ Ian S. Bratlie Ian Bratlie # S Front St. Suite 1B Mankato, MN (507) Teresa Nelson # Myrtle Ave, Suite 180 St Paul, MN (651) Katherine L Evans # Nicholas Hittler, Student Attorney Rebecca Cassler, Student Attorney University of Minnesota 190 Mondale hall th Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN (612) Fax: (612) evans407@umn.edu Kirsten E Schubert Dorsey & Whitney LLP 50 S 6 th St Ste 1500 MPLS, MN (612) Fax: (952) Schubert.kirsten@dorsey.com Attorneys for Petitioner 12

1. I am a student attorney at the University of Minnesota Law School. A

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