ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA ( Role of Small Scale Enterprises)
|
|
- Frank Lamb
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA ( Role of Small Scale Enterprises) Singh Inderpal & Saini Amarjit Economic Development, achieved largely through productivity growth, which is very important to both developed and developing nations. However, even though we know that balanced and demand pull productivity leads to improved economic outcomes i.e, higher income, more alternative choices, better quality products and moreover level of satisfaction among consumers. India s economic development strategy immediately after independence was primarily based on Mahalanbosis model, which gave preference to the investment goods or capital goods with secondary importance to the services and household sector. Over the time, India created a large number of government institutions to meet the objectives of growth with equity via supporting ongoing entrepreneurial projects and to encourage new and innovative entrepreneurial proposals. This active and dominant participation by the Government in economic activities results in the creation of a protected, highly regulated and healthy economic environment over the time, but we can t ignore a dramatic increase in corruption in the economy and sectoral imbalances, with shortage in some sectors and surplus in others. (Alluwalia, 1985) Entrepreneurial activities and projects are highly commended for developing countries and country like India can generate additional economic growth and maintain the present level by fostering entrepreneurial activity with in its border. In this paper we examine, how entrepreneurial projects boost the economic growth by paying our attention towards microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects. The plan of the paper is as follows. Section-I jot down the factors influencing entrepreneurial development and factors responsible for hampering it down in India. Section-II compares entrepreneurial activity in developed and developing countries. Section-III helps in knowing the encouraging factors behind the self-employment. Section-IV emphasize on addressing, how entrepreneurship good for economic growth in India. Finally Section V summarizing the main findings and concludes the paper. I-Push and Pull Factors The progress of Indian Economic development from 1947 to the present, provides evidence that individual do respond to incentives in their pursuit of self-survival and accumulation of wealth. Further the nature of this response depends on the economic climate. So many factors in our country posing rosy picture for the success of entrepreneurial projects. As far as Indian growth story is concerned, India is one of the worlds fastest growing economy over the last decade with consistent growth in production and domestic demand and presently ranked 4 th in a PPP comparison. Over the last decade the Indian economy has transitioned from an agrarian economy to a predominately service based economy where, business services provider, trade, hotel, banking, insurance, financial services and communication sector registered robust growth. India s growing participation in international trade opens the door for new and innovative ideas. In the FY total earnings from foreign trade exceeded U$ 120 billion and Indian foreign Electronic copy available at:
2 trade index has tripled over the last decade, where exports have grown by 20.8%. Entrepreneurial projects require vocational training and education and we registered significnat rise in literacy rate. By the report of GEM, India s new startups on average basis up to 98% are small and level of entrepreneurial activity growing from 11.55%(2002) to 17.88% (2005) and to 24%(2008). Basic and prime need for start-up and success SSIs in India: A Look depends upon money and Indian financial sector was not open for a long time and Indian entrepreneurs have had little access to capital, but now it is true that in the last few years several venture funds have entered the Indian Market. Another plus point for our country is that we are blessed with Small Industries Services Institute (30), Branch SISI (28), Sub contract Exchanges for Ancillary Development SCX(61), Regional testing Centers(4), Field testing Stations, Financial Institutions, which are backed by Central Government and State Governments. It is even evident form the table no-4, that how we are marching towards development of the sector and its impact on economy as far as no of units, production, Employment and exports are concerned. Sickness in the SSI Sector Estimated No. of Units Employment Share in Industrial Value Added Share in Total Exports Direct Overall Total Number of Items Produced Over Number of Reserved Items Source: Indian economic statistics:2007(table-1) Lakh Lakh 39% 45% 34% 8000 S.No Reasons for Sickness Total SSI Sector Registered SSI Sector Unreg SSI Setor 1 Lack of Demand 66% 58% 69% 2 Shortage of Working Capital 46% 57% 43% 3 Non-availability of 12% 12% 12% Raw Material 4 Power Shortage 13% 17% 12% 5 Labour Problems 5% 6% 4% 6 Marketing problems 36% 37% 36% 7 Equipment Problems 11% 9% 12% 8 Management Problems 4% 5% 3% *The total in each column will exceed 100%, as some units have reported more than one reason: Source: Indian Economic Statistics(Table-2) But, here we cant ignore the dark side and challenges we are facing like capital shortage v/s abundant labor, growing unemployment, jobless growth and decline in labor sensitivity of production. Secondly, educated mass v/s unemployment. Thirdly, it is evident from table no-2 sickness in Indian small scale industry, vulnerabilities of New start-ups, where two-thirds of all 239 Electronic copy available at:
3 new ventures perish in the first five years, liability of newness and smallness, traditional Indian business wisdom and last but not the least present economic crisis and slowdown wrapping up the success story. II Entrepreneurial Activity in Developed and Developing countries Level of entrepreneurship varies from country to country. Entrepreneurship is a social phenomenon, which is influenced by different economic and non - economic conditions. Economic conditions include: access to profits, the existence of leading teams, opportunities, chances, capital and human resources, entrepreneurial education, etc. Non-economic factors can be grouped as non-economic motives (the need for achievement, the need for independence, dissatisfaction with the current job, the need for power and control over the situation), values (ethics, personal opinion, optimism, responsibility, honesty, rationality, etc.) and environmental factors (economic stability, open economy and free market, private ownership system, encouraging economic policy, developed entrepreneurial culture). The overall level of entrepreneurial activity for each country is represented by the TEA (Total Entrepreneurial Activity) index. The major and important point behind the entrepreneurial activities is the type of entrepreneurial activity. It is necessary to note down that entrepreneurial activity in developed countries are opportunity cost based whereas in the developing countries like India these are necessity based. In terms of opportunity entrepreneurship the leading countries are Peru, Ecuador, Uganda, Jordanian, New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, USA, Argentina and Canada. As for necessity entrepreneurship the leading countries are mainly the less developed ones, such as Uganda, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina Poland, Jordan, and South Africa and India. Northwestern European countries have a very low percentage of necessity entrepreneurship. According to the general TEA index classification, India ranked rabove average necessity based country (Figure 1). Considering the relationship between necessity-based and opportunity-based TEA index, the largest number of people are forced into entrepreneurial career in South Africa, Brazil and Uganda, in Europe we can list the following countries: Croatia, Hungary and Poland. The highest percent of opportunity-based entrepreneurial activity can on the other hand be found in Denmark, Iceland and Spain.. Figure 1: Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) Medium and High Growth
4 When choosing or thinking about entrepreneurial career, people respect opportunity costs. In less developed countries, it is obvious that potential entrepreneurs cannot loose a lot, especially if they are unemployed and self-employment is the only chance for making a living. In developed countries (e.g. Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Japan, US and Europe), people compare advantages of being employed with advantages of being self-employed and they do not want to take risks. In these countries, Welfare state discourages early-stage entrepreneurial activity, especially necessity-based. High Total Entrepreneurial Activity Index in less developed countries is often reached through significantly high necessity-based entrepreneurial activity as the consequence of low standard of living, low employment protection index and poor chance for making a living. Rather low TEA index in developed countries, accompanying higher GDP p.c. (up to USD 30,000) indicates better living conditions and welfare state, which guarantee social and economic security to inhabitants. People are not forced into entrepreneurship to make a living. Developed and rich countries express high TEA index, which is achieved mostly by having high rates of opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Countries having GDP p.c. more than USD 30,000, have already established conditions enabling entrepreneurial development among start-ups, as well as among dynamic enterprises. Potential entrepreneurs in these countries can afford risks, neither individuals nor society face a lack of capital. Relatively high TEA indexes in developed countries are achieved mostly with high levels of opportunity-based entrepreneurial activity. Opportunity-based enterprises are more stable, the mortality between them is lower, and they usually grow fast Moreover, highly developed countries mostly promote entrepreneurship, spread entrepreneurial culture among their citizens and foster fast-growing, knowledge-based enterprises to compete even more successfully on the global market. Considering the facts mentioned above it is not wise just to promote entrepreneurship and to force people into entrepreneurial career. Having millions of nascent entrepreneurs involved in business due to necessity and having little chances to survive and growth does not contribute to economic growth. Knowledge-based economy needs new ideas to be commercialized; it needs dynamic, knowledge based enterprises.(lal, K Anil, 2005) But the countries like India promotes entrepreneurial activities and encourage FDI for these activities in order to create plate form for those who want to start their own business. India growth prospect is also the temptation for foreign direct investment and it is obvious developing countries require generation of capital and the mobilization of resources depends upon the quantity of entrepreneurial activities undertaken by these countries. Countries which don t have any space to invest their surplus, wants to invest their money in those countries which provides them healthy avenues of investment and developed countries wants to start their opportunity based entrepreneurship projects not in their countries but in developing ones by investing directly or indirectly III Factors behind the self-employment in India A major debate regarding decline in employment, particularly in the organized government sector, post-liberalisation, has concluded that unemployment has increased after the 1990s. And we have seen this manifest in various forms in the Indian blogosphere in debates on the effectiveness of globalization in removing poverty and suchlike. This debate does not take in to account the fact that India is a country of the self-employed, and not of employees.
5 Our economy is not that of wage earners and shareholders. A significant portion of the economy consists of the self-employed who are both wage-earners and shareowners. The share of the proprietorship and partnership forms of organizations in the national income is 35 per cent, that of corporate around 15 per cent, of government around 25 per cent, and agriculture around 25 per cent. Combine agriculture and the self-employed in industry and service sectors, nearly 60 per cent of the national income is generated by the self-employed and does not fall in the paradigm of either capitalism or socialism (Mathew. J, Mainimala 2006). The large corporates are increasingly resorting to `outsourcing their regular manufacturing activities to small and medium enterprises. Earlier companies in soap powder and biscuit and shampoo categories did it, but now firms in the consumer durables sector as also in technology and heavy engineering `outsource.hence employment is growing. Not in corporates but in the self-employed segment. Self-employment is the answer to the Western choice of capitalism and socialism. Perfect. But do our policy makers know this caught as they are between providing quota at various private companies or regulating courier companies ( there is a lot of casual labour/contractors/self employed at both these places). It is interesting that the largest contributors to the national income and employment and capital providers are not talked about or considered in policy formulations. They are often dismissed as `unorganized or `residual sectors. India is one of the fascinating countries where more than 60 per cent of the activities are called `residual sector. The opposing groupings, of the globalizes and the Left intellectuals, interestingly support the slow death of the self-employed group. Not only that, we seem to be bent on creating a huge mass of unemployable persons with the education having no links to trade and craft. The globalizer would like the entire country to be a giant corporation, FDI funded and owned, where every one is a wage earner. For the Left thinkers it is a historical, and an inevitable, process wherein the small entrepreneurs are destroyed to become workers. And jobs in public sector units are more important than the livelihood of millions of street-corner vendors. Due to faulty policies, supported by the metropolitan elite and the Marxist intellectual, we may end up having a huge mass of unemployable persons who are currently self-employed. The policies to be adopted in the service sector in retail trade, restaurants, construction, road transport, etc., are going to require massive employment guarantee schemes (EGS) even in the urban areas, which will make the state wither away. The self employed really are the backbone of the nation, starting from the small tea shop at construction sites to scrap dealers to vegetable vendors and going all the way up to hotshot entrepreneurs. This is something we need to encourage, since it has been shown time and again that private entrepreneurship and initiative is, really, one of the big things about India. IV How SME s good for Economic Growth in India How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth? This question would seem to have a simple answer: Entrepreneurs create new businesses, and new businesses in turn create jobs, intensify competition, and may even increase productivity through technological change. High measured levels of entrepreneurship will thus translate directly into high levels of economic growth. However, the reality is more complicated. If, by entrepreneurship, one allows
6 Year inclusion of any type of informal self-employment, then high levels of entrepreneurship may actually mean either that there are substantial bureaucratic barriers to formally creating a new business, or simply that the economy is creating too conventional few wage-earning job opportunities. Under these circumstances, we might reasonably hypothesize that high levels of entrepreneurship would correlate with slow economic growth and lagging development. Moreover, the relationship between necessity entrepreneurship and economic development is most likely negative in low income countries while the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development in high income countries is mostly likely positive(joltan K. ACS,2007). This must be further balanced by the fact that some low income countries like India and China have high levels of opportunity entrepreneurship, at least in certain part of the country, and countries like Japan have very low levels of opportunity entrepreneurship and low The small scale sector in India has particularly emerged as a vibrant and dynamic segment of the economy. It is a matter of pride that India has a distinct position of its own among the developing countries, particularly in the area of small scale industries, India has a vast reservoir of scientific and technical manpower, occupying third position Contribution of SSI in the industrial production and GDP in the world as far as technical man power is concerned. Over the last five decades, the small scale has acquired a place of prominence in the economy of the country. It has contributed significantly to the growth of the Gross Domestic product, employment generation and exports. The sector now includes not only the SSI units but also the small service and business enterprise (SSSBEs) and is thus referred as small enterprise sector. During to sector has registered continuous growth in the number of units, production, employment and even exports. During this period the average annual growth in the number of units was around 4.1%, while employment grew by 4.2% annually. Further, the average annual growth in production is at 12.6%. SME registered 20.8% growth in terms of Exports. Performance of Small Scale Enterprises. No of Units (in Lakhs) Registered Un- Registe red Total Production (Rs.Crore at prices) Employment (In Lakhs) Exports(Rs Crores) (4.1) 3,06,771(8.7) (4.5) 86103(20.7) (4.1) 3,36,344(9.6) (4.4) 97,644(13.5) (4.1) 3,72,938(10.9) (4.5) 1,24,417(27.4) (4.1) 4,18,884(12.3) (4.3) 1,50,242(20.8) (4.1) 4,71,663(12.6) (4.2) NA Year Source: Office of the development Commissioner (Table-4) Total Industrial Production Gross Domestic Product % 5.91% % 5.82% % 6.02% % 6.40% % 7.44% Source: Economic Survey (Table-3) in
7 The small enterprises sector, however faces several problems, which hamper it achieving it in achieving its full growth potential. Some of the major problems faced by the sector are access to timely and adequate credit, technological obsolescence, infrastructural bottlenecks, marketing constraints and plethora of rules and regulations. Findings India is having good push factors for entrepreneurial development like healthy and encouraging GDP numbers between (7-8%), growth in number of Units(4.1%), employment(4.2%) and Exports(20.8%). Level of entrepreneurial activity in India (TEA) stands at above average 7%. We are facing the vulnerabilities of New start-ups, where liability of newness/smallness and moreover traditional Indian business wisdom causes problems for SSIs. While considering the necessity based and opportunity based TEA index, the largest number of people are forced to being self-employed, because they don t have any kind of job. The relationship between necessity entrepreneurship and economic development is most likely negative in low income countries, while the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development in high income countries is mostly likely positive. India is having high level of opportunity entrepreneurship, at least in certain part of country, even though the level of income in India is very low. India s economic development strategy immediately after independence was based on the Mahalanobis Model, which gave preference to the Investment goods/capital goods, but now SME activities has transitioned from an agrarian to a predominately service based activities. More over, the SSI sector accounts for 1. 98% new start-ups in India are small 2. 40% of value added in the manufacturing sector % of national export. 4. 7% of Gross Domestic Product. 5. Employment to lakh persons. 6. Production of over 8000 items in the Industrial Sector. Less developed countries need to strengthen their Small and Medium Sized sector, before focusing on the entrepreneurial framework conditions, since this is the first step toward development. These policies are focused at firms not at individuals. These include financial assistance, management assistance, training and reducing regulatory burdens. Part of the goal should be to reduce the number of self-employed and strengthen the existing Small and Medium Sized Sector. Underdeveloped countries should be focuses on bringing in direct foreign investment that would employ more of the people leaving agriculture and self-employment. A strong commitment to education and training, both at the elementary and secondary level are important. Those with less education in developing countries will end up in necessity entrepreneurship. The Indian economy provides a revealing contrast between how individuals react under a government-controlled environment and how they respond to a market-based environment. The evidence presented here suggests that recent market reforms encouraging individual enterprise have led to higher economic growth in that country. The reasoning here is
8 not new, although it is refreshing to discover that this tried-and-true reasoning applies to developing as well as to developed nations. Specifically, reliance upon a free market, with its emphasis upon individual self-interest in survival and wealth accumulation, can yield a wide range of economic benefits. In India those benefits have included, among other things, increased economic growth, reduced inflation, a smaller fiscal deficit, and higher inflows of the foreign capital needed for investment. REFERENCES Ahluwalia, I.J., Industrial Growth in India: Stagnation Since the Mid- Sixties (London, Oxford University Press). Lal, K Anil and Clement W. Roland. Economic Development in India; The role of Individual Enterprises, Asia-pacific Development Journal, Vol 12. No 2, December 2005, pp Acs J. Zoltan, How is Entrepreneurship good for Economic Growth?, Progress Foundation, Zurich: Switzerland:Oct Manimala J. Mathew, Entrepreneurship Education and Training in India: Global Education, University of Essex, Scotland:2006
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN INDIA. Mr. S. MOHANDASS. Head, Research Department of Commerce,
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN INDIA Mr. S. MOHANDASS Head, Research Department of Commerce, Sri Vinayaga College Of Arts and Science, Ulundurpet Mr. E. SUBRAMANIYAN
More informationHIGHLIGHTS. There is a clear trend in the OECD area towards. which is reflected in the economic and innovative performance of certain OECD countries.
HIGHLIGHTS The ability to create, distribute and exploit knowledge is increasingly central to competitive advantage, wealth creation and better standards of living. The STI Scoreboard 2001 presents the
More informationDo Institutions have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs?
Do Institutions have a Greater Effect on Female Entrepreneurs? Saul Estrin LSE, CEPR, IZA And Tomasz Mickiewicz University College, London 1 Slides for presentation at Female Entrepreneurship: Constraints
More informationAppendix The Nordic Growth Entrepreneurship Review 2012
NORDIC INNOVATION REPORT 2012:25 // DECEMBER 2012 Appendix The Nordic Growth Entrepreneurship Review 2012 Final report The Nordic Growth Entrepreneurship Review 2012 Final report Authors: Glenda Napier
More informationImpact of Globalization on Economic Growth in India
Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth in India Dr. P.C. Jose Paul* Assistant Professor Department of Economics, N.M. Christian College, Marthadam Email: pcjosepaul@gmail.com Abstract Globalization
More informationSMART STRATEGIES TO INCREASE PROSPERITY AND LIMIT BRAIN DRAIN IN CENTRAL EUROPE 1
Summary of the Expert Conference: SMART STRATEGIES TO INCREASE PROSPERITY AND LIMIT BRAIN DRAIN IN CENTRAL EUROPE 1 6 November 2018 STATE OF PLAY AND CHALLENGES Citizens of new EU member states are increasingly
More informationInclusive global growth: a framework to think about the post-2015 agenda
Inclusive global growth: a framework to think about the post-215 agenda François Bourguignon Paris School of Economics Angus Maddison Lecture, Oecd, Paris, April 213 1 Outline 1) Inclusion and exclusion
More informationRole of Entrepreneurs in Stabilizing Economy
Role of Entrepreneurs in Stabilizing Economy (Entrepreneurship Role of Economic Development) K. Veeramani M.Com.,M.Phil.,Assistant professor Don Bosco College, Dharmapuri, India Abstract Entrepreneurship
More informationTo be opened on receipt
Oxford Cambridge and RSA To be opened on receipt A2 GCE ECONOMICS F585/01/SM The Global Economy STIMULUS MATERIAL *6373303001* JUNE 2016 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES This copy must not be taken into the
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Shuji Uchikawa
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Shuji Uchikawa ASEAN member countries agreed to establish the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015 and transform ASEAN into a region with free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled
More informationConference on What Africa Can Do Now To Accelerate Youth Employment. Organized by
Conference on What Africa Can Do Now To Accelerate Youth Employment Organized by The Olusegun Obasanjo Foundation (OOF) and The African Union Commission (AUC) (Addis Ababa, 29 January 2014) Presentation
More informationEmployment opportunities and challenges in an increasingly integrated Asia and the Pacific
Employment opportunities and challenges in an increasingly integrated Asia and the Pacific KEIS/WAPES Training on Dual Education System and Career Guidance Kee Beom Kim Employment Specialist ILO Bangkok
More informationTHE ENTREPRENEURISM MEASURE
1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 THE ENTREPRENEURISM MEASURE 3 HEADLINE DATA FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES 4 KEY RESULTS 5 Standard of Living 5 Credit and Investment 5 Home Ownership 5 National Support for Entrepreneurship
More informationOn the Surge of Inequality in the Mediterranean Region. Chahir Zaki Cairo University and Economic Research Forum
On the Surge of Inequality in the Mediterranean Region Chahir Zaki chahir.zaki@feps.edu.eg Cairo University and Economic Research Forum A tale of three regions Resource poor countries Djibouti, Egypt,
More informationTRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF KOREAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: FROM AN INTELLECTUAL POINTS OF VIEW
TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF KOREAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: FROM AN INTELLECTUAL POINTS OF VIEW FANOWEDY SAMARA (Seoul, South Korea) Comment on fanowedy@gmail.com On this article, I will share you the key factors
More informationInclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all
Inclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all Statement by Mr Guy Ryder, Director-General International Labour Organization International Monetary and Financial Committee Washington D.C.,
More informationMiracle of Estonia Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Policy in Estonia
Miracle of Estonia Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Policy in Estonia Signe Ratso Deputy Secretary General of EU and International Co-operation Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications of Estonia
More informationChapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization
Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization... 1 5.1 THEORY OF INVESTMENT... 4 5.2 AN OPEN ECONOMY: IMPORT-EXPORT-LED GROWTH MODEL... 6 5.3 FOREIGN
More informationGERMANY, JAPAN AND INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT IMBALANCES
Articles Articles Articles Articles Articles CENTRAL EUROPEAN REVIEW OF ECONOMICS & FINANCE Vol. 2, No. 1 (2012) pp. 5-18 Slawomir I. Bukowski* GERMANY, JAPAN AND INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT IMBALANCES Abstract
More informationChina s Response to the Global Slowdown: The Best Macro is Good Micro
China s Response to the Global Slowdown: The Best Macro is Good Micro By Nicholas Stern (Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank ) At the Global Economic Slowdown and China's Countermeasures
More informationEconomic Growth, Foreign Investments and Economic Freedom: A Case of Transition Economy Kaja Lutsoja
Economic Growth, Foreign Investments and Economic Freedom: A Case of Transition Economy Kaja Lutsoja Tallinn School of Economics and Business Administration of Tallinn University of Technology The main
More informationQatar. Switzerland Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Brazil. New Zealand India Pakistan Philippines Nicaragua Chad Yemen
Figure 25: GDP per capita vs Gobal Gender Gap Index 214 GDP GDP per capita per capita, (constant PPP (constant 25 international 211 international $) $) 15, 12, 9, 6, Sweden.5.6.7.8.9 Global Gender Gap
More informationHas Globalization Helped or Hindered Economic Development? (EA)
Has Globalization Helped or Hindered Economic Development? (EA) Most economists believe that globalization contributes to economic development by increasing trade and investment across borders. Economic
More informationTowards Consensus on a Decent Living Level in South Africa: Inequality beliefs and preferences for redistribution
Towards Consensus on a Decent Living Level in South Africa: Inequality beliefs and preferences for redistribution Ben Roberts Democracy, Governance & Service Delivery (DSGD), Human Sciences Research Council
More informationHOW ECONOMIES GROW AND DEVELOP Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 17 HOW ECONOMIES GROW AND DEVELOP Macroeconomics In Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter presents material on economic growth, such as the theory behind it, how it is calculated,
More informationand with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1
and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1 Inequality and growth: the contrasting stories of Brazil and India Concern with inequality used to be confined to the political left, but today it has spread to a
More informationREVISITING THE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
REVISITING THE YOUTH EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Expert meeting on national strategies and global responses for youth well-being Alexandre Kolev OECD Development Centre Paris, 17 October
More informationStrengthening Integration of the Economies in Transition into the World Economy through Economic Diversification
UN-DESA and UN-ECE International Conference Strengthening Integration of the Economies in Transition into the World Economy through Economic Diversification Welcoming remarks by Rob Vos Director Development
More information9.1 Human Development Index Development improving the material conditions diffusion of knowledge and technology Measure by HDI
9: Development 9.1 Human Development Index Development improving the material conditions diffusion of knowledge and technology Measure by HDI Standard of living Access to knowledge Life expectancy 9.1
More informationA Global View of Entrepreneurship Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012
A Global View of Entrepreneurship Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Donna Kelley, Babson College REITI Workshop Tokyo Japan January 21, 2001 In 2012, its 14 th year, GEM surveyed 198,000 adults in 69
More informationAddress. Hon. T. Biti, MP Minister of Finance. 8 January 2013
Address by Hon. T. Biti, MP Minister of Finance From Hopelessness to Hope: Africa on the Rise Carleton University, Ottawa 8 January 2013 Outline 1. Background: Africa a Hopeless Case Prior 1990 2. Africa
More informationIndustrial Policy and African Development. Justin Yifu Lin National School of Development Peking University
Industrial Policy and African Development Justin Yifu Lin National School of Development Peking University 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
More informationForeign workers in the Korean labour market: current status and policy issues
Foreign workers in the Korean labour market: current status and policy issues Seung-Cheol Jeon 1 Abstract The number of foreign workers in Korea is growing rapidly, increasing from 1.1 million in 2012
More informationThe Mystery of Economic Growth by Elhanan Helpman. Chiara Criscuolo Centre for Economic Performance London School of Economics
The Mystery of Economic Growth by Elhanan Helpman Chiara Criscuolo Centre for Economic Performance London School of Economics The facts Burundi, 2006 Sweden, 2006 According to Maddison, in the year 1000
More informationSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND WOMEN EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH ASIA
International Journal of Human Resource & Industrial Research, Vol.3, Issue 2, Feb-Mar, 2016, pp 01-15 ISSN: 2349 3593 (Online), ISSN: 2349 4816 (Print) STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND WOMEN EMPLOYMENT IN
More informationHow does education affect the economy?
2. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF EDUCATION How does education affect the economy? More than half of the GDP growth in OECD countries over the past decade is related to labour income growth among
More informationLabor Migration in the Kyrgyz Republic and Its Social and Economic Consequences
Network of Asia-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG) Annual Conference 200 Beijing, PRC, -7 December 200 Theme: The Role of Public Administration in Building
More informationCan Russia Compete? Enhancing Productivity and Innovation in a Globalizing World. Raj M. Desai The Brookings Institution
Can Russia Compete? Enhancing Productivity and Innovation in a Globalizing World Raj M. Desai The Brookings Institution Itzhak Goldberg The World Bank October 15, 2008, The World Bank Outline Introduction
More informationExecutive summary. Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers.
Executive summary Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers. In many ways, these are exciting times for Asia and the Pacific as a region. Dynamic growth and
More informationGender, economics and the crisis: lessons from E. Europe, C. Asia and the Caucasus Ewa Ruminska-Zimny, PhD Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
Gender, economics and the crisis: lessons from E. Europe, C. Asia and the Caucasus Ewa Ruminska-Zimny, PhD Warsaw School of Economics, Poland GEM-IWG Workshop, The Levy Institute, 30 June 2009 Summary
More informationGENDER AWARE TRADE POLICY A SPRINGBOARD FOR WOMEN S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
GENDER AWARE TRADE POLICY A SPRINGBOARD FOR WOMEN S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 1 " Action is needed to better integrate women into the international trading system. All the evidence suggests that giving an equal
More informationA GAtewAy to A Bet ter Life Education aspirations around the World September 2013
A Gateway to a Better Life Education Aspirations Around the World September 2013 Education Is an Investment in the Future RESOLUTE AGREEMENT AROUND THE WORLD ON THE VALUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION HALF OF ALL
More informationInfrastructure Economics Department of Social Sciences Prof. Nalin Bharti Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Infrastructure Economics Department of Social Sciences Prof. Nalin Bharti Indian Institute of Technology Madras Module 02 Lecture - 08 Experiences of Infrastructure Development in NICs Experiences of Infrastructure
More informationThe Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Portugal Executive Report
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2004 Portugal Executive Report The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2004 Portugal Executive Report I II The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2004 Portugal Executive Report
More informationTrade, informality and jobs. Kee Beom Kim ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
Trade, informality and jobs Kee Beom Kim ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Decent Work for All ASIAN DECENT WORK DECADE 2006-2015 Outline Introduction: Linkage between trade, jobs and informality
More informationDaniel Kaufmann, Brookings Institution
Reset Within Russia?: A Comparative Governance Perspective Daniel Kaufmann, Brookings Institution Presentation at the Public Conference The Risks of the Reset, at the Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C.,
More informationInternational investment resumes retreat
FDI IN FIGURES October 213 International investment resumes retreat 213 FDI flows fall back to crisis levels Preliminary data for 213 show that global FDI activity declined by 28% (to USD 256 billion)
More informationA population can stabilize and grow through four factors:
TABLED DOCUMENT 259-17(5) TABLED ON JUNE 3, 2015 The GNWT has an aspirational goal to increase the population of the Northwest Territories by 2,000 people by 2019. The goal translates into having a population
More informationInfluence of Motives and its Impact on Women Entrepreneurs of India
Influence of Motives and its Impact on Women Entrepreneurs of India G.Barani*, T.Dheepa** Abstract During the last two decades, there is an increasing trend of Indian women entering the field of entrepreneurship.
More informationOECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 2018 Promoting inclusive growth
OECD ECONOMIC SURVEY OF LITHUANIA 218 Promoting inclusive growth Vilnius, 5 July 218 http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-lithuania.htm @OECDeconomy @OECD 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211
More informationStuck in Transition? STUCK IN TRANSITION? TRANSITION REPORT Jeromin Zettelmeyer Deputy Chief Economist. Turkey country visit 3-6 December 2013
TRANSITION REPORT 2013 www.tr.ebrd.com STUCK IN TRANSITION? Stuck in Transition? Turkey country visit 3-6 December 2013 Jeromin Zettelmeyer Deputy Chief Economist Piroska M. Nagy Director for Country Strategy
More informationIssues in Education and Lifelong Learning: Spending, Learning Recognition, Immigrants and Visible Minorities
Issues in Education and Lifelong Learning: Spending, Learning Recognition, Immigrants and Visible Minorities Dr. Michael Bloom Executive Director, Strategic Projects, & Director, Education and Learning
More informationEmerging Market Consumers: A comparative study of Latin America and Asia-Pacific
Emerging Market Consumers: A comparative study of Latin America and Asia-Pacific Euromonitor International ESOMAR Latin America 2010 Table of Contents Emerging markets and the global recession Demographic
More informationUK Productivity Gap: Skills, management and innovation
UK Productivity Gap: Skills, management and innovation March 2005 Professor John Van Reenen Director, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE 1 1. Overview The Productivity Gap (output per hour) What is it
More informationFollowing are the introductory remarks on the occasion by Khadija Haq, President MHHDC. POVERTY IN SOUTH ASIA: CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES
The Human Development in South Asia Report 2006 titled Poverty in South Asia:Challenges and Responses, was launched on May 25, 2007 in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Shaukat Aziz
More informationForeword. Martin Graham Chairman of Oracle Capital Group
EMERGING WEALTH 2014 Foreword Martin Graham Chairman of Oracle Capital Group Oracle Capital Group, the independent international multi-family office, is delighted to present its Global Entrepreneurial
More informationSWEDEN AND TURKEY: TWO MODELS OF WELFARE STATE IN EUROPE. Simona Moagǎr Poladian 1 Andreea-Emanuela Drǎgoi 2
SWEDEN AND TURKEY: TWO MODELS OF WELFARE STATE IN EUROPE Simona Moagǎr Poladian 1 Andreea-Emanuela Drǎgoi 2 Abstract Our paper analyzes two models of economic development: Sweden and Turkey. The main objective
More informationLatin America in the New Global Order. Vittorio Corbo Governor Central Bank of Chile
Latin America in the New Global Order Vittorio Corbo Governor Central Bank of Chile Outline 1. Economic and social performance of Latin American economies. 2. The causes of Latin America poor performance:
More informationThe Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Central and Eastern Europe. Mark Allen
The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Central and Eastern Europe Fourth Central European CEMS Conference Warsaw, February 25, 211 Mark Allen Senior IMF Resident Representative for Central and Eastern
More informationOverview of Main Policy Issues on Remittances
Overview of Main Policy Issues on Remittances Presentation at the WBI Conference on Capital Flows and Global Imbalances, Paris, April 6, 2006 Piroska M. Nagy Senior Banker and Adviser Main points I. Salient
More informationPoverty in the Third World
11. World Poverty Poverty in the Third World Human Poverty Index Poverty and Economic Growth Free Market and the Growth Foreign Aid Millennium Development Goals Poverty in the Third World Subsistence definitions
More informationMaking Youth Entrepreneurship Work in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Factors of Success
Open Journal of Business and Management, 2014, 2, 305-313 Published Online October 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojbm http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2014.24036 Making Youth Entrepreneurship
More informationLondon Measured. A summary of key London socio-economic statistics. City Intelligence. September 2018
A summary of key socio-economic statistics September 2018 People 1. Population 1.1 Population Growth 1.2 Migration Flow 2. Diversity 2.1 Foreign-born ers 3. Social Issues 3.1 Poverty & Inequality 3.2 Life
More informationAsia's giants take different routes By Martin Wolf Published: February :36 Last updated: February :36
Asia's giants take different routes By Martin Wolf Published: February 22 2005 20:36 Last updated: February 22 2005 20:36 Almost two out of every five people on the planet are either Chinese or Indian.
More informationAMWAY GLOBAL. Encouraging WOMEN to be entrepreneurs Eliminating the fear of failure. A Survey of Amway Europe, March 2014
AMWAY GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP REPORT 2013 Encouraging WOMEN to be entrepreneurs Eliminating the fear of failure. A Survey of Amway Europe, March 2014 Candan Corbacioglu Amway Europe Corporate Affairs Area
More informationNational Youth Policy of India 2014: Does it Meet Aspirations of Next Gen?
11 National Youth Policy of India 2014: Does it Meet Aspirations of Next Gen? 2 Table of Contents 1 Overview...3 2 Objectives of the Policy... 4 3 Analysis of Policy Objectives... 5 4 Analysis of Key
More informationWORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE FINANCIAL ASSETS Munich, November 2018 Copyright Allianz 11/19/2018 1 MORE DYNAMIC POST FINANCIAL CRISIS Changes in the global wealth middle classes in millions 1,250
More informationChina and India:Convergence and Divergence
China and India:Convergence and Divergence I. "What China is good at, India is not and vice versa. The countries are inverted mirror of each other».. «very real possibility that China and India will in
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 6: The International Economy 6.1 Globalisation Notes Characteristics of globalisation: Globalisation is the ever increasing integration of the world s local,
More informationMAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE- THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS & ITS IMPACT ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE- THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS & ITS IMPACT ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT Associate Professor, Department of Commerce Poona College of Arts, Science and Commerce Pune-1 (MS)
More informationGHG emissions can only be understood
C H A P T E R 7 Socioeconomic Development GHG emissions can only be understood properly within the broader socioeconomic context. Such a context gives a sense not just of emissions, but the degree to which
More informationMinistry of Trade and Industry Republic of Trinidad and Tobago SMALL STATES IN TRANSITION FROM VULNERABILITY TO COMPETITIVENESS SAMOA
Ministry of Trade and Industry Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Commonwealth Secretariat SMALL STATES IN TRANSITION FROM VULNERABILITY TO COMPETITIVENESS SAMOA DEVELOPING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH SERVICES
More informationENHANCING DOMESTIC RESOURCES MOBILIZATION THROUGH FISCAL POLICY
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA SUBREGIONAL OFFICE FOR EASTERN AFRICA ECA/SROEA/ICE/2009/ Original: English SROEA 13 th Meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts (ICE) Mahe, Seychelles,
More informationINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB STATES
Distr. LIMITED E/ESCWA/SDD/2007/Brochure.1 5 February 2007 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ARABIC ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB STATES United
More informationContemporary Human Geography, 2e. Chapter 9. Development. Lectures. Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan Pearson Education, Inc.
Contemporary Human Geography, 2e Lectures Chapter 9 Development Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan 9.1 Human Development Index Development The process of improving the material conditions of
More informationTransition from the informal to the formal economy
Transition from the informal to the formal economy Employment policies By Mohammed Mwamadzingo, ACTRAV Geneva Outline Employment in the informal economy: facts and figures ILO Recommendation 204 on Employment
More informationPUBLIC SECTOR TRANSFORMATION
PUBLIC SECTOR TRANSFORMATION Dr. Victor Koh KENYA VISION 2030 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS FORUM Sarova Whitesands, Mombasa, Kenya 30 May 2018 1) 2017 KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR KENYA: Population = 50 million
More informationThe Black Sea region: Challenges and Lessons of the Global Financial Crisis
The Black Sea region: Challenges and Lessons of the Global Financial Crisis Galina Selari, CISR (The Black Sea Peacebuilding Network, Regional Meeting: Istanbul, 9-11 December 2011) This thesis aims at
More informationEmerging Asian economies lead Global Pay Gap rankings
For immediate release Emerging Asian economies lead Global Pay Gap rankings China, Thailand and Vietnam top global rankings for pay difference between managers and clerical staff Singapore, 7 May 2008
More informationTHE FASTEST GROWING LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Wioletta NOWAK University of Wroclaw THE FASTEST GROWING LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Case Study Keywords Economic development, Economic growth, LDCs JEL Classification O11, O47, O57 Abstract The paper presents
More informationEXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY - A NEW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMY - A NEW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT FOR THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Corina COLIBAVERDI Phd student, Academia de Studii Economice a Moldovei Boris CHISTRUGA Univ. Prof., dr.hab., Academia de
More informationCIE Economics A-level
CIE Economics A-level Topic 4: The Macroeconomy c) Classification of countries Notes Indicators of living standards and economic development The three dimensions of the Human Development Index (HDI) The
More informationThe Role of Clusters in Local Economic and Social Development: the Italian Experience Some issues from the Marche Region
The Role of Clusters in Local Economic and Social Development: the Italian Experience Some issues from the Marche Region Pietro Marcolini Member of the Marche Regional Board for Finance and Planning Santo
More informationSWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF LUSHNJE
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF LUSHNJE June, 2008 SWOT Analysis for the Sustainable Economic Development of the City of Lushnja The Municipality of Lushnja With its
More informationWidening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications
Widening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications Jun Saito, Senior Research Fellow Japan Center for Economic Research December 11, 2017 Is inequality widening in Japan? Since the publication of Thomas
More informationRelative Importance of Push & Pull Factors in Entrepreneurial Selection for Tourismpreneur
Relative Importance of Push & Pull Factors in Entrepreneurial Selection for Tourismpreneur Kshitiz Sharma* Abstract Entrepreneurship is the key concept for development of any place, and tourism is another
More informationWOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA WITH DUE EMPHASIS ON TELANGANA STATE
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA WITH DUE EMPHASIS ON TELANGANA STATE Dr. KAMMILI KAMALAKARA RAO Associate Professor, Bahir Dar University ABSTRACT The newly formed Telangana state has recently announced
More informationHISTORICAL BACKGROUND During the British rule in India, the government policy towards industry and business was indifferent. The first century of Brit
Chapter - 03 Industrial Policy HISTORICAL BACKGROUND During the British rule in India, the government policy towards industry and business was indifferent. The first century of British rule saw the decline
More informationAndrew Wyckoff, OECD ITIF Innovation Forum Washington, DC 21 July 2010
OECD s Innovation Strategy: Getting a Head Start on Tomorrow Andrew Wyckoff, OECD ITIF Innovation Forum Washington, DC 21 July 2010 www.oecd.org/innovation/strategy 1 Overview What is OECD s Innovation
More informationInclusive Economic Growth with Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction
International Journal of Management and International Business Studies. ISSN 2277-3177 Volume 4, Number 1 (2014), pp. 109-116 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Inclusive Economic
More informationThe globalization of inequality
The globalization of inequality François Bourguignon Paris School of Economics Public lecture, Canberra, May 2013 1 "In a human society in the process of unification inequality between nations acquires
More informationRethinking Growth Policy The Schumpeterian Perspective. EEA Meeting Geneva, August 2016
Rethinking Growth Policy The Schumpeterian Perspective EEA Meeting Geneva, August 2016 Schumpeterian growth theory Long-run growth driven by innovations Innovations result from entrepreneurial activities
More informationChapter 9. Regional Economic Integration
Chapter 9 Regional Economic Integration Global Talent Crunch The Global Talent Crunch Over the next decade, it is estimated that the growth in demand for collegeeducated talent will exceed the growth in
More informationTHAILAND SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC Public Engagement
THAILAND SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC Public Engagement March 2016 Contents 1. Objectives of the Engagement 2. Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) 3. Country Context 4. Growth Story 5. Poverty Story 6.
More informationThe World Bank s Twin Goals
The World Bank s Twin Goals Reduce extreme poverty to 3% or less of the global population by 2030 Boosting Shared Prosperity: promoting consumption/income growth of the bottom 40% in every country 2 these
More informationThe Challenge of Inclusive Growth: Making Growth Work for the Poor
2015/FDM2/004 Session: 1 The Challenge of Inclusive Growth: Making Growth Work for the Poor Purpose: Information Submitted by: World Bank Group Finance and Central Bank Deputies Meeting Cebu, Philippines
More informationTourism Entrepreneurship among Women in Goa: An Emerging Trend
Tourism Entrepreneurship among Women in Goa: An Emerging Trend 1.INTRODUCTION: Prof. Smita Sanzgiri G.V.M.S G.G.P.R. College Of Commerce And Economics, Ponda Goa smitasanzgiri17@gmail.com In India, the
More informationEDUCATION INTELLIGENCE EDUCATION INTELLIGENCE. Presentation Title DD/MM/YY. Students in Motion. Janet Ilieva, PhD Jazreel Goh
Presentation Title DD/MM/YY Students in Motion Janet Ilieva, PhD Jazreel Goh Forecasting International Student Mobility Global slowdown in the world economy is expected to affect global demand for overseas
More informationAndhra Pradesh: Vision 2020
OVERVIEW Andhra Pradesh: Vision 2020 Andhra Pradesh has set itself an ambitious vision. By 2020, the State will have achieved a level of development that will provide its people tremendous opportunities
More information65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION
5. PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION 65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive growth and help Turkey converge faster to average EU and OECD income
More information