Do Institutions have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs?
|
|
- Jewel Brianne Foster
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Do Institutions have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs? Saul Estrin LSE, CEPR, IZA And Tomasz Mickiewicz University College, London 1 Slides for presentation at Female Entrepreneurship: Constraints and Oppportunities Conference at the World Bank, June 2 nd 3 rd 2009 Outline Literature Hypotheses Data Results Conclusions 2 1
2 The Questions Seek to use cross-country heterogeneity to explain likelihood of female entrepreneurial entry Focus on the impact of alternative national business environments on female entrepreneurship Concerned with differential effect of the determinants of entrepreneurial activity on female entry Develop hypotheses with respect to: Property rights Role of the state Functioning of financial markets 3 Approach Cross-country analysis using individual data on 360,000 entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs in 44 countries Combining individual data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with national institutional data from Heritage Foundation, World Bank (WDI) and IMF plus GEM-based peer effects Use of factor analysis to reduce multicollinearity and other problems in use of institutional indices 4 2
3 Contribution New hypotheses about the impact of institutions on female entrepreneurship; namely women less likely than men to undertake entrepreneurship when: Rule of law is weaker State sector is larger Formal and informal financial sector is weaker Establishes empirically impact of state sector and informal finance on female entrepreneurship Uses data on entire universe of potential entrepreneurs Combines individual and cross country data usually treated separately Factor analysis addresses ad hoc specifications to resolve problems of multicollinearity in institutional indices and generates factors with clear economic interpretation 5 Literature General Institutional Theory North (1990, 1997) Role of entrepreneurs Distinction between formal and informal institutions Williamson (1987), Barzel (1997), Rodrik (2000), Acemoglu and Johnson (2005) Property rights as backbone of market economy Jutting et al. (2006) Universality of property rights undermined by gender specific restrictions e.g.. with respect to ownership rights, freedom of choice, mobility Access to formal rights and role of informal sector (de Soto, 2001; Sonin, 2003; Estrin, Korosteleva, Mickiewicz, 2009) The role of formal institutions important for higher-value-added types of entrepreneurial activity 6 3
4 Institutions and Entrepreneurship Baumol (1990) form of entrepreneurial activity depends on institutional context; weak institutions may increase net returns to non-productive or destructive entrepreneurship Literature suggests three main institutions relevant for entrepreneurship: Property rights (Harper, 2003; confirmed by Johnson et al, 2002, Aidis, Estrin, Mickiewicz, 2009, but not Dermigue-Kunt et al., 2006 nor Klapper et al., 2006) State-sector (Baumol, 1990; de Soto, 1990; Verheul et al., 2001) Financial sector (Gros and Steinherr, 2004), both formal and informal (Aidis, Estin, Mickiewicz, 2007; Korosteleva and Mickiewicz 2008) 7 Institutions and Female Entrepreneurship Female entrepreneurship exists everywhere but is always less than male entrepreneurship (except: Thailand) Cross-country variation in female entry rates is large from 0.2% in Japan to 28% in Peru (GEM) Verheul, Van Stel and Thurik (2006) only paper attempting to explain cross country variation in female entry rates Female entrepreneurship explained largely by same factors as male age, education, birth order etc (Brush, 2007) Possible difference in determinants of female entrepreneurship with respect to financing (Carter and Rosa, 1998; Bruce, 1999) 8 4
5 Hypotheses H1: Women are less likely than men to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries where the rule of law is weaker H2: Women are less likely than men to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries where the state sector is larger H3: Women are less likely than men to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries where the formal financial sector is weaker H3: Women are less likely than men to undertake entrepreneurial activity in countries where the informal financial sector is weaker 9 Data: Institutions and Factor Analysis Use data reduction methods on Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal indicators of institution Unable to use World Bank Doing Business does not match GEM time frame, nor cover all the countries. Also factor analysis collapses due to missing values Heritage Foundation offers 50 independent indicators in 10 broad institutional categories trade policy, fiscal burden, government spending, monetary policy, constraints on FDI, state involvement in banking and finance, labor regulation, security of property rights, business regulation, corruption We apply factor analysis to entire dataset ( , 164 countries, 9 indicators) 10 5
6 /9/2009 Factor Analysis Figure 1 Factor loadings fiscal_free govt_size monet_free financ_free trade_free investm_free busin_free oblimin oblique rotation prop_rights -.2free_corrupt Rule of Law (Factor 1) 11 Factor Analysis Figure 2 Countries with rule of law have either large or small state sector BUT... we find no countries without rule of law & large state sector 12 New Zealand Hong Kong Denmark Singapore Netherlands, The United Kingdom Ireland Sweden Finland Australia United States Iceland Canada Switzerland Belgium Germany Chile Norway Spain Italy Israel Portugal Korea, Republic of (South Korea) France Taiwan Hungary Japan Jordan Slovenia Thailand Poland South Africa Greece Brazil Mexico Uganda Peru Croatia Argentina Venezuela India Ecuador China, People's Republic of Russia Limited State Sector (Factor 2) 6
7 Other Institutional Data Formal financial sector ratio of credit provided to the private sector to GDP (World Bank) Informal financial sector prevalence rate of business angels over previous three years (from GEM calculated as country level effects) Some correlation between rule of law and formal financial sector 13 Individual Data nascent entrepreneurs i.e. individuals between who have taken some real action towards creating a new business in past year and expect to own a share of the business they are starting established entrepreneurs individuals who own or manage a company and have paid salaries for more than 42 months high aspiration entrepreneurs nascent entrepreneurs who expect to employ more than 10 workers within five years Men on average twice as likely to be involved in entrepreneurship than women we take this as given and focus on interaction between gender and the four institutional variables 14 7
8 Control Variables GDP/capita at PPP GDP growth Individual characteristics Age Gender Financial resources Education Employment states Experience Networking 15 Table 1. Descriptive statistics Variable: Obs Mean Std.Dev Min Max Entrepreneurial entry (start-up) Male Owner/man. of exist. Business Business angel in past 3 years Knows entrepreneurs in past 2 years In employment at time of survey Education: secondary or more Education: postsec. or more Education: higher Age Annual GDP growth rate Log GDP pc (ppp) Rule of law (factor 1 score) Limited size of the government (factor 2 score) Credit to priv. sector / GDP
9 /9/2009 Estimation Framework Ententry ijt = f(strength of Property Rights jt, Level of Welfare Provision and Taxation jt, Availability of Formal Finance jt, Availability of Informal Finance jt, GDP/capita jt, GDP growth rate jt, Individual Level Controls jit, Female ijt, Interactive effects between institutions and Female jit ) Estimated using probit, reported with robust standard errors and allowing for possibility that observations are not independent for each country year sample Estimated for entrepreneurial entry, high aspiration entrepreneurial entry, opportunities entrepreneurial entry and the structure of individual financing High aspiration and opportunity start up jointly estimated with likelihood of start up (bivariate probit) More detailed individual data on financing for subset of start ups only, to explain use of informal and formal finance respectively 17 Figure 3 atios of Female to Male Startup Rates and Ru Thailand Peru TE weak rule of law and weak female entry rates Chile the opposite Russia Venezuela Mexico Ecuador Portugal India Chile China Brazil Australia South Africa Argentina Uganda Hungary Korea US Israel New Zeland Denmark Jordan Canada Ireland Hong Kong UK Singapore Italy Germany Iceland Belgium Netherlands Finland Czech Slovenia Rep. France Greece Taiwan Sweden JapanSpain Croatia Poland Norway Rule of Law 18 9
10 /9/2009 Figure 4 s of female to male startup rates and size of th Thailand Peru Small state & high female entry rates; Thailand, Peru; some rich English Legal Origin Countries The opposite: France, Sweden Venezuela Mexico Portugal Chile Ecuador Brazil Australia South Africa India China Hungary ArgentinaUganda US Korea Israel New Zeland Denmark Canada Jordan Ireland Hong K Iceland UK Singapore Germany Netherlands Italy Finland Taiwan Sweden Belgium Slovenia Czech Rep. France Japan GreeceRussia Croatia Spain Norway Poland Limited state sector 19 Figure 5 s of female to male startup rates and supply of f Developed Formal Finance & Relatively High female Entry Rate: United States The opposite: TE Peru Thailand Venezuela Mexico Ecuador Chile Portugal India Brazil Australia South Africa Uganda China ArgentinaHungary Korea US Israel New Zeland Denmark Canada Jordan Ireland Hong Kong Singapore UKIceland Germany Finland Italy Taiwan Netherlands Slovenia Belgium Czech Rep. France Sweden Russia Greece Japan Croatia Spain Poland Credit to Private Sector / GDP 20 10
11 /9/2009 Figure 6 of female to male startup rates and supply of in Informal Finance And Female Entry: Peru, Ecuador, Uganda The Opposite: Russia, Croatia... Brazil Thailand Venezuela Mexico Portugal India Ecuador Australia Chile South Africa China Hungary Argentina US Korea Israel New Zeland Denmark Ireland Canada Hong Kong UK Singapore Italy Germany Iceland Netherlands Belgium Finland France Russia Sweden Taiwan Czech Rep. Japan Slovenia Croatia Greece Spain Poland Norway Peru Uganda Jordan business angels prevalence rate 21 Table 2. Estimation Results 22 11
12 Table 3. Financing. Bivariate probit regression 23 Table 4. Estimation Results (with women*employment interaction) 24 12
13 Table 5. Financing: Bivariate probit regression (with women*employment) 25 Summary of Results Controls confirm many findings in literature e.g.. probability of being an entrepreneur less in all countries for women, older people, less educated, less well networked Rule of law does not affect female entrepreneurship Female entrepreneurship is reduced by a large state sector. Holds for high aspiration and opportunity entrepreneurs No effect of formal finance on female entrepreneurship Informal finance is significant for female startup but not for high aspiration or opportunity female entrepreneurship Men more likely than women to rely on formal than informal finance 26 13
14 Conclusions Rule of law is important for entrepreneurship but the effects are the same for male and female entrepreneurs (up to a certain level of development) Caveat: data on rights of women incomplete so could not use Differential impact of state sector and informal finance on female entrepreneurship important policy implications for institution building process 27 14
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS Munich, November 2018 Copyright Allianz 11/19/2018 1 MORE DYNAMIC POST FINANCIAL CRISIS Changes in the global wealth middle classes in millions 1,250
More informationA Global View of Entrepreneurship Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012
A Global View of Entrepreneurship Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Donna Kelley, Babson College REITI Workshop Tokyo Japan January 21, 2001 In 2012, its 14 th year, GEM surveyed 198,000 adults in 69
More informationThe 2012 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) Country Rankings Excerpt: DENMARK
The 2012 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) Country Rankings Excerpt: DENMARK GEDI 2012 Country Excerpt for DENMARK #5 s overall GEDI score 0.55 Size of population 2011 (in million):
More informationSKILLS, MOBILITY, AND GROWTH
SKILLS, MOBILITY, AND GROWTH Eric Hanushek Ludger Woessmann Ninth Biennial Federal Reserve System Community Development Research Conference April 2-3, 2015 Washington, DC Commitment to Achievement Growth
More informationPopulation Survey Data: Evidence and lessons from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
Population Survey Data: Evidence and lessons from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Maria Minniti Professor and L. Bantle Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy UN NYC, December 2013 Graphs,
More informationEducation Quality and Economic Development
Education Quality and Economic Development Eric A. Hanushek Stanford University Bank of Israel Jerusalem, June 2017 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Development = Growth Growth = Skills Conclusions
More informationDo Institutions Have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs?*
Do Institutions Have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs?* Saul Estrin, London School of Economics, CEPR and IZA Tomasz Mickiewicz, University College London This version: May12th 2009 Abstract: This
More informationNetworks and Innovation: Accounting for Structural and Institutional Sources of Recombination in Brokerage Triads
1 Online Appendix for Networks and Innovation: Accounting for Structural and Institutional Sources of Recombination in Brokerage Triads Sarath Balachandran Exequiel Hernandez This appendix presents a descriptive
More informationEquity and Excellence in Education from International Perspectives
Equity and Excellence in Education from International Perspectives HGSE Special Topic Seminar Pasi Sahlberg Spring 2015 @pasi_sahlberg Evolution of Equity in Education 1960s: The Coleman Report 1970s:
More informationThe High Cost of Low Educational Performance. Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Woessmann
The High Cost of Low Educational Performance Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Woessmann Key Questions Does it matter what students know? How well is the United States doing? What can be done to change things? Answers
More informationMapping physical therapy research
Mapping physical therapy research Supplement Johan Larsson Skåne University Hospital, Revingevägen 2, 247 31 Södra Sandby, Sweden January 26, 2017 Contents 1 Additional maps of Europe, North and South
More informationPISA 2009 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and tables accompanying press release article
PISA 2009 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and tables accompanying press release article Figure 1-8 and App 1-2 for Reporters Figure 1 Comparison of Hong Kong Students' Performance in Reading, Mathematics
More informationTaiwan s Development Strategy for the Next Phase. Dr. San, Gee Vice Chairman Taiwan External Trade Development Council Taiwan
Taiwan s Development Strategy for the Next Phase Dr. San, Gee Vice Chairman Taiwan External Trade Development Council Taiwan 2013.10.12 1 Outline 1. Some of Taiwan s achievements 2. Taiwan s economic challenges
More informationPISA 2015 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and Appendices Accompanying Press Release
PISA 2015 in Hong Kong Result Release Figures and Appendices Accompanying Press Release Figure 1-7 and Appendix 1,2 Figure 1: Comparison of Hong Kong Students Performance in Science, Reading and Mathematics
More informationVISA POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
VISA POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Country Diplomatic Service National Term of visafree stay CIS countries 1 Azerbaijan visa-free visa-free visa-free 30 days 2 Kyrgyzstan visa-free visa-free visa-free
More informationRankings: Universities vs. National Higher Education Systems. Benoit Millot
Rankings: Universities vs. National Higher Education Systems Benoit Millot Outline 1. Background 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Discussion 11/8/ 2 1. Background 11/8/ 3 Clear Shift Background: Leagues focus
More information1. Why do third-country audit entities have to register with authorities in Member States?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Form A Annex to the Common Application Form for Registration of Third-Country Audit Entities under a European Commission Decision 2008/627/EC of 29 July 2008 on transitional
More informationGlobal Variations in Growth Ambitions
Global Variations in Growth Ambitions Donna Kelley, Babson College 7 th Annual GW October Entrepreneurship Conference World Bank, Washington DC October 13, 216 Wide variation in entrepreneurship rates
More informationQGIS.org - Donations and Sponsorship Analysis 2016
QGIS.org - Donations and Sponsorship Analysis 2016 QGIS.ORG received 1128 donations and 47 sponsorships. This equals to >3 donations every day and almost one new or renewed sponsorship every week. The
More informationConsumer Barometer Study 2017
Consumer Barometer Study 2017 The Year of the Mobile Majority As reported mobile internet usage crosses 50% 2 for the first time in all 63 countries covered by the Consumer Barometer Study 1, we look at
More information92 El Salvador El Salvador El Salvador El Salvador El Salvador Nicaragua Nicaragua Nicaragua 1
Appendix A: CCODE Country Year 20 Canada 1958 20 Canada 1964 20 Canada 1970 20 Canada 1982 20 Canada 1991 20 Canada 1998 31 Bahamas 1958 31 Bahamas 1964 31 Bahamas 1970 31 Bahamas 1982 31 Bahamas 1991
More informationMarkets in higher education
Markets in higher education Simon Marginson Institute of Education (IOE) Conference on The State and Market in Education: Partnership or Competition? The Grundtvig Study Centre Aarhus University and LLAKES,
More informationMigration and Integration
Migration and Integration Integration in Education Education for Integration Istanbul - 13 October 2017 Francesca Borgonovi Senior Analyst - Migration and Gender Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD
More informationKINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT. September 2010
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT September 2010 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara,
More informationOn the Future of Criminal Offender DNA Databases
The Impact of DNA Technologies On the Future of Criminal Offender DNA Databases Presented by Tim Schellberg Gordon Thomas Honeywell Governmental Affairs Human Identification Solutions Conference Madrid,
More informationDaniel Kaufmann, Brookings Institution
Reset Within Russia?: A Comparative Governance Perspective Daniel Kaufmann, Brookings Institution Presentation at the Public Conference The Risks of the Reset, at the Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.,
More informationAPPENDIX 1: MEASURES OF CAPITALISM AND POLITICAL FREEDOM
1 APPENDIX 1: MEASURES OF CAPITALISM AND POLITICAL FREEDOM All indicators shown below were transformed into series with a zero mean and a standard deviation of one before they were combined. The summary
More informationCHINA GTSI STATISTICS GLOBAL TEACHER STATUS INDEX 2018
CHINA GTSI STATISTICS GLOBAL TEACHER STATUS INDEX 2018 0 20 40 60 80 100 CHINA GTSI STATISTICS TEACHER STATUS IS HIGHER IN CHINA THAN IN ANY OF THE 35 COUNTRIES POLLED IN THE NEW GLOBAL TEACHER STATUS
More informationThe Future of Central Bank Cooperation
The Future of Central Bank Cooperation (An Outsider s Perspective) Beth Simmons Government Department Harvard University What are the conditions under which cooperation is likely to take place? Economic
More informationUNDER EMBARGO UNTIL 9 APRIL 2018, 15:00 HOURS PARIS TIME
TABLE 1: NET OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FROM DAC AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN 2017 DAC countries: 2017 2016 2017 ODA ODA/GNI ODA ODA/GNI ODA Percent change USD million % USD million % USD million (1) 2016
More informationOECD Strategic Education Governance A perspective for Scotland. Claire Shewbridge 25 October 2017 Edinburgh
OECD Strategic Education Governance A perspective for Scotland Claire Shewbridge 25 October 2017 Edinburgh CERI overview What CERI does Generate forward-looking research analyses and syntheses Identify
More informationISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context
Immigration Task Force ISSUE BRIEF: U.S. Immigration Priorities in a Global Context JUNE 2013 As a share of total immigrants in 2011, the United States led a 24-nation sample in familybased immigration
More informationKINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT. March 2010
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT March 2010 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statistics and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom
More informationQ233 Grace Period for Patents
1 Q233 Grace Period for Patents Introduction Plenary Session September 9, 2013 Responsible reporter: John Osha 2 Aippi has considered the grace period in previous scientific work: Q75 Prior disclosure
More informationAnalyzing the Location of the Romanian Foreign Ministry in the Social Network of Foreign Ministries
Analyzing the Location of the Romanian Foreign Ministry in the Social Network of Foreign Ministries Written By Ilan Manor 9/07/2014 Help child 1 Table of Contents Introduction 3 When Foreign Ministries
More informationVolume 30, Issue 1. Corruption and financial sector performance: A cross-country analysis
Volume 30, Issue 1 Corruption and financial sector performance: A cross-country analysis Naved Ahmad Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi Shahid Ali Institute of Business Administration
More informationCHILE NORTH AMERICA. Egypt, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia and UAE. Barge service: Russia Federation, South Korea and Taiwan. USA East Coast and Panama
EUROPE Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and Turkey Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain and UK Belgium, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Malta, Netherlands,
More informationPISA DATA ON STUDENTS WITH AN IMMIGRANT BACKGROUND. Mario Piacentini
PISA DATA ON STUDENTS WITH AN IMMIGRANT BACKGROUND Mario Piacentini (mario.piacentini@oecd.org) Definitions of students with an immigrant backgroun Students with an immigrant background are students whose
More informationBRAND. Cross-national evidence on the relationship between education and attitudes towards immigrants: Past initiatives and.
Cross-national evidence on the relationship between education and attitudes towards immigrants: Past initiatives and future OECD directions EMPLOYER BRAND Playbook Promoting Tolerance: Can education do
More informationGLOBAL RISKS OF CONCERN TO BUSINESS WEF EXECUTIVE OPINION SURVEY RESULTS SEPTEMBER 2017
GLOBAL RISKS OF CONCERN TO BUSINESS WEF EXECUTIVE OPINION SURVEY RESULTS SEPTEMBER 2017 GLOBAL RISKS OF CONCERN TO BUSINESS Results from the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey 2017 Survey and
More informationChapter 1: Globalization and International Business
Chapter 1: Globalization and International Business Chapter Objectives 1-2 To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other To understand why companies engage in international
More informationEmerging Asian economies lead Global Pay Gap rankings
For immediate release Emerging Asian economies lead Global Pay Gap rankings China, Thailand and Vietnam top global rankings for pay difference between managers and clerical staff Singapore, 7 May 2008
More informationContributions to UNHCR For Budget Year 2014 As at 31 December 2014
1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1,280,827,870 2 EUROPEAN UNION 271,511,802 3 UNITED KINGDOM 4 JAPAN 5 GERMANY 6 SWEDEN 7 KUWAIT 8 SAUDI ARABIA *** 203,507,919 181,612,466 139,497,612 134,235,153 104,356,762
More informationOn aid orphans and darlings (Aid Effectiveness in aid allocation by respective donor type)
On aid orphans and darlings (Aid Effectiveness in aid allocation by respective donor type) Sven Tengstam, March 3, 2017 Extended Abstract Introduction The Paris agenda assumes that the effectiveness of
More informationInternational students travel in Europe
International students travel in Europe Student immigration advisers Student Information Tuesday 12 April 2016 Travelling in Europe: what is the Schengen Agreement? A treaty signed near Schengen on 14
More informationSetting National Broadband Policies, Strategies & Plans
Setting National Broadband Policies, Strategies & Plans Dr Bob Horton Senior Telecommunications Expert 11 th Global Symposium for Regulators Smart Regulation for a Broadband World Armenia, Colombia, 22
More informationGlobal Trends in Occupational Therapy. Ritchard Ledgerd Executive Director
Global Trends in Occupational Therapy Ritchard Ledgerd Executive Director Greeting from Marilyn Pattison President of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) OVERVIEW Occupational therapy
More informationSouth Africa - A publisher s perspective. STM/PASA conference 11 June, 2012, Cape Town Mayur Amin, SVP Research & Academic Relations
South Africa - A publisher s perspective STM/PASA conference 11 June, 2012, Cape Town Mayur Amin, SVP Research & Academic Relations 0 As a science information company, we have a unique vantage point on
More informationSUMMARY CONTENTS. Volumes IA and IB
SUMMARY CONTENTS s IA and IB Foreword... ix xiii Preface... xi xv Outline of Topics... xii xvii Detailed Contents... xxv xxix Finding List of Countries, International Entities, and Special Topics... cxvii
More informationFrom Crisis to Redistribution? Global Attitudes Towards Equality, Welfare, and State Ownership
From Crisis to Redistribution? Global Attitudes Towards Equality, Welfare, and State Ownership Marcel Paret, University of Utah & University of Johannesburg Michael Levien, Johns Hopkins University September
More informationA GAtewAy to A Bet ter Life Education aspirations around the World September 2013
A Gateway to a Better Life Education Aspirations Around the World September 2013 Education Is an Investment in the Future RESOLUTE AGREEMENT AROUND THE WORLD ON THE VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION HALF OF ALL
More informationTRANSFER OF PRIORITY RIGHTS PARIS CONVENTION ARTICLE 4A(1)
TRANSFER OF PRIORITY RIGHTS PARIS CONVENTION ARTICLE 4A(1) BACKGROUND This report describes the results of a study carried out to identify the various national requirements for the effective transfer of
More informationList of countries whose citizens are exempted from the visa requirement
List of countries whose citizens are exempted from the visa requirement Albania Andorra and recognized by the competent authorities Antigua and Barbuda and recognized by the competent authorities Argentina
More informationRound 1. This House would ban the use of zero-hour contracts. Proposition v. Opposition
Round 1 This House would ban the use of zero-hour contracts New Zealand Bermuda Wales Romania Greece Estonia USA Scotland Slovakia Philippines Qatar Ireland Hungary Australia Japan Canada Sri Lanka Sweden
More informationMINISTERIAL DECLARATION
1 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION The fight against foreign bribery towards a new era of enforcement Preamble Paris, 16 March 2016 We, the Ministers and Representatives of the Parties to the Convention on Combating
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level *4898249870-I* GEOGRAPHY 9696/31 Paper 3 Advanced Human Options October/November 2015 INSERT 1 hour 30
More informationIntroduction to the 2013 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index This is the third edition of the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (). The mission is to provide a detailed look
More informationMarket Briefing: Trade-Weighted Dollar
Market Briefing: Trade-Weighted Dollar February 12, 2018 Dr. Edward Yardeni 516-972-7683 eyardeni@ Debbie Johnson 4-664-1333 djohnson@ Mali Quintana 4-664-1333 aquintana@ Please visit our sites at blog.
More informationThe Conference Board Total Economy Database Summary Tables November 2016
The Conference Board Total Economy Database Summary Tables November 2016 About This document contains a number of tables and charts outlining the most important trends from the latest update of the Total
More informationGlobal Economic Trends in the Coming Decades 簡錦漢. Kamhon Kan 中研院經濟所. Academia Sinica /18
1/18 Global Economic Trends in the Coming Decades Kamhon Kan Academia Sinica 簡錦漢 中研院經濟所 2017.09.22 2/18 Global Economic Trends in the Coming Decades New top ten & new economic powers Emerging Asia Mediocre
More informationTourism Highlights International Tourist Arrivals, Average Length of Stay, Hotels Occupancy & Tourism Receipts Years
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIAA NATION RELIGION KING 3 TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT Oct tober 2013 MINISTRY OF TOURISM Statisticss and Tourism Information Department No. A3, Street 169, Sangkat Veal Vong, Khann 7 Makara,
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HETEROGENEITY IN THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTRY SIZE. Silvia Ardagna Annamaria Lusardi
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HETEROGENEITY IN THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTRY SIZE Silvia Ardagna Annamaria Lusardi Working Paper 15510 http://www.nber.org/papers/w15510 NATIONAL BUREAU
More informationList of Main Imports to the United States
Example List 1 CANADA CHINA JAPAN MEXICO List 1 ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA BELGIUM COSTA RICA COTE D IVOIRE KUWAIT NORWAY SOUTH KOREA SRI LANKA SUDAN List 2 BRAZIL DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FRANCE NEW ZEALAND QATAR
More informationEstimates of International Migration for United States Natives
Estimates of International Migration for United States Natives Christopher Dick, Eric B. Jensen, and David M. Armstrong United States Census Bureau christopher.dick@census.gov, eric.b.jensen@census.gov,
More informationIMMIGRATION IN THE EU
IMMIGRATION IN THE EU Source: Eurostat 10/6/2015, unless otherwise indicated Data refers to non-eu nationals who have established their usual residence in the territory of an EU State for a period of at
More informationNew York County Lawyers Association Continuing Legal Education Institute 14 Vesey Street, New York, N.Y (212)
New York County Lawyers Association Continuing Legal Education Institute 14 Vesey Street, New York, N.Y. 10007 (212) 267-6646 Who is Who in the Global Economy And Why it Matters June 20, 2014; 6:00 PM-6:50
More informationHow do the performance and well-being of students with an immigrant background compare across countries? PISA in Focus #82
How do the performance and well-being of students with an immigrant background compare across countries? PISA in Focus #82 How do the performance and well-being of students with an immigrant background
More informationGLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR Report onwomen and Entrepreneurship. I. Elaine Allen Amanda Elam Nan Langowitz Monica Dean
GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR 2007 Report onwomen and Entrepreneurship I. Elaine Allen Amanda Elam Nan Langowitz Monica Dean About the Cover: In 1975, March 8 was officially ratified as International
More informationOverview of JODI Gas Milestones and Beta Test Launch
3 rd Gas Data Transparency Conference 4-5 June 2013, Bali, Indonesia Overview of JODI Gas Milestones and Beta Test Launch Yuichiro Torikata Energy Analyst International Energy Forum Extending the JODI
More informationSEPTEMBER TRADE UPDATE ASIA TAKES THE LEAD
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized SEPTEMBER TRADE WATCH SEPTEMBER TRADE UPDATE ASIA TAKES THE LEAD All regions show an
More informationUAE E Visa Information
UAE E Visa Information Visas on arrival (A) If you are a passport holder of the below country or territory, no advance visa arrangements are required to visit the UAE. Simply disembark your flight at Dubai
More informationInternational investment resumes retreat
FDI IN FIGURES October 213 International investment resumes retreat 213 FDI flows fall back to crisis levels Preliminary data for 213 show that global FDI activity declined by 28% (to USD 256 billion)
More informationREINVENTION WITH INTEGRITY
REINVENTION WITH INTEGRITY Using the UN Convention against Corruption as a Basis for Good Governance Regional Forum on Reinventing Government in Asia Jakarta, Indonesia November, 2007 The Integrity Irony
More informationTrends in international higher education
Trends in international higher education 1 Schedule Student decision-making Drivers of international higher education mobility Demographics Economics Domestic tertiary enrolments International postgraduate
More informationWHERE THE MAGIC HAPPENS VISA INFORMATION GUIDEBOOK
WHERE THE MAGIC HAPPENS VISA INFORMATION GUIDEBOOK Content ENTERING COLOMBIA 3 VISA-EXEMPT COUNTRIES 4 SPECIAL CASES 5 REQUIRED DOCUMENTS 6 APPLICATION PROCESS (ONLINE) 7 CLARIFICATION 12 USEFUL LINKS
More informationIncome and Population Growth
Supplementary Appendix to the paper Income and by Markus Brueckner and Hannes Schwandt November 2013 downloadable from: https://sites.google.com/site/markusbrucknerresearch/research-papers Table of Contents
More informationCountry Number Special Instructions. Please reference https://www.business.att.com/bt/access.jsp?c=a if the Direct Access Code does not work.
Country Number Special Instructions US / Canada 1-866-277-2410 Algeria N/A No number is available at this time. Please reference https://commalert.alertline.com/gcs/welcome for online reporting. First,
More informationDiscussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy
Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy # 3505 From nascent to actual entrepreneurship: The effect of entry barriers André van Stel Roy Thurik Erasmus University Rotterdam, EIM
More informationNew Approaches to Measuring the Impacts of STI Policy
New Approaches to Measuring the Impacts of STI Policy Elias Einiö, VATT Making Better Use of Statistics and Indicators of STI Working Seminar (OM & TEM) Finlandia Hall, 17 Sep 2013 Outline 1. Innovations
More informationTranslation from Norwegian
Statistics for May 2018 Forced returns from Norway The National Police Immigration Service (NPIS) forcibly returned 402 persons in May 2018, and 156 of these were convicted offenders. The NPIS is responsible
More informationIndividualized education in Finland
Individualized education in Finland Background history of tracking and unequal outcomes current outcomes low performing students (proficiency level 1) 7% vs. 19% (OECD average) repetition rate 2% vs. 40%
More informationThe National Police Immigration Service (NPIS) forcibly returned 412 persons in December 2017, and 166 of these were convicted offenders.
Monthly statistics December 2017: Forced returns from Norway The National Police Immigration Service (NPIS) forcibly returned 412 persons in December 2017, and 166 of these were convicted offenders. The
More informationIMPROVING THE EDUCATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANT STUDENTS
IMPROVING THE EDUCATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANT STUDENTS Mario Piacentini with Name of Speaker Francesca Borgonovi and Andreas Schleicher HUMANITARIANISM AND MASS MIGRATION Los Angeles, January
More informationInclusion and Gender Equality in China
Inclusion and Gender Equality in China 12 June 2017 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development
More informationStudent Background and Low Performance
Student Background and Low Performance This chapter examines the many ways that students backgrounds affect the risk of low performance in PISA. It considers the separate and combined roles played by students
More informationTI Corruption Perception Index 1996
Dr. Johann Graf Lambsdorff Volkswirtschaftliches Seminar Universität Göttingen Tel: +49-30-3438200 Platz der Göttinger Sieben 3 Fax: +49-30-3470 3912 Tel: +49-551-397298 email: ti@transparency.org Fax:
More informationStatistical Appendix 2 for Chapter 2 of World Happiness Report March 1, 2018
Statistical Appendix 2 for Chapter 2 of World Happiness Report 2018 March 1, 2018 1 Table 1: Average ladder and number of observations by domestic or foreign born in 2005-17 surveys - Part 1 Domestic born:
More informationWidening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications
Widening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications Jun Saito, Senior Research Fellow Japan Center for Economic Research December 11, 2017 Is inequality widening in Japan? Since the publication of Thomas
More informationHow does education affect the economy?
2. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF EDUCATION How does education affect the economy? More than half of the GDP growth in OECD countries over the past decade is related to labour income growth among
More informationOECD Health Data 2009 comparing health statistics across OECD countries
OECD Centres Germany Berlin (49-3) 288 8353 Japan Tokyo (81-3) 5532-21 Mexico Mexico (52-55) 5281 381 United States Washington (1-22) 785 6323 AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM CANADA CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK FINLAND
More informationChina s Aid Approaches in the Changing International Aid Architecture
China s Aid Approaches in the Changing International Aid Architecture Mao Xiaojing Deputy Director, Associate Research Fellow Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation (CAITEC) MOFCOM,
More informationFLOWS OF STUDENTS, COMPUTER WORKERS, & ENTREPRENEURS
FLOWS OF STUDENTS, COMPUTER WORKERS, & ENTREPRENEURS September 23, 2014 B. Lindsay Lowell Director of Policy Studies Institute for the Study of International Migration Georgetown University lowellbl@georgetown.
More informationThe Extraordinary Extent of Cultural Consumption in Iceland
1 Culture and Business Conference in Iceland February 18 2011 Prof. Dr. Ágúst Einarsson Bifröst University PP 1 The Extraordinary Extent of Cultural Consumption in Iceland Prof. Dr. Ágúst Einarsson, Bifröst
More informationLessons learned in the negotiation of the Pacific Alliance on IRC.
Lessons learned in the negotiation of the Pacific Alliance on IRC. Gastón Fernández Sch. Head Regulatory Department General Directorate for International Economic Affair Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chile
More informationThe Three Elephants in the Room: Coal, Oil and Gas in the Primary Energy Consumption (PEC) and their CO2 Emissions up to 2013 Bernard CHABOT
The Three Elephants in the Room: Coal, Oil and Gas in the Primary Energy Consumption (PEC) and their CO2 Emissions up to 2013 Bernard CHABOT Renewable Energy Consultant and Trainer BCCONSULT, Garbejaire
More informationTable A.1. Jointly Democratic, Contiguous Dyads (for entire time period noted) Time Period State A State B Border First Joint Which Comes First?
Online Appendix Owsiak, Andrew P., and John A. Vasquez. 2016. The Cart and the Horse Redux: The Timing of Border Settlement and Joint Democracy. British Journal of Political Science, forthcoming. Appendix
More informationIs This Time Different? The Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
Is This Time Different? The Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Jason Furman Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Washington,
More informationManagement Systems: Paulo Sampaio - University of Minho. Pedro Saraiva - University of Coimbra PORTUGAL
Management Systems: A Path to Organizational Sustainability Paulo Sampaio - University of Minho paulosampaio@dps.uminho.ptuminho pt Pedro Saraiva - University of Coimbra pas@eq.uc.pt PORTUGAL Session learning
More informationChildren, Adolescents, Youth and Migration: Access to Education and the Challenge of Social Cohesion
Children, Adolescents, Youth and Migration: Access to Education and the Challenge of Social Cohesion Turning Migration and Equity Challenges into Opportunities UNICEF s Global Policy Initiative on Children,
More informationOECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 2018 Promoting inclusive growth
OECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 218 Promoting inclusive growth Vilnius, 5 July 218 http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-lithuania.htm @OECDeconomy @OECD 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211
More information