Trafficking Victims Protection Act of Taylor Braun, Taylor Carr, Abby Keller, Danielle Lock. Social Justice and Social Policy II

Transcription

1 Running head: TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 Taylor Braun, Taylor Carr, Abby Keller, Danielle Lock Social Justice and Social Policy II University of Missouri

2 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF Introduction President Clinton signed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act into law in the year 2000 (Siskin & Wyler, 2013). This was the first major public law that combated the trafficking of persons. The purpose of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is to combat trafficking in persons, ensure effective punishment of the traffickers, and to protect victims of trafficking. The trafficking may include the sex trade, involuntary servitude, and slavery. According to the Department of Labor, there is an estimate of 168 million child laborers around the world (Department of Labor, 2015). The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is structured at the federal, state, and local levels. Also, there are different costs and benefits within the policy. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is effective in helping trafficking victims, but there are many gaps that have been found in this policy. The Administrative and Organizational Structure for Service Delivery of the Policy The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is seen and complied with in the federal, state, and local levels of government. The structure of the delivery system in the federal level is to ensure that the federal government adheres to this policy and follows regulations as a country. For example, trafficking of persons and related offenses is a federal crime. This contributes to the growing number of traffickers that are prosecuted each year and receive sentences that allow the trafficker to be punished for their crime. A research study that used federal funds provided by the United States Department of Justice published a report named Prosecuting Human Trafficking Cases: Lessons Learned and Promising Practices. This 2008 study found that out of their 289 prosecuted cases for the study, ninety percent were prosecuted in the federal districts (Clawson, 2008). Also in this research it was found that 77 percent resulted in guilty

3 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF dispositions. The offenders sentences were either probation or 50 years of incarceration. Only five percent of these cases were appealed (Clawson, 2008). Even though this is one research study, it shows an example that the prosecution of traffickers is increasing. The delivery system of the policy in the federal level is also seen in the ways that a trafficking victim is compensated. This may include monetary restitution that will be paid to the victims, or some receive a T Nonimmigrant Status (T visa). This status protects victims and allows them to remain in the United States in order to assist in the investigation or prosecution process (USCIS, 2015). Also, some trafficking victims are able to receive temporary residency in the United States. This allows the victim and their family to be eligible for permanent residency in three years. This is an important factor to carry on the federal level because many trafficking victims are illegal immigrants due to force, kidnapping, or the traffickers destroying immigration documentations. The delivery system at the state level of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is also important. It is crucial that each state implements its own laws in the protection of victims and prosecution of traffickers. As a result of differentiating state laws it is common that many traffickers are not punished respectively for their crime. Polaris, a national organization that aims to end human trafficking by working with government leaders and building partnerships with corporations (Polaris, 2015), have made reports on human trafficking at the state level. Polaris has rated all 50 states and the District of Columbia based on 10 categories that are critical to the legal framework that combats human trafficking, punishes traffickers, and supports survivors. These ten categories include: Sex Trafficking (criminalizes sex trafficking and includes elements of persuasion through force, fraud, or coercion to engage in a commercial sex

4 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF act), Labor Trafficking (criminalizes labor trafficking or when a person is compelled through force, fraud, or coercion to provide labor or services), Asset Forfeiture for Human Trafficking (a regulation that provides for assets to be used in the course of the crime with proceeds from the crime of trafficking, and also includes the authorization to use wiretapping by law enforcement in human trafficking investigations), Training on Human Trafficking for Law Enforcement (a regulation that mandates or encourages law enforcement to be trained on human trafficking issues), Lower Burden of Proof for Sex Trafficking of Minors (a regulation that ensures that the elements of force, fraud, or coercion are not required for a trafficker to be prosecuted for the sex trafficking of a minor), Posting a Human Trafficking Hotline, Safe Harbor Protecting Sexually Exploited Minors (a regulation that recognizes sexually exploited individuals under the age of 18 as victims of a crime that need protection and services by granting immunity from prosecution of juvenile delinquency), Victim Assistance (this may include funds, counseling, job assistance, housing, or legal services), Access to Civil Damages (a regulation that provides victims with the ability to seek civil damages from their traffickers), Vacating Convictions for Sex Trafficking Victims (a regulation that permits victims to have convictions for prostitution). All these categories are described in greater length on the Polaris website (Polaris, 2015). These listed categories have aided Polaris to base each state s progress with combatting human trafficking. As of July 2014, 39 states are now rated in Tier One (7+ points), which is an increase from 32 states in Delaware, New Jersey, and Washington are the only three states to have perfect scores from fulfilling all 10 categories. Twelve states are found to have failed to make minimal efforts to pass laws on protection of victims. Missouri is ranked in the Tier One, which is the best out of three tiers. Missouri is missing credentials in the categories of

5 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF Investigative Tools, Human Trafficking Task Force, Posting a Hotline, Safe Harbor for Minors, and Vacating Convictions (Polaris, 2015). The structure of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act is crucial at the state level because human trafficking happens in every state. It is pivotal that each state makes maximum efforts in combating human trafficking in order to provide protection and support to victims, and also prosecution to the traffickers. The local level of the delivery system is important in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of Columbia, Missouri is home to the Central Missouri Stop Human Trafficking Coalition (CMSHTC). The mission of CMSHTC is to end and prevent forced labor and sexual exploitation of innocent children, women, and men (Central Missouri Stop Human Trafficking Coalition, 2015). The coalition uses advocacy and engagement in community collaboration and education to identify victims, expose traffickers and users, promote slave free practices, and support trafficking victims. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is evident in the Central Missouri Stop Human Trafficking Coalition because this local level structure adheres to the policy s goals of combating human trafficking. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is crucial within the Department of Labor. The Department of Labor is the sole federal agency that monitors child labor and enforces child labor laws. The Bureau of International Labor Affairs carries out research, ensures policy engagement and technical cooperation to eliminate human trafficking. In order to do this, the bureau produces reports on forced labor and the efforts that are underway to address the trafficking (Department of Labor, 2015). Also, the Department of Labor and Bureau of International Labor Affairs is critical to the federal, state, and local governments because both programs assist in the development of government policy, and also engage in business, labor,

6 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF and civil society groups in all level to reduce exploitive labor practices (Department of Labor, 2015). The financing methods of the policy are from public financing from federal and state governments. States are allowed to implement own laws and punishments, so this results in the states own costs of each case. These costs at the state level may include restitution to the victims and their families, the prosecution process of the traffickers, or support such as counseling and job support to survivors. Within the federal government it authorizes funding for activities to foreign countries in their fight to end human trafficking. There are many costs and benefits within this public law. One cost of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is that because laws vary between states on what human trafficking is and how it is prosecuted, traffickers may not receive the sentence they deserve depending on the crime committed. Benefits of the policy include providing restitution and resources to the victims. These resources may include counseling, job support, or temporary housing. Also, the act educates societies of the signs, threats, statistics, and laws of human trafficking. The Evaluation of the Policy The Report on the Tenth Anniversary of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act done by United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division reflects on the strides that the United States has made in fighting human trafficking in the last decade since the act took effect. One of the most noteworthy consequences since the act was put into place is the strong growth in partnership between federal, state, local, and international law enforcement, government agencies, and non governmental organizations. These partnerships have put extra

7 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF momentum behind efforts to assist and advocate for victims of human trafficking and combines expertise in criminal justice, gender equality, foreign policy, labor relations, and restoration of the lives of victims. Congress and other institutions also recognized the psychological coercion is just as influential and detrimental as physical force in luring in victims. This act worked to criminalize these forms of coercion and expanded victims protection programs, prevention efforts, and policy mechanisms that allowed for a more coordinated response (United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2010). In addition, this act greatly strengthened the ability to bring human traffickers to justice. By making policies and laws more clear, law enforcement are able to punish and deter all forms of slavery, including labor, services, or sexual. Law enforcement are also able to punish traffickers who targeted citizens or undocumented migrants who were coerced physically and/ or psychologically, and no longer required any proof of coercion for the exploitation of children (United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2010). Additionally, Safe Harbor Laws were created under this act to further protect children. Previously, children who were the victims of these sex crimes were arrested and convicted of prostitution, as opposed to their abusers being convicted of statutory rape along with the other trafficking laws they were violating. Under this law, a child under eighteen years of age that is exploited in these situations is not only considered a victim of sex trafficking and is also treated as so (Polaris, 2015). While there has been a great increase in the amount of prosecutions against sex traffickers since this was enacted, there has also been an increase in scope, magnitude, and impact of many of the trafficking cases (United States Department of Justice Civil Rights

8 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF Division, 2010). There have been many large scale cases brought to justice, but they have not shifted focus only to the large scale problem. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 has covered individual and large scale cases across the world by bringing perpetrators to justice and protecting the victims. According to the U.S Department of Justice, it is difficult to measure the impact of these prosecutions, whether this is looking at one victim or many. For each victim, freedom is restored, they can be typically reunited with their family or children, and every survivor is finally able to speak after years of being forced to remain quiet. The impact that this freedom has on each individual victim is immeasurable. Although this is immeasurable, quality of life is greatly improved for those who are rescued from these situations. Knowing the full impact of a single prosecution is impossible; however, this can represent countless untold stories of the trafficking prevented and human lives protected from these prosecutions. In some cases, victims are rescued and restored to a life of freedom. However, in some cases there could have been dozens of victims who could not be rescued in time. This led to these victims being further exploited, discarded, and completely erased from any sort of records, and because of this, their fates are unknown (United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2010). For those that are rescued from human trafficking, restitutions are paid to the victims, they are offered immunity, temporary citizenship is granted to illegal immigrants, and resources and safety is provided to victims (Polaris, 2015). In order to assist these victims and get them on the road to recovery, it is crucial that they have legal protection for crimes that they had no choice in committing. This is ensured through affirmative defenses and immunity, vacating convictions, and human trafficking caseworker privilege (Polaris, 2015). Affirmative defenses and immunity allows the victim of trafficking to come forward with evidence as a

9 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF defense of certain types of crimes. Therefore, this would protect the victim from being punished for related crimes. Vacating convictions provision provides an opportunity to have previous convictions removed if the crime was a result of trafficking. Caseworker privilege is establishing a trust, confidentiality, and privacy between the caseworker and victim to ensure that victims are seeking help in a safe manner. Although these survivors are compensated with restitution, this amount is often not enough to fully compensate for every aspect of their life that trafficking has affected. Depending on each state's individual laws, victims of trafficking are able to seek compensatory damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief, and attorney fees in addition to restitution through civil cases. These civil cases also offer an additional underlying benefit which is power. Through civil cases, the survivor is allowed to take the case forward and it may feel as if they are taking control of not only their lives, but also of their traffickers (Polaris, 2015). Federal and State Governments finance the cost of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of Each state is allowed to implement its own laws and punishment, which results in different costs between each state. Restitution, cost of persecution, research, punishment, resources, and education is dependent on the crime and state therefore finding an overall real cost per state is continually changing (United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2010). Ability for Policy to Reach Target Population The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is designed to reach the population of trafficking victims and their families. As such, the policy has indeed helped to target and rescue many trafficking victims. However, due to the covert nature of the trafficking industry, it is

10 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF difficult to locate and rescue many victims of this crime. For some victims, it is difficult to even understand that they could be reporting the abuse that is occurring. They may not be able to seek resources because of language or cultural barriers (McReynolds, 2008). However, what the policy has done is help many government and non government organizations come together to fight the realm of human trafficking with a more holistic and united approach. Great strides have been taken in helping multiple agencies come together and view how they can use their individual resources to partner together and become more effective (CdeBaca, 2010). The act also criminalizes all forms of human trafficking, rather than simply focusing on one particular category of trafficking. The issue in reaching the target population lies in the language of the law regarding who qualifies as a severe trafficking victim. The three main issues are certification, requirement to assist in prosecution, and the T Visa. For the certification process, the victim must prove they were a victim of severe trafficking. This could be detrimental to the victim in many ways. Many sources criticizing this policy compare it to a rape victim having to prove they were raped. Although this can happen in the court systems in our country, it is a very grave mistake indeed to put a victim through the same abuse again as they attempt to convince those in power of the injustices committed against them (Reiger, 2010). The second issue in reaching the target population is that of the requirement to assist in prosecution. Victims may not want to testify against their captors for a variety of reasons. They may fear retaliation or they simply may not want to prolong their involvement with the horrifying situation they have so recently found freedom from. Instead of freeing victims from the clutches of their captors, this requirement instead enslaves the victim in another manner by

11 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF insisting they follow the law of a land they may not have even agreed to reside in. The policy s requirement for the victims to participate in prosecution of their traffickers has a direct impact on whether or not the victim will be able to receive services outlined in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act and also impacts whether or not they will receive a T Visa. This is not a victim centered approach and does not serve to help reach as many victims as possible (Reiger, 2006). Delivery of Program The program is being delivered through many different avenues outlined in the policy. Law enforcement, task forces, government agencies, and NGO s are all attempting to achieve the goals outlined in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. However, Luis CDeBaca, an American lawyer who served as United States Ambassador in the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons since 2009 (Lagon), addressed congress on the tenth anniversary of President Clinton singing this act into law. CDeBaca addressed the need for even further partnership. In order to deliver the program in the most effective way possible, it is necessary to continue to encourage and educate organizations on the intense need for intentional communication and cooperation between organizations committed to serving survivors of trafficking (CDeBaca, 2010). Reaching of Program Goals This policy has begun a strong movement towards the abolishing of trafficking in the world today. There are over forty task forces across the country committed to the finding and rescuing of trafficking victims, as well as prosecution of traffickers to the full extent of the law. There has been a dramatic increase in the prosecution of traffickers by the U.S. Attorney s Office since Only two cases were prosecuted in 1998, contrasted sharply with the fifty two cases

12 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF prosecuted in 2010 (United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, 2010). Many partnerships have been made between similar organizations, and a dramatic increase in awareness has occurred as a whole across the world. In order to successfully achieve the goals of the policy in greater capacities, even more partnerships must be made. There must be a whole government approach to this crime. Unfortunately, some law enforcement still see trafficking as a victimless crime and do not take the necessary steps to achieve this policy s goals. There will also need to be a partnership with the private sector, meaning businesses and companies who could possibly be providing resources to traffickers. Education and incentive not to cooperate with traffickers will be necessary in order to ensure the black market nature of the trafficking organized crime is not encouraged and perpetuated by this private sector (Reiger, 2006). There is also a need for more quantitative research in order to more effectively put programs into place (CDeBaca, 2010). Is the Policy the Most Efficient Alternative This policy is the beginning of a very long road to freedom. Similar to the Civil Rights Movement that is occurring on the streets of the United States today, though in different capacities, the fight to end modern day slavery will extend itself into many generations. Policy makers have made a great leap into progress, but must continue to push forward and onward into better and more efficient policies to combat this issue. In Luis CDeBaca s address to congress, he said this: The United States has made historic progress on this issue, still in its modern infancy. We must devote ourselves to never again letting a generation go by without forward progress...we can, and we must, get it right this time. Working toward a world without modern slavery is no doubt a bold proposition, but it is one that we must work toward (CDeBaca, 2010).

13 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF Forseeable Social Problems This policy is not likely to generate any other social problems. In fact, it is much more likely to create social awareness and positive movement towards citizens actively participating to abolish slavery. Organizations such as Polaris, Central Missouri Stop Human Trafficking Coalition, EndIt Movement, Exodus Cry, and Saving Innocence work to create demonstrations, education, and awareness in order to bring the average person into the fight with the organizations. The more that every person is educated about the signs of human trafficking, the more likely more victims will be found, rescued, and restored (EndItMovement.com, ExodusCry.com, savinginnocence.org). Alternative Policies The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 gives a strong basis for those who have been trafficked to seek assistance, but in order to be truly effective for victims and their families, the act needs to take a more victim centered approach. Currently, the United States provides international restrictions for countries and those who fail to comply with Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 guidelines. According to HumanTrafficking.org (2006), the United States is primarily a destination and transition country for victims of international trafficking, so it is vital that the United States remains up to date on this problem around the world. It is an international standard that those who have been trafficked will be forced to prove that they are victims of severe trafficking in order to claim the status of victim and to be able to claim benefits or restitution from the government, as well as many other strenuous processes that people must endure to receive the help they deserve. There are several issues that arise from this

14 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF process, but if resolved, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 could become a stronger law for victims and their families. The first issue that will be discussed is the classification from criminal to victim for those who have been trafficked. In order to qualify for benefits such as shelter, food, clothing, law assistance, et cetera, a discovered victim of human trafficking must prove that he or she is actually a victim. A person is deemed a victim by very strict guidelines set forth by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, which are as follows: a person must be recruited, harbored, moved or obtained by a person by means of force, fraud or coercion; the person is trafficked for uses of involuntary servitude, debt bondage, sex acts, slavery, or other acts of involuntary labor. If a person is able to prove that they have been victim to these exact circumstances, then they will be more likely to be granted victim benefits (USCIS, 2011). If an individual is unable to do so, then they will not receive any benefits. There are several issues with this practice. First, when victims are harbored by traffickers, they are highly unlikely to have their own paperwork or documentation. Traffickers will do whatever it takes to isolate and to keep the victims from the realms of normal society, and therefore they will keep victims papers away from them, if the victims papers are even legitimate at all. People who have been trafficked are vulnerable, and making them prove their innocence puts the blame of the circumstance on them, where it does not belong. Victims often have little to no English proficiency as well, which makes it difficult for them to express their concerns even when they wish to. Often victims are bullied or threatened into staying silent by their traffickers, who keep the victims out of sight or disguised.

15 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF The next issue to be discussed regarding Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 is the T Visa. The T Visa, according to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, is a visa allotted for human trafficking victims and their families. The T Visa is a nonimmigrant visa that is available to victims that are willing to help the prosecutors carry out charges of their traffickers to the fullest extent. To be eligible for the T Visa, a victim must prove that they would be in danger or at risk of harm if they were removed from the United States, amongst other requirements to even be eligible to apply for the T Visa. One of the most striking requirements is the ability for the victim to be able to provide three photos of himself or herself, evidence that he or she was trafficked, and also a written statement of how one was trafficked. There are several issues associated with these requirements for victims. One of these issues is that many victims fear repercussions if they choose to assist in the prosecution of their traffickers. Those who have been trafficked have seen what their traffickers are capable of, and the idea of returning to not only the physical but mental abuse is traumatizing. Traffickers instil fear in their victims, making it less likely that they will speak out against them due to possible consequences. Considering that it is required that the trafficking victim must help authorities in the process of prosecuting the traffickers, and some victims may not be comfortable doing this, the T Visa becomes limited to those willing to take the risk. Compared to a crime that we hear of more often, we would not deny a rape victim the right to food, shelter, and medical services because he or she decided not to confront his or her perpetrator in a court of law (Reiger, 2007). A second issue that is prevalent with access to gaining a T Visa is the requirement that an applicant must be able to provide three passport size photos of himself or herself (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2015). The main issue with this requirement is that often

16 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF when arriving in the destination country, the victim is stripped of their personal belongings, papers, and any identifiable belongings that they may have. This requirement proves to be difficult for victims applying for the visa with little resources. Overall, the T Visa is a strong stepping stone to helping victims achieve safety and freedom in the United States, but it has its limitations that still need resolved in order to be fully effective. As for alternatives to this policy, the strongest choice is stronger education and training for officials and citizens as to what the issue is, where it is found, and how to combat it right away. Some officials still hold the mentality that there are no victims in illegal immigration, but this viewpoint only discredits the struggles of victims of international crime. With more awareness, officials can further work to combat this issue, while knowing what to look for when confronted with the possibility of trafficking victims in their midst. Continuing education for officials is a scientifically sound practice, and possibly one of the best things that can be done to confront trafficking head on. This policy will always have limitations as will its alternatives. If education is furthered for officials, the money will have to come from somewhere within the budget that is already allotted for prevention efforts. In addition to the difficulty funding the changes, there will be resistance by individuals who refuse to see the victims as actual victims, not criminals. This change may come with time and exposure to education concerning human trafficking. A second limitation of this policy and alternatives is the potential of fraud. Considering there are already strict requirements in place for those who have been trafficked and are applying for assistance, this is not a large concern but is still a possibility that should be looked into. Another possibility is making the requirements for the T Visa less strict, that way more victims will be able to access

17 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF resources without fear of repercussions or the inability to provide all documents needed. Overall, giving training and resources to officials and those who come into contact with victims is highly workable and only further works to end the issue of modern day slavery. Conclusion Human trafficking is a serious issue in not only the United States, but around the world. It is important that society is well educated on the signs, statistics, and ways of trafficking so that people are more aware of this growing issue. It is also important that law enforcement are educated on this because they often come in contact with human trafficking, but are not aware of what the situation fully entails. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 has achieved many of its goals in raising awareness, protecting trafficking victims, and prosecuting traffickers. Although there are many benefits to this policy, there are also many costs. These costs include that victims are unable to obtain the T Visa due to various reasons, or are not given the resources they need in order to survive in their new lifestyle. It is important that everyone is aware of human trafficking and starts making a difference.

18 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF References CdeBaca, L. (2010, May 3). Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Progress and Promise. Retrieved April 29, Clawson, H. J., Dutch, N., Lopez S., & Tiapula, S. (2008). Prosecuting human trafficking cases: learned lessons and promising practices. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 5. Department of Labor. (2015). Child labor, forced labor, and human trafficking. Retrieved on May 5, 2015 from forced labor trafficking/ End It: Shine a Light on Slavery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, Exodus Cry Every Person Should Be Free. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, HumanTrafficking.org United States of America. (2006, April 1). Retrieved May 7, 2015, from Lagon, M. P., & Kelley, J. (2014). No one is steering the united states fight against trafficking. Foreign Policy. Retrieved on May 6, 2015 from one is steering the united states fight against hu man trafficking/ McReynolds, M. (2008). The Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Has the Legislation Fallen Short of its Goals? Policy Perspectives, 15. Polaris Project. (2014). State ratings on human trafficking laws. Retrieved on April 29, 2015 from we do/policy advocacy/national policy/ state ratings on human trafficking l aws/2014 state ratings on human traffickinglaws#categories Polaris Project. (2015). Assisting victims. Retrieved on May 3, 2015 from we do/policy advocacy/assisting victims Reiger, A. (2006). Missing The Mark: Why the Trafficking Victims Protection Act Fails To Protect Sex Trafficking Victims In the United States Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, 30, 234. Saving Innocence. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, Siskin, A., Wyler, L. S. (2013). Trafficking in persons: US policy and issues for congress. Congressional Research Service, 2.

19 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF The Central Missouri Stop Human Trafficking Coalition. (2015). Report trafficking. Retrieved on April 29, 2015 from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2015). Victims of human trafficking: nonimmigrant status. Retrieved on May 5, 2015 from human trafficking other crimes/victims huatrafficking t nonimmigrant status United States Department of Social Justice Civil Rights Division. (2010). Report on the tenth anniversary of the trafficking victims protection act. Retrieved April 20, 2015, from