Mapping of Law Enforcement Training in the European Union

Transcription

1 EUROPEAN TRAINING SCHEME Mapping of Law Enforcement Training in the European Union FINAL REPORT ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 1

2 INDEX INTRODUCTION... 5 I METHODOLOGY Outline of Process Sample of the ETS Mapping Exercise Collected Data Problems encountered II LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES III DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY OF OUTCOMES STRAND 1 Basic (Initial and Promotion Training) Summary Member States: European cross-border law enforcement cooperation in national training Summary Law Enforcement Organisations: by target group National and CLEA Agencies initial training National and Regional Police Agencies promotion training Border law enforcement agencies (BLEA) initial and promotion training Customs enforcement agencies (CLEA) initial and promotion training Training at International Level Training needs and required support by the European Union STRAND 2 Bilateral / Regional Training Bilateral / regional training at national level Bilateral / regional training at international level Training needs and support from the EU ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 2

3 3. STRAND 3 Specialised Training Specialised Training on national level Training on international level Law enforcement training needs STRAND 4 External dimension Mission Training for missions in third Countries as provided within the European Union Summary Member States: mission training on national level Summary Law Enforcement Agencies: mission training on national level Mission training on international level Need for training for missions to third countries Transfer of knowledge with third countries Topics subject to knowledge transfer Funding of knowledge transfer to third countries EU support required for knowledge transfer to third countries IV COMPARISON OF EU AGENCIES OPERATING IN THE JHA AREA V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions Recommendations VI ANNEXES ANNEX 1 - ACRONYMS ANNEX 2 - ADDRESSED LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE MEMBER STATES ANNEX 3 ADRESSED EU AGENCIES / EUROPEAN AMD INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS / DIERCTORATES-GENERAL ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 3

4 ANNEX 4 -STAFF INVOLVED IN THE MAPPING EXERCISE ANNEX 5 - OVERVIEW OF BORDER GUARDS AND CUSTOMS AGENCIES SEPARATE FROM THE POLICE IN THE EU MEMBER STATES ANNEX 6 TAIEX FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES ANNEX 7 - LIST OF PROJECTS INVOLVING LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING ANNEX 8 - OVERVIEW OF SPECIALISED TOPICS ANNEX 9 - OVERVIEW OF TABLES AND GRAPHS ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 4

5 INTRODUCTION In the Stockholm Programme 1 the European Council identifies training as one of the key elements in achieving a Europe that protects as training fosters a genuine European judicial and law enforcement culture. The political goal is that a substantial number of law enforcement officers have access to systematic training through the European Training Scheme (ETS). The ETS is foreseen as a predefined set of harmonised training and learning opportunities that are implemented in a coordinated manner in order to prepare law enforcement officers for effective cross-border cooperation, thereby strengthening the internal security of the EU and its external aspects. While Member States have the main responsibility in training law enforcement personnel, the Stockholm Programme calls for Europe, as a whole, to step up its efforts in this area, continuing to make use of existing structures. The European Council also underlines that the design of the training at the EU level shall be competence-based and task-driven, not specifically sector-related. In this context, in June 2011, the European Commission asked the European Police College (CEPOL) 2 to conduct, on its behalf, a mapping (ETS Mapping Exercise) of existing law enforcement training delivered within the EU Member States or by other parties in the EU. The purpose of the ETS Mapping Exercise was to provide support for the need for a European Training Scheme by delivering a comprehensive picture (who is doing what) on the current situation on law enforcement training on cross-border matters and identifying gaps and overlaps. The ETS Mapping Exercise was conducted through a survey addressed to national law enforcement agencies, EU bodies and agencies and international organisations operating in the law enforcement area. The project started in September 2011; the data collection took place between December 2011 and February This summary provides the main findings of the European Training Scheme Mapping Survey and they are based on the data supplied by respondents. The data may be subject to interpretation of questions by respondents. 1 The Stockholm Programme An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, OJ C115, , p CEPOL is an EU agency dedicated to developing and delivering training to police services across the EU and, with its network of training institutions, has accumulated considerable experience in training law enforcement personnel. Since 2010, CEPOL has significantly enhanced its role in contributing to the EU internal security policy. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 5

6 The ETS Mapping Exercise focused on four strands: Strand 1: Basic (initial 3 and promotion 4 ) training Strand 2: Bilateral/regional cooperation training Strand 3: Specialised training Strand 4: Training of MS officials in preparation for the EU missions in third countries The ETS Mapping Exercise clearly identifies the need for additional EU-related training content across all four strands. Specifically, this entails the provision of learning materials, training on cross-border topics, the organisation of EU-level courses and seminars, train-thetrainer and provision of trained EU trainers, regional exchange programmes and a platform for the exchange of knowledge and best practice. Further, the ETS Mapping Exercise identifies the need a more coordinated EU response to training needs of national law enforcement agencies, to avoid a duplication of efforts by EU agencies in the field of Justice and Home Affairs. Finally, it appears that EU bodies/international organisations provide little training for customs authorities, with the risk that customs officials are not adequately prepared to deal with cross-border crime. Note: these findings and conclusions represent the general state of play in the EU; they are not precise data on the level of individual law enforcement agencies. 3 For those entering for the first time and in the lowest rank of a law enforcement function 4 Promotional training refers to further training that is related to the career development of law enforcement officers; it can be done as a preparation for (applying for) a promotion or also after obtaining a higher rank, depending on the practice of the individual country. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 6

7 I METHODOLOGY 1. Outline of Process The table below shows the outline of the method applied within the time frame of the implementation of the ETS Mapping Exercise. Task Details Time Inception Set up Project group was set up within CEPOL consisting of CEPOL staff, external analyst and two interim support staff Beginning of September 2011 Kick off meeting Outline of requirements, objectives and sample for survey were identified; timeline and communication strategy approved Elaboration of concept The concept for ETS Mapping exercise was elaborate and approved Phase 1: Preparing for Data Collection List of topics Collect contacts Development of Questionnaires Pilot phase Finalisation of questionnaires A list of topics and sub-topics, which are included in the survey, was discussed and approved Contacts in law enforcement agencies for all target groups were acquired through CEPOL National Contact Points. Commission provided details of the Directorates-General. Contacts for international organisations and EU agencies were obtained by CEPOL. All collected contact data were processed and collated into a database; prepared for further use Two questionnaires were developed: one for Member States and one for international organisations and agencies. Questionnaires were adjusted for online tool Lime Survey, which was used for conducting the data collection The two questionnaires were tested by participants from Finland, Italy, Poland and the UK and by FRA, Europol, Frontex and EEAS Based on feedback after the pilot phase the questionnaires were amended and completed September 2011 October 2011 October 2011 Mid November ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 7

8 Launch of the Survey The survey was launched by sending a Commission letter to Member States and activation of survey links for contacts gathered; accurate guidelines how to use the online survey and who should complete the questionnaire were provided. Mid- December 2011 Data submission Survey responses were to be submitted by the end of January 2012, but this deadline was increased due to requests from Member States and following consultations with the Commission 27 February 2012 PHASE 2: Data Collection and Analysis Methodology A meeting with external analyst and the Commission was organised to discuss data collection, processing and analysis methodology December 2011 Data preparation Primary data entry tables were prepared, data entered and cross-checked; secondary data tables were designed and prepared for analysis March 2012 Telephone interviews On the basis of an analysis of the survey a sample of MS contacts were called Mid-March 2012 Analysis Analysis by strands were conducted End of Marchmid April Report Draft Final Report and Draft Management Summary prepared and submitted to the Commission. After feedback by the Commission and amendments Final Report and Management Summary were submitted to the Commission 4 June June Sample of the ETS Mapping Exercise The sample for the ETS Mapping Exercise consisted of national law enforcement agencies and EU/international bodies involved in training. The survey was addressed to the following law enforcement agencies (LEA) in the EU Member States: - police; - border guard/border police; - customs with investigative powers. Names and contact details of prospective respondents from police forces, border guard services and customs services with investigative power were collected via CEPOL s National Contact Points (NCP) (including Croatia). A list of international organisations was ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 8

9 established on the basis of available data from Justice and Home Affairs agencies and other international organisations known to be active in the area of Freedom, Security and Justice. A total of 163 contacts from the mentioned services were collected for the Member States (MS) and Croatia, including 55 for the United Kingdom, 21 for Germany, 6 for Italy, 5 for Portugal and 4 for Spain; all other countries provided 1 contact per service and 8 MS also provided contact details for separate departments dealing with missions (for Strand 4). 32 international organisations were approached (see Annex 3). When CEPOL launched the survey, an announcement underlined that one online survey must be completed for each service and that the respondent should have the relevant knowledge or access to the relevant knowledge on training matters for the different parts ; this did not limit the possibility to obtain information from other persons and institutions, which may be relevant to complete of the survey. The instructions provided explicit guidelines for the use of the online survey as well as some background information about the Stockholm Programme and the European Training Scheme. Access tokens were sent via LimeSurvey to the contact persons, one per service, on 14 December 2011 with 21 January 2012 as the deadline. Following requests from member States and having consulted the European Commission, the deadline was extended to 29 February in order to ensure the collection of as much data as possible. 3. Collected Data Data gathering was done by means of the online survey, followed by telephone interviews if clarification/ validation were necessary. From the 163 original contacts, 87 Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) from all Member States responded to the survey 44 police forces; 14 border guard services; 24 customs services, and 5 other types of organisations (4 mission departments and 1 police training centre). Two countries declared that in spite of their interest to contribute they were not able at this time to complete the full survey due to department restructuring (the Czech Republic) and a general police reform (United Kingdom). They both provided a narrative description of their national situation and completed parts of the survey. These data are included even if not complete. At the request of the Commission, Croatia as an accession country was invited to participate but did not do so for unknown reasons. The survey was sent to 32 International Organisations, which included EU agencies, European and global organisations (See Annex 3). 20 surveys were completed. Furthermore, ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 9

10 Eurojust sent a narrative summary mostly on its involvement in specialised training. 8 out of 22 Directorates-General completed the survey. The analysis was conducted on the basis of data supplied by respondents and data relate to the situation at the time of gathering data. There is a possibility that respondents interpreted questions differently; in the most striking cases data were re-checked through interviews, but in light of large volume of data and pressing time frame it was not done in all cases. The conclusions of this report represent trends in Europe rather than precise information on training situation in Member States. 4. Problems encountered When a survey is developed aiming at capturing the situation of law enforcement training in the European Union, one of the recurrent difficulties is that training in the individual Member States is structured in very different ways. It is almost impossible to design a questionnaire that enables each respondent to give a comprehensive picture and all relevant details of the situation in their country. These constraints in survey design are likely to have a limiting effect on the outcome. The time frame for preparation, conducting and analysis of such an EU-wide survey was too short for full data cleansing and analysis. A language problem is also frequently encountered in EU-wide survey projects. In some countries respondents required a translation of the survey questions, and responded in their own language, which then required further translation back into English. This was done at a national level, as no resources for funding and quality check of translations were available in this project. This to and fro translation may also have an impact on quality of responses. Additionally, the answers given do not reflect official positions of Member States it has not been possible to obtain answers that were representative of Member States; instead they represent the perspective of the LEA in these countries. It has not been possible to validate the expertise of the respondents. In the text, when Member States are mentioned in connection with outcomes, this implies that at least one LEA in that particular Member State has contributed to those outcomes. A problem encountered during the telephone interview was that many of the respondents could not be reached despite of repeated endeavours to call them. Out of 42 LEA that were called, only 10 could be reached. And finally, in some cases respondent s technical problems could not be solved by CEPOL, which made it impossible for some LEA to complete the survey online. They sent a completed Word version, and the data was entered manually by CEPOL staff. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 10

11 II LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES While the law enforcement structure in the EU is generally quite homogeneous, there are some specificities across the EU, which had an impact on the design of the survey and data interpretation. 21 EU Member State reported having one police agency. Six Member States (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom) have more than one law enforcement/police service with varying tasks. The UK law enforcement arena consists of 56 territorial and specialised law enforcement / police agencies while Germany has state (Landes) police agencies as well as two central federal police agencies, 18 in total. Border management duties were reported by 18 Member States as being carried out by the police or by a department within the police; a separate border agency operates in 9 Member States (Bulgaria, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom). In all but one Member State customs duties are performed by a separate agency. In Portugal customs investigations are conducted by a police agency. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 11

12 III DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY OF OUTCOMES 1. STRAND 1 Basic (Initial and Promotion Training) Strand 1 deals with basic knowledge for all law enforcement officials as well as with further / promotion training provided to the officials either in need of training due to change of position (for example, transfer from public order to investigation branch) or due to a promotion. This type of training is mainly responsibility of the Member States, however, the Stockholm Programme specifically refers to a need to include EU relevant content in national training curricula. Bearing in mind ever expanding travel opportunities as well as the movement of people, traditionally internal cases have become more exposed to the external influence requiring sound knowledge on cross-border law enforcement possibilities. Any law enforcement official performing functions which may bring them in contact with the cross-border dimension shall be made aware of the cooperation opportunities and tools offered by and across the EU. Participation in Strand 1 Initial training Member States 23 Law Enforcement Agencies 59 Promotion training Member States 22 Law Enforcement Agencies 49 Basic Training International Organisations 20 Directorates-General 8 ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 12

13 1.1 Summary Member States: European cross-border law enforcement cooperation in national training The survey demonstrates that relevant knowledge concerning European cross-border law enforcement cooperation is already largely included in the curricula of initial and promotion training of police and border guards in most Member States. Agencies performing customs tasks need further development though. The curricula of initial training already include European cross-border law enforcement cooperation contents as reported by all but four of the EU Member States (see Graph 1a). Further exceptions within LEA of the Member States were found in Germany (for the customs and for one state police), Ireland (for the national police and for the customs), Italy (for one of the national police agencies), Latvia (for the customs and border), Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia (for the customs), and Portugal (for one of the national police agencies and for the customs). Graph 1a: Does your initial training cover European cross-border law enforcement cooperation? The curricula of promotion training in police agencies include European cross-border law enforcement cooperation contents as reported by at least one agency in three quarters (3/4) of the EU Member States the only exceptions were Bulgaria, in three of Germany s state police agencies, Greece, Ireland, in one of Italy s police agencies, Lithuania, Luxembourg and in one of Portugal s police agencies. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 13

14 Promotion training in customs law enforcement agencies does not include European cross-border law enforcement cooperation contents in two thirds (2/3) of the EU Member States such contents are included only in Finland, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. The opposite was found for border units or agencies in only less than one fifth (1/5) of the EU Member States (Bulgaria (which is not in the Schengen area), Greece, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden) training does not include European content. Graph 1b: Does your promotion training cover European cross-border law enforcement cooperation? The following Table 1 gives an overview of the replies per MS. means that at least one LEA provided a positive answer; an empty space means that none of the LEA did so. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 14

15 Table 1: European cross-border law enforcement cooperation in initial / promotion training per MS Does your initial training cover European cross-border law enforcement cooperation? Initial Promotion Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom When asked for an estimate of the number of trainees involved in training on EU-related topics, 19 MS gave a total number of approx. 25,700 for initial training; 17 MS gave a total number of approx. 9,200 for promotion training. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 15

16 1.2 Summary Law Enforcement Organisations: by target group National and CLEA Agencies initial training Curricula of initial training courses that are delivered by national and regional police agencies 5 of EU Member States already include European cross-border police cooperation contents: such is the case with 28 national police agencies (87.5% of the 32 respondents 6 ) in 23 Member States and 90% of regional police agencies. The following table 2 demonstrates detailed information on how some of the EU content topics are covered by the initial training in LEA of the Member States. As seen from the table, the length of the initial training varies greatly among the MS and where training is shorter it is possible to assume that European content even if present in training may not be sufficiently detailed. 5 Police Agency here includes also those, where border guard duties are performed by the police 6 The term respondents in this text always refers to those LEA, international organisations and DGs that have completed the survey. It does not include those who have sent a narrative summary. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 16

17 Table 2: EU content in initial training of police agencies Duration of the initial training in months 7 Schengen Acquis Prüm Decisions European Arrest Warrant Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA Austria 21 Belgium 12 Bulgaria Cyprus 12 Denmark 22 Estonia 15 Finland 30 France 8 Germany BKA 1 Germany Berlin 30 Germany Bremen 0.5 Germany Sachsen- Anhalt Germany Baden- Wuerttemberg 30 Germany Nordrhein- Westfalen 18 Germany Niedersachsen 30 Germany Hessen 27 Germany Sachsen- Anhalt 30 Germany Bayern 29 Germany Schleswig- Holstein 24 Greece 8 Ireland Hungary 21 Italy Polizzia di Stato 3 Italy Polizzia Penitenziaria 4 Italy Carabinieri 22 Italy Guardia di Finanza 1 7 The figures are as given by the responding LEA ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 17

18 Italy Corpo Forestale Latvia 6 Lithuania 12 Luxembourg 24 Malta 12 Netherlands 18 Poland 6 Portugal Policia Nacional Portugal Policia Judiciária 9 Portugal GNR 9 Romania 11 Slovakia 7 Slovenia 18 Spain Policia Nacional 9 Spain Guardia Civil 9 Sweden 1 Support by European agencies or bodies to be provided in European cross-border police cooperation contents in initial training was: welcomed by 21 national police agencies and 2 Regional from 17 MS; considered not necessary by only 4 national police agencies (12.5%) from 4 MS. Such support should be given by the provision of Learning materials according to 20 police agencies (63%) from 17 MS; Specialised trainers according to 15 police agencies (47%) from 14 MS; Financial resources according to 15 police agencies (47%) from 13 MS; EU LE cooperation training by a European training agency according to 12 police agencies (37.5%) from 11 MS. Other types of support mentioned by the national police law enforcement agency (NPLEA) were the development of exchange programmes, common curricula and training strategies; Train-the-Trainers courses; field visits; and forums for the exchange of good practices. Webbased (e-learning) training was also mentioned. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 18

19 1.2.2 National and Regional Police Agencies promotion training Most of the promotion training courses delivered by national and regional police agencies already include European cross-border police cooperation contents: such is the case in 25 national police agencies (78% of the 32 respondents) from 22 Member States and 7 regional police agencies, which comprises 70% of respondents. The following table 3 demonstrates detailed information on how some of the EU content topics are covered by the promotion training in LEA of the Member States. As seen from the table, the length of the promotion training varies among the MS and where training is shorter it is possible to assume that European content, even if present in the training, may not be sufficiently detailed. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 19

20 Table 3: EU content in promotion training Duration of the promotion training in months 8 Schengen Acquis Prüm Decisions European Arrest Warrant Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA Austria 36 Belgium 12 Bulgaria Cyprus 1 Denmark 1 Estonia 1 Finland 36 France 11 Germany BKA 1 Germany Berlin 36 Germany Bremen Germany Sachsen-Anhalt Germany Baden- Wuerttemberg Germany Nordrhein- Westfalen Germany Niedersachsen 24 Germany Hessen Germany Sachsen-Anhalt 36 Germany Bayern 36 Germany Schleswig- Holstein 24 Greece Ireland 14 Hungary Italy Polizzia di Stato 1 Italy Polizzia Penitenziaria 5 Italy Carabinieri 2 Italy Guardia di Finanza 0.5 Italy Corpo Forestale Latvia 25 Lithuania 8 The figures are as given by the responding LEA ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 20

21 Luxembourg Malta 3 Netherlands 18 Poland 6 Portugal Policia Nacional Portugal Policia Judiciária 6 Portugal GNR 8 Romania 1 Slovakia 3 Slovenia 24 Spain Policia Nacional 9 Spain Guardia Civil 4 Sweden 0 Support by European agencies or bodies for European cross-border police cooperation contents to be provided in initial training was welcomed by 26 national police agencies (81%) from 20 Member States (74%) and 4 regional agencies (40%). Such support should be given by the provision of Learning materials according to 24 national and 3 regional police agencies (75%) from 21 MS; Specialised trainers according to 18 national and 1 regional police agencies (56%) from 17 MS; Financial resources according to 19 national and 2 regional police agencies (59%) from 16 MS; EU LE cooperation training by an European training agency according to 15 national and 1 regional police agencies (47%) from 15 MS. Other types of support proposed by NPLEA are the development of exchange programmes and field visits; of common curricula and training strategies; training trainers courses and forums for the exchange of good practices. Web-based (e-learning) training was also mentioned. Such support should be given by the provision of Learning materials according to 3 RPLEA 9 from 1 MS; 9 RPLEA = Regional Police Law Enforcement Agency ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 21

22 Specialised trainers according to 1 RPLEA from 1 MS; Financial resources according to 2 RPLEA from 1 MS; EU LE cooperation training by a European training agency according to 2 RPLEA from 1 MS Border law enforcement agencies (BLEA) initial and promotion training The majority (86%) of the 14 BLEA respondents belonging to 12 Member States say to include European cross-border police cooperation contents in curricula of initial training courses. Promotion training delivered by BLEA includes European cross-border police cooperation contents in two-thirds (64%) of the 14 BLEA respondents from 14 responding MS. The table 4 below demonstrates in detail coverage of few EU content in the initial and promotion training and length of the training. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 22

23 Table 4: Coverage of EU content in border guard training Initial training Promotion Training Duration in months Schengen Acquis Prüm Decisions European Arrest Warrant Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA Duration in months Schengen Acquis Prüm Decisions European Arrest Warrant Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA Bulgaria Denmark 22 1 Estonia 15 3 Finland Greece 8 Hungary Latvia 1 Lithuania 9 Luxembourg Netherlands 12 Poland 9 1 Portugal 8 8 Romania 3 1 Sweden n/a Support by European agencies or bodies for European cross-border police cooperation contents to be provided in initial training was: welcomed by 8 BLEA (57%) from 8 MS considered not necessary by only 3 BLEA (21%) from 3 MS Such support should be given by the provision of Learning materials according to 7 BLEA (50%) from 7 MS Specialised trainers according to 4 BLEA (28.5%) from 4 MS Financial resources according to 6 BLEA (43%) from 6 MS EU LE cooperation training by an European training agency according to 4 BLEA (28.5%) from 4 MS ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 23

24 Support by European agencies or bodies for European cross-border police cooperation contents to be provided in promotion training was: welcomed by 10 BLEA (71%) from 10 Member States considered not necessary by only 3 (21%) from 3 MS Such support should be given by the provision of Learning materials according to 9 BLEA (64%), from 9 MS Specialised trainers according to 7 BLEA (50%) from 7 MS Financial resources according to 6 BLEA (43%) from 6 MS EU LE cooperation training by an European training agency according to 5 BLEA (36%) from 5 MS Two BLEA suggested also the support by exchange programmes, and one proposed the creation of an independent subject, European Cooperation, in promotion training curricula Customs enforcement agencies (CLEA) initial and promotion training Curricula of initial training courses delivered by customs law enforcement agencies of EU Member States include European cross-border police cooperation contents in less than half (42%) of the 24 responding CLEA belonging to 10 Member States. Promotion training delivered by CLEA includes European cross-border police cooperation contents in only 7 CLEA (29% of the 24 respondents) from 7 MS. CLEA in Finland and Sweden indicate that in addition to indicated EU content, they provide training on Naples II Convention. The details shown in table 5 demonstrate that the EU content in customs initial and promotion training is not prevalent and would require further developments. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 24

25 Table 5: EU content in customs initial and promotion training Initial training Promotion Training Member State Duration, months Schengen Acquis Prüm EAW Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA Duration, months Schengen Acquis Prüm EAW Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia 2 Finland n/a n/a Germany Greece 1 Hungary Ireland Italy n/a n/a Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg 2 Malta Netherlands 6 20 Poland 1 Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain 3 6 Sweden 6 Support by European agencies or bodies for European cross-border police cooperation contents to be provided in initial training was welcomed by only 10 CLEA (42%) from 10 MS; considered not necessary by 14 CLEA (58%) from 14 MS. Such support should be given by the provision of ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 25

26 Learning materials according to 8 CLEA (33%) from 8 MS; Specialised trainers according to 7 CLEA (29%) from 7 MS; Financial resources according to 9 CLEA (37.5%) from 9 MS; EU LE cooperation training by an European training agency according to 4 CLEA (17%) from 4 MS. One CLEA suggested that support should be given by training on the job. Support by European agencies or bodies for European cross-border police cooperation contents to be provided in promotion training was welcomed by 20 CLEA (83%) from 20 MS; considered not necessary by only 3 CLEA (12.5%) from 3 MS. Such support should be given by the provision of Learning materials according to 17 CLEA (71%) from 17 MS; Specialised trainers according to 14 CLEA (58%) from 14 MS; Financial resources according to 15 CLEA (62.5%) from 15 MS; EU LE cooperation training by an European training agency according to 6 CLEA (25%) from 6 MS. One CLEA suggested that support should be given by training on the job, and one by the development of e-learning modules. 1.3 Training at International Level The survey demonstrates that involvement of international players in initial and promotion training is not prevalent. Out of the 20 responding EU agencies and International Organisations (IO) 11 report to be involved in one or another way in basic law enforcement training: 7 on the level of development of training; 9 in organisation of training; 11 by contribution of expertise; 5 by funding training (see Graph 2). ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 26

27 Graph 2: Involvement of International Organisations and EC DGs in any kind of basic training for personnel with law enforcement functions in the MS These organisations include CEPOL, Frontex, Europol, Interpol, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI), Academy of European Law (ERA), and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Aquapol and the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). Table 4 below demonstrates involvement of the international organisations in detail. They also include the 2 General Directorates (DG) (out of the 8 that responded) that contribute with funding and 2 that contribute in other ways: DG Justice (Unit B2) by building synergies with existing judiciary training; DG Mare (Direction D/Unit D1) by fostering cooperation and training between the coast guard services and functions of the MS regarding the maritime surveillance. The following table demonstrates how international organisations and agencies are involved in basic training. means that an agency is involved, empty space not. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 27

28 Table 6: Involvement of International Organisations / EU agencies / Directorates-General in basic law enforcement training Development of training Organisation of training Funding of training Contributing expertise CEPOL FRONTEX EUROPOL INTERPOL EMCDDA OSCE FRA UNODC ENFSI UNICRI ICMPD AEPC MEPA Aquapol Railpol ERA DCAF ESDC EULITA OLAF The following table demonstrates on which EU content international organisations and European Commission think more training is required at the level of initial and promotion training in the Member States ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 28

29 Table 7 European contents or topics mentioned as requiring further development (mentioned by 4 or more international organisations / EU agencies / DGs) CONTENT OR TOPIC EUROPOL 8 FRONTEX 8 SIS 8 EUROJUST 7 CEPOL 6 European Arrest Warrant 6 Joint Investigation Teams 6 SIENA 6 VIS 6 Framework decision on criminal Records Exchange 2009/315/JHA 5 Framework decision on information Exchange 2006/960/JHA 5 OLAF 4 Analytical Work Files 4 SIRENE 5 Initial When asked in which way EU agencies /bodies could contribute to this, suggestions included the provision of expertise; fundamental rights; Article 317 and 325 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; funding of accommodation and travel; organisation of workshops and seminars. 1.4 Training needs and required support by the European Union Most of the surveyed agencies indicated that EU contribution for further training in European cross-border law enforcement cooperation contents is required especially for promotion training (from 24 out of 27 MS this has been indicated for initial training, from all MS this has been indicated for promotion training). Although training curricula of most LEA already include European cross-border law enforcement cooperation contents in initial and promotion training, EU contribution for the development of training on European contents was welcomed by at least one agency in all Member States. Exceptions were the national police and the joint police / border police agencies of Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland and Germany; the customs agencies of Latvia, Luxembourg and Sweden; the border agencies or units of Denmark, Lithuania and Portugal; and six of Germany s state police agencies. The following table gives an overview of the replies per MS. means that at least one LEA provided a positive answer; empty space means that none of the LEA did so. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 29

30 Table 2: Support by EU for initial and promotion training required by MS Austria In Initial training In promotion training Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom The most preferred EU contribution for further training in European cross-border law enforcement cooperation contents is the provision of learning materials mentioned by more than two thirds (2/3) of the LEA. This is followed by the provision of financial resources and the provision of specialised trainers both mentioned by half of the agencies. Although bearing in mind that initial training is generally the Member States ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 30

31 responsibility one third of the respondents would appreciate training delivered by a European agency. Graph 3: Which type of support should be given to the MS by EU bodies / agencies? Specific suggestions include e.g. web-supported learning (e-learning; webinars); Common Curricula development; exchange of experience and best practice on the web and through exchange programmes and study visits; a pool of specialised experts as lecturers; provision of learning and training material. One specific proposal is that EU bodies could create a basic vademecum in different national languages with case studies and European police cooperation approaches for use for training in the national police academies. The following table gives an overview of the replies per Member State with regard to desired EU support. means that at least one LEA provided a positive answer; empty space means that none of the LEA did so. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 31

32 Table 8: Type of support required per MS for initial and promotion training Specialised trainers Learning and training material Financial resources Training through an EU Agency Initial Initial Initial Initial Promotional Promotional Promotional Promotional Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 32

33 In Table 9 are shown the most referred to European contents or topics mentioned by the surveyed LEA as requiring further development during initial training and promotion training. Table 9 European contents or topics requiring further development (n= LEA) ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 33

34 2. STRAND 2 Bilateral / Regional Training The ETS survey looks here into the development of training initiatives on EU regional or bilateral cooperation, for example, police and customs cooperation centres, common patrols, cooperation on mass events, cross-border pursuit etc. In order to perform these tasks professionally law enforcement officers require training on specificities of neighbouring countries or neighbouring regions as well as those partners, which are most affected by concrete bilateral/multilateral criminal links. Under this strand the survey attempted to identify importance of the bilateral/regional training both on the agenda of the Member States and the EU agencies. Participation in Strand 2 Member States 22 Law Enforcement Organisations 39 International Organisations 11 Directorates-General Bilateral / regional training at national level The survey demonstrates that bilateral/regional training is high on the training agenda of the Member States: all but 4 MS (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Malta 10 ) are involved in bilateral training as seen in data of Graph 4. At least one LEA in each of 23 MS are involved in joint bilateral / regional training for law enforcement personnel: 22 MS are involved in training development; 22 MS in the organisation of training; 13 MS provide funding for training and 20 MS contribute expertise. Those 10 MS that indicated that they are otherwise involved in such training refer to logistics and exchange of good practices. 10 Malta states that its participation is limited to taking part in workshops ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 34

35 52 LEA (62% of the respondents) from 23 MS stated they are involved in joint training on a bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions. This number includes: 31 national and regional police agencies (75% of respondents) from 22 Member States 11 BLEA 11 (79% of respondents) 10 CLEA (40% of respondents) Most of the law enforcement organisations involved in joint training on a bilateral or regional level organise the training activities (85% of the total). 85% develop training activities; 73% contribute with expertise for the training activities; 51% fund such training activities; and 19% give other type of support, including logistics and the exchange of good practices. The following graph 4 and table 10 give an overview of the replies per MS. means that at least one LEA in that MS provided a positive answer. Graph 4: In what way is your organisation involved in any joint training on bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions? (MS) 11 The amount of MS and BLEO / CLEO are the same as there is only one of each per MS. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 35

36 Table 10: Involvement of individual MS in joint training on bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions Development of training Organisation of training funding of training Contributing expertise Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other As seen from the above data, the majority of LEA surveyed, especially those with police and border management duties, are involved in on going joint training on a bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions. Strikingly customs agencies are the least involved: ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 36

37 Almost three quarters (3/4) of the police agencies surveyed are involved in joint training on a bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions. Exceptions were found only in Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, in one of Italy s national agencies, Malta and in two of Portugal s national police agencies. The same applies to border law enforcement departments, units or agencies. Joint training does not exist in only three of the fourteen ones surveyed and the three are from Bulgaria (which is not part of the Schengen area), Hungary and Lithuania. Joint training activities exist in less than half of the customs law enforcement agencies surveyed the ones where it exists were found in Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands and Poland. Figures given for the number of personnel with law enforcement functions participating in training activities on a bilateral or regional level amount to approx. 5,000 trainees (total annual average). 44% of the identified training activities are developed within a project framework; and 61% of such projects are directly or indirectly funded by the EU. Overall, the European Commission is funding at least 28 different joint training activities on a bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions. 2.2 Bilateral / regional training at international level 14 EU agencies / international organisations and 1 DG of the European Commission are involved in joint training on a bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions. Most of them (86% of the 14 IO) contribute with expertise for this type of training; 78% the organisation of training; 57 % in the development of training; 50% in the funding of the training activities; and 1% in another type of involvement (organisation of conferences on training in the ENP countries and in the Western Balkans.). The following graph 5 and table 11 only show responses from EU agencies / international organisations / Directorates-General. Only DG Home affairs (Unit A2 Organised Crime) stated to be involved as they fund training. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 37

38 Graph 5: In what way is your organisation involved in any joint training on bilateral / regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions? (IO) Table 11: Involvement of International Organisations in bilateral /regional training Development of training Organisation of training Funding of training Contributing expertise CEPOL FRONTEX EUROPOL INTERPOL EMCDDA OSCE FRA UDC ENFSI UNICRI ICMPD AEPC MEPA Aquapol Railpol ERA DCAF ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 38

39 ESDC EULITA OLAF 29% of the joint training activities on a bilateral or regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions are developed within a project framework, which are all directly or indirectly funded by the EU. Overall, the European Commission is funding at least 28 different training activities. The identified training activities involve approx. 1,400 trainees (annual average). Other topics considered by the international organisations and Commission as necessary for training were drugs, forensics, and the structure and functioning of the European Union. Of all EU agencies operating in the area of Justice and Home Affairs, CEPOL is most involved in a systematic manner with bilateral/regional training, expertise is largely provided through its Network. It supports the Western Balkan region, European Neighbourhood Policy countries including Eastern Partnership countries, EU Strategic Partners, provides training opportunities for EU regional training. Also Europol is also widely involved, focusing mostly on MS and the countries having signed cooperation agreements. Despite the above statement, there are other serious international actors actively providing bilateral/regional training even if in specific areas. This calls for coordination, greater cooperation and concerted approach between the EU and international partners in order to optimise the efforts and avoid duplication. For example, there are several players delivering training in the Western Balkan region: CEPOL, Europol, Interpol, AEPC, ERA. 2.3 Training needs and support from the EU The EU contribution to Member States for further joint training on a bilateral or regional level was mentioned as being necessary (or welcomed) by only a few LEA (<32%), possibly because the European Commission was mentioned in close to 60% of cases as funding ongoing joint project based training activities. A need of further training was identified for the following topics: Cross-border Organised Criminal Activities 28 LEA (54% of the respondents) from 16 Member States. 14 LEA (27 % of the respondents) from 10 MS stated that it would be useful if by EU bodies / agencies contributed to training. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 39

40 Investigation Methodologies and Techniques 23 LEA (44% of the respondents) from 16 MS; contribution to training by EU bodies / agencies was considered useful by 9 LEA (17%) from 9 MS. Language Skills 21 LEA (40% of the respondents) from 14 MS; 13 LEA (25 % of the respondents) from 10 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Crime Prevention was referred by 15 LEA (29% of the respondents) from 12 MS; 7 of the LEA (13 % of the respondents) from 6 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Leadership and Management was referred by 14 LEA (27% of the respondents), from 12 MS. 7 of the LEA (13% of the respondents) from 6 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Organisation of Law Enforcement Agencies, in the involved Member States, was referred by 12 LEA (23% of the respondents), from 9 MS. 5 LEA (10% of the respondents) from 5 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Civil Crisis Management (for Missions in Third Countries) for 7 LEA (13 % of the respondents) from 6 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Cross-cultural Awareness 5 LEA (10 % of the respondents) from 4 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Public Order (including the Management of Large Scale Disasters) only 2 LEA (4% of the respondents) from 2 MS stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Management of Diversity: only 1 LEA (2% of the respondents) stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Prevention of Traffic Accidents: only 1 LEA stated that EU bodies / agencies could contribute to training. Graph 6 below shows the topics which MS consider more training is required within the contact of bilateral / regional cooperation. It is quite clear that operational cooperation, legal matters, crime prevention, language skills are a priority for the respondents. Civilian crisis management is currently not covered by bilateral training and is indicated as a clear training gap both by responses given by MS and international organisations and the European Commission. Cross-border Organised Criminal Activities is considered important by 59% MS; Legal Aspects of Cross-border Law Enforcement Cooperation as well as Investigation Methodologies and Techniques by 55%; Language Skills comes fourth by 52% followed by Crime Prevention with 44%; Leadership and Management scores 41%; Organisation of Law ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 40

41 Enforcement Agencies and Cross-cultural Awareness 33%; more training is considered important on Civil Crisis Management 26%; Public Order (including the Management of Large Scale Disasters) by 22%; Management of Diversity by 15% and only one MS said the same for Prevention of Traffic Accidents. Graph 6: For which of the following topics do you think more training is required on the level of bilateral / regional cooperation? (MS) The following graph 7 shows the relations between the topics covered in training and the need for more training resp. EU support for training on those issues. Graph 7: Need for additional training and for further EU support Content Training exists Additional training needed additional EU support needed Legal Aspects Investigation techniques Cross-border organised crime Language Crime Prevention Leadership and Management Organisation of national LEA Cross-cultural awareness Civilian crisis management Public order/mass events Management of diversity Prevention of traffic accidents ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 41

42 When asked to specify in what way EU agencies / bodies could contribute suggestions included: Web-based learning and exchange of experience through web-meetings; Pool of specialised experts as lecturers; Train-the-Trainers courses and training manuals; as well as Training material. Also new topics were mentioned here, such as: Cooperation between national and international authorities in the fight against tax fraud; Intelligence management analysis by using special software; Safety at sea; Anti-riot; Negotiation skills; Intervention techniques; Self-defence and the use of weapons; Reform of the security sector, Fragile states and future developments; Verification of the authenticity of identity documents of foreigners; Forms of administrative cooperation between MS in terms of return operations; Drugs; Forensics Structure and functioning of the European Union Personal Safety Officers were mentioned as a new target group. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 42

43 3. STRAND 3 Specialised Training One of the key aspects of the European Training Scheme will be specialised training on selected priority topics deriving from mainly two areas: EU policies (Internal Security Strategy, Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA -2013) and EU Policy Cycle priorities) and acute operational needs of the experts or expert networks. This will include training on topics such as tackling and preventing technology based criminal activities, drug and arms trafficking, financial investigations and crossborder asset recovery, EU law enforcement cooperation tools and mechanisms, horizontal issues such as forensics, investigation and prevention methods. In order to align expertise across the EU, training shall be offered at the European level to ensure international/european dimension, access to specific expertise and knowledge. For Strand 3 the questionnaire was seeking information about training for those officers operating in a specialised function of Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) in the Member States covering 15 specific topical main areas. These areas were chosen on the basis of the priorities of the EU Policy Cycle and topics addressed in the OCTA. Furthermore they are typically related to cross-border offenses and subsequently to cross-border cooperation of forces and agencies. In case the response was positive, these main topics were differentiated further and the responding agencies were asked which of these sub-topics should be supported by EU agencies or bodies and by which instruments. Other questions in this part addressed additional topics, the application of European Strategy Documents in specific trainings, statements about which topics are seen to require more training efforts, and finally views about the role and function of European Union in this area. Participation in Strand 3 Member States (MS) International Organisations / European Agencies (IO) European Commission - General Directorates (DG) This figures includes the MS of which at least one LEA completed the survey ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 43

44 3.1 Specialised Training on national level While some of the selected 15 topics (See Annex 8) can usually be assigned to specific forces / agencies (police, border guards, customs), others can be seen as cross-cutting, i.e. Leadership/Management, Fundamental Rights or Financial Crime including Money Laundering. For this reason, a topic can be covered by more than one LEA in a Member State. On the other hand, the completeness and informational value of the responses varies among the participating forces and the Member States. Thus the findings of the comparative and cumulative analysis should be taken as a (well-informed) approximation and indication than an accurate account of the overall real situation. In terms of coverage of a topic for example, the data hardly allows a qualitative assessment for the extension, intensity and depth of the indicated training activities. Nevertheless, a few major tendencies can be taken from the responses to the survey in regard to the specialised training for police officers, border guards or customs officials on the national level. Specialised training for law enforcement officials for at least one of the topic in question is offered by at least one body in all of the EU Member States. However, the overall coverage, as well as the type and the number of agencies engaged vary widely across Europe. In more than half of the Member States police forces, at least 2/3 or more of the topics are covered indicating a rather broad coverage of these topics in police training. However, in the case of 5 Member States it seems that coverage is still not satisfactory, as only 5 or less topics are on the training agenda for specialised police officers. If all LEA are taken into account, including border guard and customs services, a similar picture emerges: While the numerical average of topics mentioned as cumulatively addressed in training by all LEA per Member State is 20, nine Member States exceed this mark. The following map (Graph 8) illustrates the geographical distribution of coverage of topics by all responding LEA, divided into four groups: ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 44

45 Graph 8: In how many instances a main topic in specialised training is covered by a national law enforcement agency (accumulated per Member State) <10 <20 <30 >=30 While there seems to be no clear-cut pattern (East-West, North-South, older vs. newer Member States) regarding the under- or over-presentation of countries in terms of addressing the 15 training topics for specialised, larger countries and countries with more and longer borders seem to have advanced their national training programmes in the specific areas. In general, it becomes clear from the data received that the coverage of the selected specialised topics is rather unevenly developed across European LEA just speaking on the nominal level. There are even remarkable differences within those Member States where there is more than one police force in place (i.e. Spain, Portugal, Italy). ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 45

46 When looking to the coverage of the specialised training topics across forces, the response data suggests that some of the themes are covered rather often, while for others the landscape appears patchy, as illustrated by Graph 8. Graph 9: Coverage of topics by responding national law enforcement agencies (%) Of all the topics, Drug Trafficking is with 73% the most often covered specialised training topic among European LEA, measured in % against the indications of all 85 responding bodies. It is the most often cited topic by police forces and customs agencies alike. Next is Financial Crime and Leadership/Management/Strategy as the most widespread issues for specialised training for police officers (mentioned in 30+ responses of police forces). The bulk of the topics follow suit, while Itinerant Crime Groups and Combating Organised Crime in Western Balkan rank at the bottom. The lower coverage in these cases might be explained by the possibly restricted geographical scope of the problem. Favourite topics for the border guard responses are Border Management and Irregular Immigration. However, one could have expected also an interest in training on the issue of Trafficking in Human Beings for customs officials, but it seems to be almost completely absent across the board. In 12 Member States Member States none of the topics were apparently covered in specialised custom training on the national level. For the Customs specialised training topics such as Counterfeit Goods, Customs Fraud, and Trafficking in Illicit Commodities or Financial Crime/Money Laundering top the list ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 46

47 of covered issues, as expected. Most of the other issues are however only marginally taken account of, but only four Member States did not report any specialised training activity for the selected topics. Table 12: Coverage of topics by target groups, % Topic Covered Police Border Guards Customs Total n % of responding LEAs Drug Trafficking % Financial crime including Money Laundering Leadership and Management / Strategic Planning % % Trafficking in Human Beings % Cybercrime % Irregular Immigration % Counterfeit Goods % Fundamental Rights % Fraud with Cross-border Impact % Border Management Issues % Trafficking in Illicit Commodities % Asset Recovery % Customs Fraud % Itinerant Crime Groups % Combating Organised Crime in Western Balkans % ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 47

48 In the survey on the coverage of specialised training in Member States, the survey also inquired about the usage of EU directives, structures or instrument. It was found that these seem to be absent from the curricula of the available specialised training in more than half of the Member States, since they are included in half or more than half of the Member States only for seven subjects or topics (Table 13). Table 13: EU directives, structures or instruments included in specialised training (as mentioned by at least one agency in each Member State). SUBJECT OR TOPIC Nº of Member States Leadership and Management 16 Asset Recovery 15 Drug Trafficking 14 Cybercrime 14 Counterfeit Goods 14 Financial Crime 13 Irregular Immigration 13 Most of the European Strategy Documents (ESD) are, however, already included in the curricula of the majority of the available specialised training (Table 4). Table 14: ESD included in the curricula of specialised training (as mentioned by at least one agency in each Member State) ESD on: Nº of Member States Drugs 21 Trafficking in Human Beings 21 Irregular Immigration 20 Terrorism 18 Money Laundering 18 Promotion and protection of the rights of vulnerable groups (including children) 17 Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 16 Counterfeiting and Piracy 16 Sexual exploitation of women 15 Sexual exploitation of children and child abuse on the internet 15 Other European Strategy Documents, like those on Ensuring the Rights of Victims of Crime (including terrorism), Asset Recovery, Development of an Approach to Handling Complex Crisis or Human-made Disasters, Ensuring the Right of Individuals in Criminal Proceedings ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 48

49 and Combating Racism and Xenophobia, are included in specialised training in half or less than half of the Member States - but never in less than one third of them. Subsequently to the ticking of a main topic covered for specialised training on the national level, the respondents were prompted to supply more specific information, e.g. about subtopics covered or required EU support (see Annex 8) that would fall under the chosen theme. 48 out of 85 (more than half) of the participating LEA indicated this. The number of sub-topics per one of the fifteen main items ranged from 5 to 11 resulting in an overall array of 126 sub-topics, which could be marked as addressed on the national level. Given the fact that there are multiple police organisations in some countries and border guards and custom agencies have been counted also in parallel, the actual cumulative outcome figures for covered sub-topics in a member state can be higher than 126. For countries like Germany, Spain, Italy and Portugal, where the response to the survey was differentiated per force or law enforcement body, the turnout of the coverage across all subtopics is particularly high, as the specialised training is offered in multiple institutional settings. Thus Germany (445), Spain (198), Italy (197), United Kingdom (169) France (101) and Portugal (100) have a particularly high number of instances where one of the sub-topics is subject of specialised training. But also countries with a single-structure police force obviously cover a high percentage of specialised training themes, like Poland (175), Denmark (160), Greece (136), Bulgaria (110), Ireland (103) and Finland (101) exceed the 100 mark. The majority of the rest below this threshold are smaller countries. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 49

50 Graph 10: In how many instances a subtopic in specialised training is covered by a national law enforcement agency (accumulated per Member State) <40 <80 <120 >=120 While our data fund does not allow for any serious qualitative testing of the intensity, depth or learning impact of the training offered on the national level for the selected topics, it can still be hold as a preliminary starting point that the higher the number of sub-topics covered turned out, the more likely is a solid learning coverage of the main topics indicated in the first instance. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 50

51 Remarks regarding the outturn for the separate topics and sub-themes: Drug Trafficking As this is a long standing area of concern for a variety of LEA, there is little surprise that this topic is the most often covered, according to the responses to the ETS survey. Specialised training in this area seems to be of similar importance to police forces and customs agencies and sub-topics are evenly covered on a substantial level, with the exception of human rights aspects. Financial crime including Money Laundering This topic is widely observed across all participating LEA; data indicate that it is completely absent only in four Member States. Most sub-topics are covered nationally on a higher level, mainly by police forces. Demand for EU agency support ranks third for all themes. Leadership and Management / Strategic Planning This theme for specialised training is covered in most of the police forces, but only to a small extent in national border guard and customs training agencies. In five countries however, the topic is indicated as being left out entirely. Sub-topics in view of EU-aspects are dealt with on a higher mid-level only. Trafficking in Human Beings Higher grade coverage among Member States, mainly for police and border guard training, but almost none for customs specialised training. There is also a striking absence on the training agenda for police in some Eastern and Southern European Member States. For the sub-topics the emphasis lies on trafficking routes and offender groups. Cybercrime Cybercrime has become an issue of increasing relevance in the recent past and could be expected to have an impact on the national training agenda for specialists. There is a good coverage, but it seems to be almost exclusively a police issue and in six smaller countries there seems to be no specialised training for law enforcement officers on the national level at all. Interestingly the demand for support by EU agencies for training on sub-topics scores a middle-of-the-field place only. Sub-topics are covered nationally on an evenly balanced higher level. Irregular Immigration Similar as for the THB theme there is generally a good coverage, but mainly for police officers training. Although this is a long standing item, there is obviously no national specialised training in seven Member States, some of them prominently ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 51

52 affected by immigration pressure. On the subtopic level, the coverage on the national ground is at the lower end, strikingly also for border guards. Counterfeit Goods This is mostly a customs topic, as expected. However specialised training is also provided for police in some of the more affluent and some transit countries. Subtopics training mainly covered by national customs agencies. Fraud with Cross-border Impact While Counterfeit Goods is mentioned as a specialised training topic across customs and border guards training agencies in overall 21 cases, it accounts for only 10 here. Still, police forces seem to take an interest in at least 16 of the Member States. Subtopics are covered at mid-level. Border Management Issues While this is clearly a border guard terrain, nevertheless a substantial number of police forces and customs agencies report this as subject of specialised training, reflected also in the sub-topics realm, though on a low level. Fundamental Rights This being a mid-range topic overall, there seems to be no peculiarities in this area. However, as this is a sensitive aspect, the apparent absence of this topic in six countries is noteworthy. A lower end priority is also reflected among the sub-topics, with remarkable absence for border guard and customs official trainings. Trafficking in Illicit Commodities This mid-range topic with no peculiarities other than that, if offered, it can be found predominantly in the older Member States. Subtopic national training is on a lower mid-level a matter for customs services and police forces. Asset Recovery This mid-range topic is almost exclusively addressed in police training. The EU- and cross-border aspects seem in a way to be covered at the national subtopic level, leaving the demand for EU-support at the lower end. Customs Fraud This topic heads the list of topics for customs training, where sub-topics are covered at a lower mid-level. Itinerant Crime Groups This is a lower range topic, mainly for police training. Strikingly, such training is not offered in some of the countries where the problem is reported as a relevant societal ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 52

53 issue. Subtopic coverage, almost exclusively for police forces, is at lower level, with a focus on operational matters. Combating Organised Crime in Western Balkan Strikingly, of all the neighbouring Member States police forces, only Romania offers training, while in Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Hungary this is a customs topic. Border guard specialists seem to have no stake here at all. In contrast, 6 police forces from countries at considerable geographical distance from the region seem to have a stake here. However, requirements expressed for support by European bodies is lowest for all items in the questionnaire. Apart from the in-depth inquiry about the fifteen main topics, the questionnaire addressed the national provision of a few other specific training areas on a general level: Graph 11: Question Item 16: Does your police force/law enforcement agency furthermore provide training on the following topics? In result, less than half of the 85 responding LEA indicated that at least one of this additional topics are covered on the national level. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 53

54 3.2 Training on international level Several international or European agencies or units are involved in specialised training for law enforcement officers, either by developing and organising the training activities, by contributing with expertise or by funding training. Out of the 38 organisations and units that were approached with the questionnaire, 21 international/european agencies and 7 General Directorates of the Commission provided responses for Strand 3 specialised law enforcement training. Applying the same list of topics which was provided to the EU Member States and their LEA, the response returned the following outcome: Table 15: International agencies or units involved in specialised training for law enforcement officers (by subject or topic) SUBJECT OR TOPIC Nº of agencies Fundamental Rights 13 Trafficking in Human Beings 12 Irregular Immigration 9 Counterfeit Goods 9 Border Management Issues 9 Fraud with Cross-border Impact 8 Combating Organised Crime in the Western Balkans 8 Drug Trafficking 7 Leadership and Management 7 Cybercrime 6 Trafficking in Illicit Commodities 6 Financial Crime (including Money Laundering) 5 Asset Recovery 5 Itinerant Crime Groups 5 Customs Fraud 4 An analysis of the coverage of the 126 sub-topics behind these general themes reveals that this is the case in 501 instances. For that 19 of the responding entities take the responsibility, whereby CEPOL (109), MEPA (68), Frontex (53), OSCE (50), and DCAF (45) are leading. No coverage is claimed by 9 of the responding organisations. Looking closer at the topical areas of coverage, significant differences can be demonstrated: ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 54

55 Graph 12: Numeric coverage of sub-topics in specialised training delivered by international and European organisations Trafficking in Human Beings is clearly the area with most attention in training efforts. Interestingly, the issue of Counterfeit Goods, typically a customs matter ranks second, while Cybercrime seems to be rather a second priority. However, other customs-related topics are obviously only marginally subject of specialised training delivered by these bodies. Further themes are covered by some of the organisations, but obviously not on a broader scale. European Strategy Documents seem to be included in the specialised training activities in significant numbers only for Trafficking in Human Beings (10), Drugs (7) and Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (7). 3.3 Law enforcement training needs For each of the topics, the responding agencies could indicate if they wish or require support by EU-agencies or bodies. The result turns out to be significantly lower in regard to agencies or Member States as well. While Germany (160), Poland (107) and the United Kingdom (99) declare demand for support in the most number of sub-topic cases, the average declaration figure for all Member States is 37 and per agency just 26. Based on the responses it is sure to say that there is a clear demand for support by EU-agencies for the coverage of training across the 126 specialised sub-topics, but it is significantly less than what is covered by resources of the Member States on the national level. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 55

56 It should also not go without note that neither for the coverage of sub-topics nor for the demand for EU-support for specialised training topics a correlation in view of a northsouth or west-east differences has shown from the available figures. When looking at the figures of how many times sub-topics were indicated as suitable for a training support by EU bodies or agencies, the following turnout can be found: Graph 13: Number of sub-topics for EU-support as indicated by law enforcement agencies in the Member States Sub-topic EU support required (n=indications) Drug Trafficking Trafficking in Human Beings Financial crime including Money Laundering Irregular Immigration Leadership and Management / Strategic Planning Counterfeit Goods Trafficking in Illicit Commodities Cybercrime Fraud with Cross-border Impact Fundamental Rights Border Management Issues Customs Fraud Asset Recovery Itinerant Crime Groups Combating Organised Crime in Western Balkan Up to this point Member States and their LEA were asked about the coverage of certain main topics, including specific subareas, and if they perceive a need for support by EU agencies and bodies. A slightly different, though quite relevant angle on the issue of law enforcement is taken with the question if more training in general is thought to be required from a Member States and national LEA perspective. Offered was a list of topics relevant to SOCTA, plus those issues that can be considered of high relevance, but in need of specialised expertise and experience which cannot be assumed to be available in each ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 56

57 country or agency. The outcome of the response is shown in the graph below, with a separate bar the counts of Member States (27) and agencies (85) positive indications. Graph 14: Where is more training needed in MS and LEA? There are few surprises in the response pattern of the Member States and national LEA, other than that eight countries and 16 bodies obviously do not see a requirement to intensify or expand training on any of the topics on the list. Financial Crime/Money Laundering, Drug Trafficking, Leadership/Management, Strategic Planning and (Tactical) Analysis are in highest demand. More classical policing training issues like public order and police ethics as well as specialised operational tasks like victim assistance, undercover operations and witness protection, generate demand for more training, but on a modest level only. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 57

58 An interesting view into the overlapping and differing needs and priorities of the three LEA here at stake is provided by this breakdown of the top four topics: Table 16: LEA priority listing for more training Rank Police Forces Border Guards Customs Services 1 Trafficking in Human Beings (24) Irregular Immigration (10) Drug Trafficking (11) 2 Drug Trafficking (21) Terrorism (21) Trafficking in Human Beings (9) Counterfeit and Piracy (10) 3 Drug Trafficking (8) Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms (8) 4 Financial Crime and Money Laundering (20) Financial Crime and Money Laundering (7) Terrorism (6) Finally the respondents were prompted to reflect on the perceived and desired role of EU bodies and agencies in law enforcement training in general. 29 police forces, 14 customs services and 9 boarder guard bodies, totalling 52 LEA, representing overall 23 Member States, replied overwhelmingly in a positive way. In summary the efforts and added value of EU agencies in the area of law enforcement training are acknowledged and the involvement is appreciated. The most frequently mentioned ways how this shall be achieved were through providing specialised trainers/experts learning/training materials/manuals financial funds e-learning tools support for train-the-trainer lessons support for exchange programmes One of the more innovative suggestions is to create mobile assistance teams made of national and EU trainers or experts, who will be deployed for targeted temporary training interventions. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 58

59 The support of EU agencies or bodies for further specialised training in the Member States was welcomed especially in the case of Drug Trafficking, which was mentioned by almost two thirds of the surveyed agencies (85). Support for other types of specialised training was referred to by less than half of the surveyed agencies (Table 17). Table 17: EU support (mentioned as being welcomed). SUBJECT OR TOPIC Nº of Agencies Financial Crime 36 Trafficking Human Beings 30 Cybercrime 30 Leadership and Management 30 Counterfeit Goods 29 Irregular immigration 28 Asset Recovery 24 Trafficking in Illicit Commodities 23 Border Management Issues 22 Customs Fraud 21 Fraud with Cross-border Impact 19 Fundamental Rights 17 Itinerant Crime Groups 15 An EU centralised development and distribution of learning materials on each subject is the most requested support (30% of the overall preferences) followed by the allocation of financial resources (24%) and the provision of specialised trainers (23%) and direct training by an EU agency (20%). Although it was not mentioned by all the surveyed agencies, the number of trainees, annually trained on each subject, is the following (in brackets the estimated number): Border Management Issues (2500); Fundamental Rights (1230); Leadership and Management (650); Cybercrime (210); Combating Organised Crime in the Western Balkans (170); Counterfeit Goods (160); Financial Crime (100); and Trafficking in Human Beings (30). EU support for specialised training was considered necessary by several of the international or European agencies or Directorates General of the European Commission (Table 18). ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 59

60 Table 18: International agencies or units stating that EU bodies or agencies should support specialised training (by subject or topic and by type of support). SUBJECT OR TOPIC Specialised Learning Financial Delivering Other trainers and Training Material resources training through and EU agency Drug Trafficking Financial Crime Trafficking in Human Beings Leadership and Management Irregular Immigration Cyber Crime Counterfeit Goods Fraud with Cross-border Impact Border Management Issues Fundamental Rights Trafficking in Illicit Commodities Asset Recovery Customs Fraud Itinerant Crime Groups Combating Organised Crime in the Western Balkans ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 60

61 4. STRAND 4 External dimension The external aspect of the EU internal security shall become an integral part of law enforcement training. This strand mainly deals with mission preparation training in order to ensure that law enforcement officials operating under the EU framework have common competencies and bring aligned, common EU content and values to the countries to where the EU deploys the missions. Interoperability of EU missions with NATO shall be taken into account. It is the ambition of the EU that this type of training is organised primarily at EU level and is well coordinated across all involved sectors. Another aspect of the external dimension is knowledge transfer to third countries and how efforts in this area can be coordinated at EU level. Participation in Strand 4 LEA 32 MS 18 International Organisations / European Agencies (IO) European Commission - Directorates-General (DG) Mission Training for missions in third Countries as provided within the European Union Summary Member States: mission training on national level Two thirds (66%) of Member States have agencies that are engaged in generic or operationspecific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 61

62 Graph 15: Is your organisation engaged in generic or operation-specific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries? In 16 Member States training is delivered for police missions; in 9 for border management missions; in 8 for justice-related mission; and in 6 for customs-related missions. 17 Member States deliver the training for EU-led missions; 14 for UN-led missions; 11 for OSCE-led missions; and 7 for missions of another nature. More than two thirds (78%) of the LEAs involved in such training stated that the EU commonly agreed curriculum (Council doc /06) is implemented Summary Law Enforcement Agencies: mission training on national level a) Involvement in generic and operation specific training 32 Law Enforcement Organisations (37% of the respondents) from 18 Member States (66.5% of the responding MS), are engaged in generic or operation-specific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries. 18 (56% of responding LEA) are national police forces; 5 (15%) are regional police forces; 4 (12.5%) are customs agencies; 3 (9%) are border guard agencies. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 62

63 26 LEA report to be engaged in organising generic training; 24 report to organise such training organisation; another 24 to contribute expertise and 16 to fund such training. For operation specific training these figures are: 21 contribute expertise; 17 develop and organise and 11 fund operation specific training. The following tables show detailed figures per LEA type. Table 20a: In what way is your organisation engaged in generic specific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries? GENERIC TRAINING NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CLEA Other Development of training Organisation of training Funding of training Contributing expertise Table 20b: In what way is your organisation engaged in operation specific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries? OPERATION SPECIFIC NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CLEA Other Development of training Organisation of training Funding of training Contributing expertise b) Nature and type of missions 27 LEA (84% of the ones involved in training for missions) from 17 Member States (62% of the responding MS) are training personnel for police missions; 14 (44%) from 9 Member States (33%) for border management missions; 9 (28%) from 8 (29.5%) Member States, for justice-related missions; and 8 (25%), from 6 (22%) Member States for customs-related missions. Other examples mentioned are Military/Defence and Human rights missions. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 63

64 Table 21: Nature of missions the training aims at as reported by LEA Police Border Justice Customs Other Management related related LEA engaged in missions for 27 (84%) 14 (44%) 9 (28%) 8 (25%) 5 (15%) 32 Law Enforcement Organisations (all involved in training for missions), from 18 (67%) Member States, are delivering training for EU-led missions; 24 (75%) from 15 (55.5%) Member States, for UN-led operations; 16 (50%) from 11 (41%) Member States, for OSCE-led operations; and 9 (28%) from 7 (26%) Member States, are delivering training for missions of another nature, mainly NATO-led. Table 22: Type of missions the training aims at as reported by LEA EU-led UN-led OSCE Other Missions Missions Missions LEA delivering training for 32 (100%) 24 (75%) 16 (50%) 9 (28%) c) Overview of projects as reported by LEA Only some LEA report that the training has been embedded in specific projects. Training within projects funded by EUPOL COPPS is mentioned by the Italian Polizzia di Stato, and in the framework of the German Police Project Team (GPPT) by two German regional police forces. Table 23: Training in the framework of projects as reported by LEA Projects Aim Funded by France (national police) International mission course and specific missions training course (FPU) Preparing personnel to for the missions and for confrontation with the local reality French gendarmerie, NATO, EU Germany (regional police) GPPT Re-establishment of the national police in Afghanistan Germany ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 64

65 Italy (national police) Various projects, in Support to Palestine EUPOL-COPPS particular EUPOL- Police COPPS training for the Palestinian Police Netherlands (border Detainee guard courses Equip personnel with Ministry of Justice guards) and military training knowledge for specific and Ministry of for performance abroad tasks Defence of the Netherlands d) Target groups Generic training is reported to address senior management staff by 23 LEA (72%), middle management staff by 26 (81%), operational staff 14 (43%) and technical staff 15 (47%). Operation-specific training present lower figures: 18 LEA (56%) prepare senior management staff, 17 (53%) middle ranking management staff, 18 (56%), operational staff and 10 (31%) and technical staff 15 (47%). Table 24: Target audiences for generic and operation-specific training as reported by LEA Senior Middle Operational Technical staff management management staff staff staff Generic 23 (72%) 26 (81%) 14 (43%) 15 (47%) Operation specific 18 (56%) 17 (53%) 18 (56%) 10 (31%) More in detail these figures were given for generic training for Senior management staff by 13 national and 4 regional police forces, 2 border guard agencies, 2 customs agencies and 2 other agencies engaged with missions; Middle rank management staff by 14 national and 4 regional police forces, 2 border guard agencies, 4 customs agencies and 2 other agencies engaged with missions; Operation staff by 14 national and 4 regional police forces, 2 border guard agencies, 2 customs agencies and 2 other agencies engaged with missions; Technical staff by 9 national and 1 regional police force(s), 2 border guard agencies, 2 customs agencies and 1 other agency engaged with missions; ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 65

66 For operation specific training these figures are Senior management staff by 11 national and 3 regional police forces, 1 border guard agency, 1 customs agency and 2 other agencies engaged with missions; Middle rank management staff by 10 national and 3 regional police forces, 1 border guard agency, 1 customs agency and 2 other agencies engaged with missions; Operation staff by 10 national and 3 regional police forces, 1 border guard agency, 2 customs agencies and 2 other agencies engaged with missions; Technical staff by 6 national and 1 regional police force(s), 1 border guard agency, 1 customs agency and 1 other agency engaged with missions; Table 25: Target audiences as addressed per law enforcement type GENERIC OPERATION SPECIFIC NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CLEA Other NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CLEA Other Senior management staff Middle management staff Operational staff Technical staff e) Specific topics covered in training for missions to third countries Respondents were asked to indicate which of 24 specific topics they cover in the context of training for personnel engaged in missions in third countries. They are listed in order of the frequency with which they were mentioned, in particular for senior and middle ranking management staff. Here it needs to be pointed out that these topics are generally included in mission training for senior and middle ranking management staff immediately followed by operational staff. Technical staff is mentioned less frequently. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 66

67 14 of these topics are selected in this context for senior management staff by more than 50% of the LEA and all but one (EU common foreign and security policy (47%) for middle ranking management staff. Also for operational staff these same 14 topics score above or come close to 50%. Striking is here that all responding LEA provide training on International Human Rights and EU Common Foreign and Security Policy for operational staff. The following other subjects in the context of mission training for missions were confirmed as included in training: Gender awareness is mentioned for all four target groups by the Crisis Management Centre Finland, the regional police in Bavaria, Germany, and by the Romanian police for senior and middle ranking management staff only; Language training is listed by the regional police in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany, for senior and middle ranking management as well as operational staff; Stress management by the regional police in Bavaria, Germany, for all target groups, and the Dutch police for senior, middle ranking management as well as operation staff; Sexual abuse and exploitation by the Romanian police for senior and middle ranking management staff, and by the regional police in Bavaria, Germany, for all four groups; Psychology, personal awareness by the Irish police for the first three target groups. Further topics mentioned are Restructuring and reform of local security authorities for all target groups by Bavaria, Germany; Military drills also for all groups by the Dutch border guards service; Train-the-trainer as well as First aid for the first three target audiences by the Dutch police; and finally Code of conduct for senior and middle ranking management staff suggested by the Romania police. Table 26: Topics covered in training per target group as listed by LEA Senior management staff Middle management staff Operational staff Technical staff Cooperation and co-ordination between the different actors 21 (65%) 21 (65%) 18 (56%) 12 (38%) Monitoring, mentoring and advising 20 (63%) 23 (72%) 22 (69%) 11 (34%) Safety and security 20 (63%) 22 (69%) 22 (69%) 14 (44%) ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 67

68 Mandate and end states of operations 19 (59%) 21 (65%) 20 (63%) 11 (34%) International Human Rights 19 (59%) 20 (63%) 32 (100%) 14 (44%) European values, integrity and ethics 19 (59%) 19 (59%) 19 (59%) 14 (44%) EU Crisis Management 19 (59%) 19 (59%) 28 (87%) 10 (31%) Dealing with media 18 (56%) 20 (63%) 19 (59%) 12 (38%) Management, supervision and Communication 18 (56%) 19 (59%) 15 (47%) 8 (25%) Cultural Awareness 17 (53%) 20 (63%) 19 (59%) 11 (34%) EU Common Security and Defence Policy 17 (53%) 16 (50%) 16 (50%) 9 (28%) Advising tasks (political, legislative management) 17 (53%) 16 (50%) 14 (44%) 8 (25%) Legal aspects of civilian crisis management 16 (50%) 17 (53%) 14 (44%) 8 (25%) EU Common Foreign and Security Policy 16 (50%) 15 (47%) 32 (100%) 9 (28%) Executive tasks of police 15 (47%) 18 (56%) 26 (81%) 11 (34%) European Institutions with relevance to operations in third 14 (44%) 15 (47%) 13 (41%) 6 (19%) countries Project management 13 (41%) 13 (41%) 9 (28%) 6 (19%) Operational Planning of civilian crisis management 12 (38%) 14 (44%) 9 (28%) 4 (13%) operations Strategic Planning of civilian crisis management operations 11 (34%) 9 (28%) 5 (16%) 3 (9%) Prevention of corruption 10 (31%) 11 (34%) 9 (28%) 6 (19%) Quality control and evaluation of operations 9 (28%) 9 (28%) 7 (22%) 5 (16%) Executive tasks of border guards 8 (25%) 3 (9%) 10 (31%) 5 (16%) Administrative tasks ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 68

69 (22%) (25%) (25%) (19%) Executive tasks of customs 4 (13%) 5 (16%) 5 (16%) 4 (13%) Other subjects 9 (28%) 8 (25%) 8 (25%) 5 (16%) The following tables show the details for the mentioned topics by type of LEA. Table 27: Topics covered in training at senior management staff level NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CPLEA Other EU Common Security and Defence Policy EU Common Foreign and Security Policy Mandate and end states of operations EU Crisis Management Cooperation and co-ordination between the different actors Management, supervision and Communication Project management Strategic Planning of civilian crisis management operations Operational Planning of civilian crisis management operations European values, integrity and ethics International Human Rights Prevention of corruption European Institutions with relevance to operations in third countries Quality control and evaluation of operations Executive tasks of police Executive tasks of border guards ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 69

70 Executive tasks of customs Administrative tasks Legal aspects of civilian crisis management Monitoring, mentoring and advising Advising tasks (political, legislative management) Safety and security Dealing with media Cultural Awareness Other subjects Table 28: Topics covered in training at middle ranking management staff level NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CPLEA Other EU Common Security and Defence Policy EU Common Foreign and Security Policy Mandate and end states of operations EU Crisis Management Cooperation and co-ordination between the different actors Management, supervision and Communication Project management Strategic Planning of civilian crisis management operations Operational Planning of civilian crisis management operations European values, integrity and ethics International Human Rights Prevention of corruption European Institutions with relevance to operations in third countries ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 70

71 Quality control and evaluation of operations Executive tasks of police Executive tasks of border guards Executive tasks of customs Administrative tasks Legal aspects of civilian crisis management Monitoring, mentoring and advising Advising tasks (political, legislative management) Safety and security Dealing with media Cultural Awareness Other subjects Table 29: Topics covered in training at operational staff level NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CPLEA Other EU Common Security and Defence Policy EU Common Foreign and Security Policy Mandate and end states of operations EU Crisis Management Cooperation and co-ordination between the different actors Management, supervision and Communication Project management Strategic Planning of civilian crisis management operations Operational Planning of civilian crisis management operations European values, integrity and ethics ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 71

72 International Human Rights Prevention of corruption European Institutions with relevance to operations in third countries Quality control and evaluation of operations Executive tasks of police Executive tasks of border guards Executive tasks of customs Administrative tasks Legal aspects of civilian crisis management Monitoring, mentoring and advising Advising tasks (political, legislative management) Safety and security Dealing with media Cultural Awareness Other subjects Table 30: Topics covered in training at technical staff level NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CPLEA Other EU Common Security and Defence Policy EU Common Foreign and Security Policy Mandate and end states of operations EU Crisis Management Cooperation and co-ordination between the different actors Management, supervision and Communication Project management Strategic Planning of civilian crisis management ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 72

73 operations Operational Planning of civilian crisis management operations European values, integrity and ethics International Human Rights Prevention of corruption European Institutions with relevance to operations in third countries Quality control and evaluation of operations Executive tasks of police Executive tasks of border guards Executive tasks of customs Administrative tasks Legal aspects of civilian crisis management Monitoring, mentoring and advising Advising tasks (political, legislative management) Safety and security Dealing with media Cultural Awareness Other subjects e) Commonly agreed Curriculum in CivCom document 16849/06 For these audiences, 24 LEA (75%) report to implement from 15 (55%) Member States state that the commonly agreed curriculum in the CivCom document 16849/06 is implemented for such training. Only a few respondents give a reason for not using it, one example being that for UN-led missions training is delivered in keeping with the United Nations Peacekeeping PDT Standard. A few report to not know the CivCom document. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 73

74 4.1.3 Mission training on international level a) Involvement in generic and operation specific mission training Only 5 bodies (18% of the respondents) report to be engaged in generic or operation-specific training for personnel involved in missions in Third Countries: CEPOL develops, organises and funds generic training and provides expertise for this as well; ESDC reports to develop and organise generic training; UNICRI to do the same for operation specific training; EEAS reports to develop generic training and to organise both types of training as well as to contribute expertise for both; furthermore, EEAS develops and organises specific tailormade courses for members of the EU Civilian Response Team pool, EU SSR pool, senior mission personnel induction training etc. DG Home Affairs funds generic training. Table 31: In what way is your organisation engaged in generic / operation specific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries? GENERIC OPERATION SPECIFIC Development Organisation Funding Expertise Development Organisa-Funding Expertise tion CEPOL ESDC UNICRI EEAS DG Home DG Enlargement (TAIEX), who sent a descriptive summary of its activities, plays an important role in this domain as well by providing short term technical assistance and advice on the transposition of EU legislation into the national legislation of beneficiary countries and on the subsequent administration, implementation and enforcement of such legislation. technical training and peer assistance to partners and stakeholders of the beneficiary countries. For more detailed information, please refer to Annex 6. b) Nature and type of missions The five organisations are all training personnel for police missions; ESDC, UNICRI, EEAS, DG Home also for justice-related missions; ESDC and EEAS report to be engaged in training ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 74

75 for customs-related missions; and ESDC alone is involved in mission on the level of border management. ESDC and EEAs also report to support Security Sector Reform (SSR) missions. CEPOL is engaged in mission training for both EU-led and UN-led missions whereas ESDC and EEAS only prepare for EU-led and UNICRI for UN-led operations. DG Home supports specific training programmes which were developed for international law enforcement personnel from the EU and candidate countries for peace keeping missions. Table 32: Nature and type of missions EU agencies and the European Commission are engaged in NATURE OF MISSIONS TYPE OF MISSIONS Police Border guards Customs Justice Other EU-led UN-led OSCEled Other CEPOL ESDC UNICRI EEAS DG Home c) Overview of projects as reported by international organisations / EU agencies / Directorates-General Only DG Home Affairs and UNICRI refer to projects in the framework of which training takes place: AGIS and Trafficking in Persons and Peace Keeping Operations: a comprehensive awareness and training programme. d) Target groups The above-mentioned institutions seem to focus their training efforts on senior and middle raking management staff in both generic and operation specific training. Only DG Home supports training for operational staff. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 75

76 Table 33: Target audiences as addressed by international organisations, EU agencies and the European Commission GENERIC OPERATION SPECIFIC Senior Middle rank Other Senior Middle rank Operational Technical Operational Technical Other CEPOL ESDC UNICRI EEAS DG Home e) Specific topics covered in training for missions to third countries All topics are covered to a different extent by the four international / EU bodies that develop and organise training, and this is the case mainly for senior and middle ranking management staff and to some extent for operational staff. Technical staff is only mentioned once by an international organisation: ESDC provides training for this target group on the topic of International Human Rights. DG Home Affairs mentions the improvement of information and awareness on the issue of trafficking in human beings for middle ranking management staff and for operational staff. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 76

77 Table 34: Topics covered in training per target group as listed by international organisations, EU agencies and Directorates-General CEPOL ESDC UNICRI EEAS DG Home Cooperation and co-ordination between the different actors S/M S/M/O S/M S/M Monitoring, mentoring and advising S/M/O S/M Mandate and end states of operations S/M S/M/O S/M International Human Rights S/M/O/T S/M S/M European values, integrity and ethics S/M S/M EU Crisis Management S/M S/M/O S/M Cultural Awareness S/M S/M EU Common Security and Defence Policy S/M S/M/O S/M Advising tasks (political, legislative management) S/M Legal aspects of civilian crisis management S/M EU Common Foreign and Security Policy S/M S/M S/M Executive tasks of police S/M European Institutions with relevance to operations in third countries Strategic Planning of civilian crisis management operations Prevention of corruption S/M/O S/M S/M S/M S/M Other subjects M/O S = Senior management staff M = Middle ranking management staff O = Operational staff T = Technical staff ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 77

78 f) Commonly agreed Curriculum in CivCom document 16849/06 3 of the 4 organisations 13 that are involved in development and organisation of training indicate that they implement the training curriculum as commonly in the CivCom document 16849/06: CEPOL, ESDC and EEAS. UNICRI explains that it does not use it because it is a UN agency, and DG Home states that the training mentioned was one specific project managed by UNICRI and funded by the European Commission. 4.2 Need for training for missions to third countries a) EU-level support When asked for which target groups the LEA consider it useful if generic / operation specific training were offered on EU level, half or slightly less than half of the LEA responding to strand 4 do so for senior management staff for both types of training, and 50% for middle rank management staff; less for operational staff (40%) for both types of training and for technical staff (25%). 18 LEA from 12 Member States, consider it useful if generic training would be offered at EU level for senior management staff; 13 from 9 Member States for middle-rank management staff; 13 from 9 Member States for operational staff; 8 from 4 Member States for technical staff; and 2 from 2 Member States consider it useful if generic training would be offered at EU level for other type of staff. 15 LEA from 10 Member States, considered useful if mission-specific training would be offered at EU level for senior management staff; 13 from 10 Member States for middle-rank management staff; 13, from 9 Member States for operational staff; 8 from 6 Member States for technical staff; and 3, from 3 Member States, considered useful if mission-specific training would be offered at EU level for other type of staff. Only the Dutch border guard service specify other type of staff : they consider it necessary that a course be offered on EU level for individuals who are going to operate in international staff functions. 13 DG Home Affairs is only involved on the level of funding. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 78

79 Table 35: Need for EU level support for generic and operation specific training as considered useful by LEA per target group Senior management staff Middle management staff Operational staff Technical staff Generic Operation specific Details per LEA type can be found in the following table. These data suggest that that LEA type that provides mission training to the highest extent, i.e. police forces, consider such support from the side of European Union bodies and agencies useful. Table 36: EU level support as considered useful per law enforcement type GENERIC OPERATION SPECIFIC NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CLEA Other NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CLEA Other Senior management staff Middle management staff Operational staff Technical staff On the international level, CEPOL, ESDC and EEAS consider it useful if generic training were offered at EU level for senior management staff, middle-rank management staff and operational staff. Both CEPOL and EEAS consider the same for technical staff; and DG Home Affairs refers to operational and technical staff in this context (See Table 37 below). ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 79

80 For operation-specific training, EU support for mission training for senior management staff is considered useful by all for middle ranking management staff and operational staff; CEPOL ESDC, UNICRI and EEAS refer to senior management staff in this context and of those four only UNICRI does not mention technical staff. Table 37: EU level support as considered useful by international organisations / EU agencies / European Commission per target group GENERIC OPERATION SPECIFIC Senior Middle rank Other Senior Middle rank Operational Technical Operational Technical Other CEPOL ESDC UNICRI EEAS DG Home b) Type of EU support required When asked what kind of support from the side of EU bodies / agencies LEA consider necessary, the most frequent answer given was that mission training should be provided (68% of all LEA responding to strand 4) in a coordinated way in order to ensure a common approach. It is evident that the Member States are expressing a need for centralised training. On the second place (37%) comes training for specialised trainers either to train personnel preparing for missions or also to train personnel in third countries in the context of a mission. The same percentage of LEA mentions the provision of financial resources. Other suggestions with similar frequency are the development of training material, standardisation of such training, the provision of expertise and support for exchange of best practice. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 80

81 c) Number of trainees When asked to give an estimate of the number of trainees involved in such training per year, 15 Member States indicate a total number of approx. 4,000 trainees. These figures are given by one police force in Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (10) as well as three from Italy (3) and three regional police forces in Germany (3). The remaining LEA giving such figures are border guard services in Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands (3), customs services in Lithuania and Poland (2) and units engaged with missions in Austria and Finland (2). For any possible planning purposes a further analysis would be required. Only two International Organisations and one Directorate-General give a total of 1,224 trainees as an estimate of the number of trainees involved in such training per year: UNICRI; ESDC; DG TAXUD. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 81

82 Participation in Strand 4 Transfer of knowledge LEA 50 MS 23 International Organisations / European Agencies (IO) European Commission - Directorates-General (DG) Transfer of knowledge with third countries Topics subject to knowledge transfer 50 LEA from 23 Member States report to be engaged in transferring knowledge or in exchanging best practices with third countries. In detail this involves 21 national police forces, 6 regional police forces, 10 agencies involved with border management, 9 customs agencies and 4 other agencies. 15 international organisations, EU agencies Directorates-General are involved in such transfer of knowledge, in detail: CEPOL; Frontex; Europol; Interpol; OSCE; UNODC; UNICRI; ICMPD; AEPC; Aquapol; DCAF; OLAF; DG Home Affairs; DG Home Affairs - Unit C2 and EEAS. The most frequently mentioned topics involved in such knowledge transfer are International law enforcement cooperation as well as Leadership and management (50% of all responding LEA); Human rights, Combating organised crime, Prevention of corruption and Ethics (approx. 40%) followed by Public order, Crowd control and Riot control, Public security and Police and customs cooperation centres (between 32 and 36%); and finally also Joint Investigation Teams (20%) are a topic for such exchanges. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 82

83 Table 38: Please specify on which topics you offer training in third countries TOPICS Total % International Law Enforcement Cooperation 26 52% Leadership and Management 26 52% Human Rights 21 42% Combating Organised Crime 20 40% Prevention of Corruption 20 40% Ethics 19 38% Public Order, Crowd Control and Riot Control 18 36% Public Security 18 36% Police and Custom Cooperation Centres 16 32% Joint Investigations Teams 10 20% Other 24 48% Detailed figures of the data per LEA show that up to 65% of all 34 surveyed national police forces and 60% of regional police forces are involved in such knowledge transfer, 71% of all surveyed border guard / police services and 37% of customs. When exploring more deeply individual topics that are subject of knowledge transfer activities, it becomes evident that International Law Enforcement Cooperation plays a very important role. Other topics are listed below. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 83

84 Table 39: Topics subject to transfer of knowledge and exchange of best practice with third countries as listed by LEA NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CPLEA Other International law enforcement cooperation Leadership and management Human rights Combating Organised Crime Prevention of corruption Ethics Public order/ crowd control / riot control Public security Police and Custom Cooperation Centres Joint Investigations Teams When asked whether other topics are also subject of knowledge transfer to third countries, almost 50% of all responding LEA listed the following examples: Capacity building (improvement of customs control); Advising police and border guard operations; Customs matters and law; Training for police and prison administrations; Integrated Border Management, border control, risk analysis, detection of forged travel documents, combating illegal migration; Trainings of trainers / training management; Training of emergency personnel for peace keeping missions on the basis of UN Standards; Training und duty of police dogs and police horses; ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 84

85 Structures of fire control and emergency management; Crime prevention (including local divisional prevention); Undercover measures to combat crime; Training of special units; Dealing with non-conventional explosive devices; Road safety; Counter-terrorism; DNA Analysis and laboratories; Detention/Reception Centres Community Policing; Cybercrime Education; European Funds; Police reform legal and institutional aspects Fight against acts of terrorism; Financial management in the Police; Security of mass events in view of EURO 2012; Trafficking in Human Beings Combating terrorism; Criminal intelligence; Airport crisis police management Forensic police Investigation and human sources management; Money laundering; Private security control and management Some of this takes place in form or agreements on mutual assistance, exchanges of best practice, training co-operation and work visits. The engagement in knowledge transfer by EU agencies and international organisations as well as Directorates-General can be seen below in Table 40. The frequency with which topics ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 85

86 are listed differs from the LEA: although the first on the list is, similar to the LEA, International law enforcement cooperation (60% of all responses) Prevention of corruption displays the same percentage; then follow Human rights and Combating Organised Crime (40%); Leadership and management, Joint Investigation Teams and Police and Custom Cooperation Centres (33%); Ethics and Public Security by still a quarter of the respondents; and finally Public order/ crowd control / riot control. The two Directorates-General not mentioned in the table are engaged only in knowledge transfer on International law enforcement cooperation. Table 40: Topics subject to transfer of knowledge and exchange of best practice with third countries as listed by international organisations / European agencies / Directorates- General CEPOL Europol Interpol UNO DC UNIC RI ICMP D AEPC DCAF OLAF EEAS International law enforcement cooperation Prevention of corruption Human rights Combating Organised Crime Leadership and management Police and Custom Cooperation Centres Joint Investigatio ns Teams ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 86

87 Ethics Public security Public order/ crowd control / riot control The other topics mentioned are listed in the following table. Table 41: Other topics subject to transfer of knowledge and exchange of best practice with third countries as listed by international organisations / European agencies / Directorates- General Agency Frontex Interpol Topic Integrated border management Interpol tools and services UNODC Criminal Intelligence; Container Control; Witness protection; Crime Scene Investigation; Money Laundering; Drug trafficking; Terrorism Prevention; Corruption; Wildlife and Environmental Crimes ICMPD AEPC Integrated border management; Strategy and action plan development; Document security; Intellectual property rights Training-related topics such as the Bologna Process Aquapol All matters in the field of safety and security within the domain of the transport and the supply chain in and outside the EU. DCAF OLAF DG Home Affairs Integrated border management Anti-fraud; Investigation techniques (modus operandi) ; Document management Awareness concerning THB within peace-support operations and strengthen capacities and skills of deployed law enforcement officers ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 87

88 4.3.2 Funding of knowledge transfer to third countries 78% of LEA speak of transfer of knowledge funded by their state budget (including cofinancing); 70% report that the European Commission provides resources and a quarter refers to other sources. Details per LEA type can be found in the table below. Table 42: Funding of knowledge transfer per LEA NPLEA RPLEA BLEA CPLEA Other State budget (including co-financing) European Commission Other Europol, UNICRI and ICMPD refer to funding by state budgets; Frontex, Europol; UNODC; ICMPD; Aquapol; OLAF and DG Home Affairs speak of funding by the European Commission. Table 43 Funding of knowledge transfer per international organisation / EU agency / Directorate-General State budget (incl. co-financing) European Commission Other CEPOL Europol Frontex Interpol AEPC UNICRI ICMPD UNODC ICMPD Aquapol DCAF ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 88

89 OLAF DG Home DG Home Unit A2 EEAS Funding is further provided by NATO, OSCE, South East Europe Police Chiefs Association (SEPCA); OIF; Interpol, IOM; Polish Aid; TAIEX; Twinning projects; ISEC; the USA; the German Association for International Cooperation; and also agencies, networks and projects like DECAF; AEPC; CSDP missions EU support required for knowledge transfer to third countries The most frequently mentioned support requirement from the side of EU bodies / agencies is the provision of training also to officials of third countries and coordination (by CEPOL) of knowledge transfer activities in order to ensure a common approach and avoid duplication. It is suggested several times that the attendance of courses within the EU Member States by officials from third countries should be funded by the European Commission. The provision of training material and training for specialised trainers ranks on third place. Other suggestions concern the facilitation of exchange of best practice and the provision of expertise. Also the creation of a database on such activities in order to avoid overlapping and the implementation of a training needs analysis in third countries are mentioned. This evidently shows a need for enhanced coordination of efforts. On the level of international and EU bodies the same topics are addressed and beyond that also close inter-agency cooperation is considered useful to avoid overlapping and to join efforts; forensic capacity building; new information channels and a strong focus on training. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 89

90 IV COMPARISON OF EU AGENCIES OPERATING IN THE JHA AREA An analysis of key objectives and involvement of CEPOL, Europol and Frontex, three EU agencies operating in the field of Justice and Home Affairs and active in training of law enforcement officials, shows that there is a correlation between their objectives and activities implemented. The table 44 below presents findings of the survey analysis describing involvement of the named agencies in delivering training under strands 1-4. Each agency s mandate specifies the extent to which training is a part of their responsibilities. As an EU agency dedicated to training, CEPOL is naturally engaged in the most systematic training, covering most areas of all strands. For Europol and Frontex, while prominent, training is closely linked to their operational mandates. However, a more in-depth analysis reveals similarities / overlaps in these agencies training activities. The data analysis clearly demonstrates that there are areas where all two or three agencies are involved, e.g. training on EU law enforcement cooperation mechanisms; specialised topics as listed under Strand 3 like Trafficking Human Beings, Leadership and Management and some others. Although the JHA scorecard monitors these overlapping areas and some activities are delivered in cross-agency cooperation, it seems that the production of training and learning material or course curricula is not fully coordinated. The risks this entails are duplication of resources and incoherency of content. There is evidence that there is also some clear sole responsibility without duplication of resources: the survey also shows that there are some priority areas where training is only delivered by CEPOL, e.g. Public Order, Civilian Crisis Management and training for missions. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 90

91 Table 44: Brief comparison of JHA agencies active in training of law enforcement officials Key objectives Strand 1 Basic training Strand 2 bilateral/regional training Strand 3 specialised training (for specific topics see table 45 below) CEPOL Europol Frontex CEPOL's mission is to bring together senior police officers to support the development of a common law enforcement culture and encourage crossborder cooperation in the fight against crime, public security and law and order by organising training activities and research findings. Develop a European approach to the main problems facing Member States in the fight against crime, crime prevention, and the maintenance of law and order and public security, in particular the cross-border dimensions of those problems Participates in development, organisation of training and contributing with expertise available through its Network. It covers topics of Lisbon Treaty, Schengen Acquis, Prüm Decisions, EAW, Europol, Eurojust, CEPOL, Sirene, SIS, JITs. In addition CEPOL will provide Common Curricula on 10 specialised topics, which will be integrated into basic training. Participates in development, organisation and funding of training and contributing with expertise. Covers topics of Legal aspects of cooperation, Crime Prevention, Public Order and management of large scale disasters, cross-border organised criminal activities, leadership and management, language, Provides training on all subjects of the survey except customs fraud, border management and strategic and tactical analysis. In addition to that CEPOL trains on Counter terrorism, radicalisation, EU law enforcement mechanisms such as JITs, Schengen To improve the effectiveness of, and cooperation between, the competent authorities in Member States in preventing and combating international organised crime. To collect and exchange information To facilitate cooperation between law enforcement authorities in their fight against organised crime and terrorism. To provide regular threat assessments. Participates in development, organisation of training and contributing with expertise. Training covers Europol, CEPOL, Frontex, Eurojust, EMCDDA and OLAF, Siena, SIS, ARO, Cospol, JITs Participates in development, organisation of training and contributing with expertise. Topics of legal aspects, investigation methodology and techniques, crossborder organised criminal activity, tools of international LEA cooperation. Provides training on all topics of survey except fundamental rights, public order and mass events, intelligence led-policing and risk analysis, victim assistance, police ethics and strategic and tactical analysis. Frontex promotes, coordinates and develops European border management in line with the EU fundamental rights charter applying the concept of Integrated Border Management. Participates with development of training. Topics on Lisbon Treaty, Schengen Acquis, Prüm Decisions, Framework Decision of information exchange, Europol, CEPOL, Frontex, Eurojust,EASO, FRA, SIRENE, SIS, VIS, FADO, FOSS/JORA, Eurodac, EU VID Participates with expertise, mostly deployment of experts. Training covers topics on crossborder organised criminal activity, operational training and training on Frontex. Provides training on THB, irregular immigration, border management, trafficking in illegal commodities, leadership and management, fundamental rights, police ethics, intelligence led policing and risk analysis. In addition it trains on document ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 91

92 CEPOL Europol Frontex evaluation. On specific topics such as EU Policy priority topics CEPOL develops portfolio of training and learning options (common curricula, courses, online seminars, e-learning modules, exchange programme) ensuring lasting impact and sustainability. Several training activities for example, informants handling, dismantling synthetic drugs labs is organised jointly with Europol. CEPOL cooperates with other JHA agencies in development and implementation of training and learning products. Several training activities for example, informants handling, dismantling synthetic drugs labs is organised jointly with Europol. and vehicle identification, air crew training, Schengen evaluation, training for escort leaders of joint return flights, training for dog handlers. Training is mainly delivered through courses, common core curricula, harmonised training materials and exchange programme for trainers. Strand 4 - CEPOL is involved in training of senior law enforcement officers in preparation for missions. The agency also takes part in development of harmonised training material for mission preparation. In relation to knowledge transfer to third countries CEPOL offers training on all survey topics except police and customs cooperation centres. Not participating in mission preparation. Participates in knowledge transfer to the third countries, providing training on combating organised crime and international law enforcement cooperation Not participating in mission preparation. Participates in knowledge transfer to third countries and provides training on material developed by Frontex ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 92

93 Table 45: Involvement of JHA agencies in training on specialised topics of the survey CEPOL Europol Frontex EMCDDA FRA Drug Trafficking Combating Organised Crime in the Western Balkans Trafficking in Human Beings Irregular Immigration Itinerant Crime Groups Trafficking in Illicit Commodities Cybercrime Financial Crime including Money Laundering Asset Recovery Fraud with Cross-border Impact Counterfeit Goods Border Management Issues Customs Fraud Leadership and Management / Strategic Planning Fundamental rights Public order and mass events Intelligence-led policing and risk analysis Informant handling Witness protection Undercover operations Victim assistance Police Ethics Strategic and tactical analysis ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 93

94 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions GENERAL The ETS Mapping Exercise clearly identifies the need for additional EU-related training content across all four strands. Specifically, this entails the provision of learning materials, training on cross-border topics, the organisation of EU-level courses and seminars, train-the-trainer and provision of trained EU trainers, regional exchange programmes and a platform for the exchange of knowledge and best practice. Further coordination of the current EU response to training needs of national law enforcement agencies is needed to avoid duplication of efforts by EU Agencies in the field of JHA in specific areas of training. Most of the responding EU bodies / international organisations do not provide training for customs authorities. This leads to gaps where it concerns EU content and some significant areas of specialised training and entails the risk that customs officials are not adequately prepared to deal with cross-border crime. STRAND 1 Relevant basic knowledge concerning European cross-border law enforcement cooperation is already largely included in initial and promotion training of police and border guards in most Member States; less so for customs services (see graph 1a and 1b). The role of EU / international organisations in conveying basic knowledge is not widespread. In relation to funding of training on EU content, there are currently very few international actors involved. Coordination of actions is often lacking across the EU law enforcement forums. There is an evident need for EU support for EU content, in particular for promotion training, as in all MS at least one LEA indicates this (see table 1). MS feel that the EU should provide national training with EU content and with funding. The most preferred EU contribution is the provision of learning materials (Common Curricula; e-learning modules; training manuals) followed by financial resources and the provision of specialised trainers. Exchange programmes are also mentioned (see graph 2). ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 94

95 STRAND 2 The survey demonstrates that LEA in most MS are involved in bilateral training, by means of development and organisation of training as well as by contributing expertise, and to a lesser extent by funding such training (see graph 3). Customs agencies are least involved. A large number of training activities are implemented within project frameworks, hence of an ad hoc character. Half of the surveyed international or European agencies are involved in joint training on a bilateral / regional level for personnel with law enforcement functions by contributing expertise or organising such training. DGs are involved solely through funding. Although only a few LEA consider EU support necessary, some gaps can still be identified in bilateral/regional training, e.g. for civilian crisis management, organised crime, language, investigation techniques, legal aspects (table 2). Some topics like cross-border organised crime, investigation techniques, legal aspects and language are covered in bilateral / regional training but are still mentioned as requiring more training. STRAND 3 Specialised training for law enforcement officials on at least one of the priority topics in question is offered by one or more LEA in all Member States (see table 3). Police and border guard LEA indicate most frequently that training on specialised topics is provided, except for topics like Counterfeit Goods and Customs Fraud where customs score highest. Most of the international or EU agencies are involved in specialised training (see table 6) by developing and organising training; to a lesser extent they provide expertise or funding. The use of EU content in form of EU directives, structures or instruments (less than 50%) is not satisfying (see table 4); the situation is better where it concerns European Strategic Documents which are included in the majority of the available specialised training curricula (see table 5). The specialised topics analysed by the ETS Mapping Survey are of high relevance for the training needs of LEA in the context of cross-border cooperation and they represent ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 95

96 pressing operational issues. The applied approach of selecting these priority topics therefore seems to be adequate and can be used in the future. Even though many of the sub-topics under the priority topics are covered in national training, a large majority of LEA still indicate that support from EU agencies is required in delivery of the training (See graph 4). Financial Crime/Money Laundering, Drug Trafficking, Leadership / Management and Strategic Planning are in highest demand. The most frequently mentioned needs are specialised trainers/experts; learning/training materials and manuals; financial funds; e-learning tools; train-the-trainer courses; exchange programmes. Overlapping needs between three different LEA types in training on the most frequently mentioned topics concern Drug Trafficking, Trafficking in Human beings, Terrorism and Financial Crime including Money Laundering. Differences exist in the need for training on Fundamental Rights and Irregular Immigration (BLEA) and Counterfeit and Piracy (CLEA). Particularly in the area of specialised training, quite a few overlaps exist in training delivered by EU agencies and international organisations. STRAND 4 Two thirds of the Member States have LEA engaged in training for personnel involved in missions in third countries (graph 5), the majority of which are police-related EU-led missions. Only 5 international or European agencies reported being engaged in generic or operation-specific training for personnel involved in missions in third countries, again mainly in EU-led missions involving police officers. The EU commonly agreed curriculum (Council doc /06) is implemented by 75% of LEA in MS and by 60% of the EU Agencies / international organisations involved in this kind of training. Half of the LEA consider there to be a need for EU support, in particular for providing standardised training for senior and middle management and operational staff and for train specialised trainers (See table 7). EU support should consist mainly in the provision of training and preparing trainers / experts, and a centralised approach to making training material available and to coordination of activities. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 96

97 In 85% of the Member States LEA are involved in transfer of knowledge (See table 8). The main needs are coordination of knowledge transfer efforts and training for officials of third countries on EU level. 5.2 Recommendations (1) Support for EU-related training content should be provided for all four strands. More in detail the provision of: o Strand 1: learning materials (Common Curricula; e-learning modules; training manuals); introduction of an independent subject called European Cooperation ; o Strand 2: training on topics like cross-border organised crime, investigation techniques, legal aspects and language civilian crisis management and management of diversity; train-the-trainers courses; regional exchange programmes; platform for the exchange of knowledge and best practice; o Strand 3: EU-level courses and seminars; training material; specially trained EU trainers; funding; opportunities for exchange of best practice; an enhanced focus on EU directives, structures or instruments; o Strand 4: generic and operational training in particular for senior and middle ranking management staff; training of trainers / experts; centralised access to EU experts/trainers/ lecturers and training material. (2) There is a need for centralised access to a training and learning materials depository in order for MS and agencies to benefit from the necessary expertise/ knowledge. (3) There is also a need for a pool of trainers / experts / lecturers for the same purpose. (4) Learning and training material developed using EU funds should be made available in a coordinated manner to the European Union. The use and implementation of such material must happen in accordance to pre-defined standards, which will require centralised coordination and monitoring. This furthermore implies the need for seeting up a quality assurance mechanism at EU level. (5) EU support should focus on all surveyed priority topics and fine-tuned in line with the sub-topics. (6) Centralised coordination, in particular of the activities of EU agencies involved in law enforcement training, should be established in order to avoid the duplication of resources and possible risk of incoherent content, in particular in strand 2, 3 and 4. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 97

98 (7) On the level of funding of training, the present situation, which currently includes very few international actors, calls for the EU to develop a strong policy. (8) Training of customs officers on EU content requires specific attention by the EU as does the combined training of customs, border guards and police officers in order to increase common understanding and multi-disciplinary cooperation. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 98

99 VI ANNEXES ANNEX 1 - ACRONYMS ARO AWF CITES COSPOL EUPST EURODAC EUVID FADO FIU FOSS/JORA IBM JIT NGO SIENA SIRENE SIS TAIEX VIS Asset Recovery Office Analysis Work Files (of Europol) Agreement on illegal trade on endangered animals and plants Comprehensive Operational Strategic Planning for the Police European Union Police Services Training European automatized fingerprint identification system (Dublin Convention) European Vehicle Identification Database False and Authentic Documents Online Financial Intelligence Unit Frontex One Stop Shop / Joints Operations Reporting Application Integrated border management Joint Investigation Team Non-Governmental Organisation Secure Information Exchange Network Application (Europol) Supplementary Information Request at the National Entries Schengen Information System Technical Assistance and Information Exchange Visa Information System ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 99

100 ANNEX 2 - ADDRESSED LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE MEMBER STATES Country No. Group AUSTRIA 1.1 Police + Border Guard 1.2 Missions Department in Ministry of Interior 1.3 Customs BELGIUM 2.1 Customs 2.2 Police + Border Guard BULGARIA 3.1 Customs 3.2 Border Guards 3.3 Police CROATIA Police Border Guards Customs CYPRUS 5.1 Customs 5.2 Police + Border Guard CZECH REPUBLIC 6.1 Customs 6.2 Police + Border Guard DENMARK 7.1 Police 7.2 Border Guards 7.3 Customs ESTONIA 8.2 Police 8.3 Border Guards 8.1 Customs FINLAND 9.1 Missions Unit (CMC) 9.2 Customs 9.3 Police 9.4 Border Guards FRANCE 10.1 Police (Police Nationale and Gendarmerie) + Border Guard Customs GERMANY 11.1 Police BKA 11.2 Customs 11.3 Police Berlin 11.4 Police Bremen ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 100

101 11.5 Police Sachsen-Anhalt Police Baden-Wuerttemberg 11.7 Police Nordrhein-Westfalen 11.8 Police Niedersachsen 11.9 Police Hessen Police Sachsen-Anhalt Police Bayern Police Schleswig-Holstein Federal Police Police Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Police Hamburg Police Rheinland-Pfalz Police Thüringen GREECE 12.1 Border Guards 12.2 Police 12.3 Customs HUNGARY 13.1 Customs Customs Criminal Investigation Office Bundespolizeipräsidium (Police HQ) Division of International Police Cooperation 13.2 Border guards 13.3 Police IRELAND 14.1 Customs 14.2 Police + Border Guard ITALY 15.1 Polizzia di Stato 15.2 Polizzia Penitenziaria 15.3 Carabinieri 15.4 Customs 15.5 Guardia di Finanza 15.6 Polizzia Forestale LATVIA 16.1 Police 16.2 Border Guards Customs LITHUANIA 17.1 Customs Department of European Affairs and International Cooperation of the Ministry of the Interior 17.2 Border Guards 17.3 Police ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 101

102 LUXEMBOURG 18.1 Customs 17.4 Transatlantic Cooperation and Security Department 18.2 Missions Department Police Grand-Ducale 18.3 Police 18.4 Border guards MALTA 19.1 Border Guards 19.2 Customs NETHERLANDS 20.1 Border Guards 20.2 Customs 20.3 Police POLAND 21.1 Police 21.2 Customs 21.3 Border Guards PORTUGAL 22.1 Polícia Nacional 22.2 Polícia Judiciária 22.3 Guarda Nacional Republicana 22.4 Border Guards 22.5 Customs ROMANIA 23.1 Police 23.2 Border Guards Customs SLOVAKIA 24.1 Customs 24.2 Police + Border Guard SLOVENIA 25.1 Police + Border Guard 25.2 Customs SPAIN 26.1 Guardia Civil + Border Guards 26.2 Customs 26.3 Policia Nacional SWEDEN 27.1 Customs UNITED KINGDOM Police 27.3 Border Guards National Bureau of Investigation - National Communication Centre NPIA police college Wyboston 28.2 NPIA Bramshill for police UK Avon and Somerset Constabulary Bedfordshire Police British Transport Police ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 102

103 Cambridgeshire Constabulary Central Scotland Police Cheshire Constabulary City of London Police Civil Nuclear Constabulary Cleveland Police Cumbria Constabulary Devon and Cornwall Constabulary Dorset Police Durham Constabulary Dyfed-Powys Police Essex Police Gloucestershire Constabulary Greater Manchester Police Gwent Police Hampshire Constabulary Hertfordshire Constabulary Humberside Police Kent Police Lancashire Constabulary Leicestershire Constabulary Lincolnshire Police Merseyside Police Metropolitan Police Service Ministry of Defence Police Norfolk Constabulary North Wales Police Northamptonshire Police Northumbria Police North Yorkshire Police Nottinghamshire Police Police Service of Northern Ireland South Wales Police South Yorkshire Police Staffordshire Police Suffolk Constabulary Surrey Police Sussex Police ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 103

104 Thames Valley Police West Mercia Police West Midlands Police North East Counter Terrorism Unit Wiltshire Police Child Exploitation Online Protection Centre Serious & Organised Crime Agency Serious & Organised Crime Agency West Midlands Counter Terrorism Unit Wales Counter Terrorism Unit Regional Asset Recovery Team South East Counter Terrorism Unit UK Border Agency Her Majesty s Revenue & Customs ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 104

105 ANNEX 3 ADRESSED EU AGENCIES / EUROPEAN AMD INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS / DIERCTORATES-GENERAL EU Agencies / Bodies CEPOL EASO EMCDDA Eurojust Europol FRA Frontex OLAF European Police College The European Asylum Support Office European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction European Union s Judicial Cooperation Unit European Police Office European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders European Anti-Fraud Office European Organisations and Networks AEPC Aquapol CEPEJ COE EJTN ECBA EUCPN ENFSI Association of European Police Colleges Association of international police cooperation on the water Lisbon Network Consultative Council of European Prosecutors Council of Europe European Judicial Training Network European Criminal Bar Association European Crime Prevention Network European Network of Forensic Science ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 105

106 Institutes ESDC ERA EULITA MEPA Railpol TISPOL European Security and Defence College Academy of European Law European Legal Interpreters and Translators Association Middle European Police Academy European Network of Railway Police Forces European Traffic Police Network International organisations addressed DCAF IACIS ICMPD Interpol IOM OSCE UNICRI UNODC UNHCR WCO Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Results for The International Association of Computer Investigative Specialists International Centre for Migration Policy Development International Crime Police Organisation International Organisation for Migration Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime UN Refugee Agency Word Customs Organisation ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 106

107 Directorates-General DG COMP DG DEVCO DG DGT DG EAC DG ECHO EEAS DG ELARG DG EMPL DG ENTR DG ENV DG HOME DG HR DG INFSO DG JUST DG MARE DG MARKT DG MOVE DG RTD DG SANCO DG TAXUD DG TRADE Competition EuropeAid Development & Cooperation Translation Education and Culture Humanitarian Aid Foreign Policy Instruments Service Enlargement Employment Enterprise and Industry Environment Home Affairs Human Resources and Security Information Society and Media Justice Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Internal Market and Services Mobility and Transport Research and Innovation Health and Consumers Taxation and Customs Union Trade ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 107

108 ANNEX 4 -STAFF INVOLVED IN THE MAPPING EXERCISE (in alphabetical order) Core Team Pious Arya Eduardo Ferreira Alexandra Gállová Aija Kalnaja Detlef Nogala Elisabeth Zinschitz Support staff Tanja Äijö Boryana Dimitrova Jürgen Fehler Zsanett Kertesz Daniela Neagu ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 108

109 ANNEX 5 - OVERVIEW OF BORDER GUARDS AND CUSTOMS AGENCIES SEPARATE FROM THE POLICE IN THE EU MEMBER STATES Member States Separate Border Guards Agency Separate Customs Austria - Belgium - Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic - Denmark - Estonia - Finland France - Germany - Greece - Hungary - Ireland - Italy - (but some duties performed by the Guardia di Finanza) Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg - Malta - Netherlands Poland Portugal - Romania - Slovakia - Slovenia - Spain - Sweden United Kingdom Schengen members Non Schengen members ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 109

110 ANNEX 6 TAIEX FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General Enlargement D - Financial Instruments & Regional Programmes D2 Institution Building Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument TAIEX is managed by the Directorate-General Enlargement of the European Commission. TAIEX supports partner countries with regard to the approximation, application and enforcement of EU legislation. It is largely demand driven and facilitates the delivery of appropriate tailor-made expertise to address issues at short notice. Since 1996 TAIEX has been an integral feature of the EU enlargement strategy, in 2006 it was extended to cover the neighbourhood countries. TAIEX s main tasks within the EU enlargement context are: To provide short term technical assistance and advice on the transposition of EU legislation into the national legislation of beneficiary countries and on the subsequent administration, implementation and enforcement of such legislation. To provide technical training and peer assistance to partners and stakeholders of the beneficiary countries. Main tasks within European neighbourhood policy ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 110

111 To bring ENPI partner countries closer to the European Union, through supporting the implementation of Action Plans and National Indicative Programmes. The TAIEX mandate to provide assistance covers the following beneficiary countries: Croatia, Iceland, Turkey, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Montenegro; Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo (as defined in UN Security Council Resolution 1244 of 10 June 1999); Turkish Cypriot community in the northern part of Cyprus; Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine and Russia. Partner administrations can benefit from TAIEX s flexibility to help meet wider training needs in EU legislation by reaching a significant number of officials. Among the main target groups are civil servants working in public administrations (national, sub-national and local level) This short term technical assistance through the TAIEX instrument comes in many different forms and across a wide range of areas (Workshops, Study Visits and Expert Missions). TAIEX shares Member State administration's technical expertise in all fields of EU legislation and regulation (the so called EU acquis) with Beneficiaries, in particular internal market, justice and home affairs, environment, agriculture and food safety. Among the main target groups are civil servants working in public administrations (national, subnational and local level) ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 111

112 The instrument covers all the costs required to ensure the provision of its assistance, for instance travel and accommodation costs for experts and conference costs. The purchase of equipment cannot be financed. The key assets that make TAIEX a success story are: Ownership: TAIEX is a demand-driven instrument; beneficiaries identify and submit requests for specific and customised assistance; Gap-filling: TAIEX is complementary to larger assistance programmes (twinning, technical assistance) and can provide expertise to fill the gaps between the larger programmes; Responsiveness: assistance is delivered within tight time frames; Peer-to-peer approach: TAIEX relies on Member States public officials who, in practice, implement EU legislation and are willing and able to share their technical expertise with counterparts from beneficiary administrations. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 112

113 (inc. Polictical criteria of Copenhagen) Justice and Home Affairs: Most of the assistance focused on justice and home affairs matters. Target groups included officials from the Ministries of Justice and Interior of the beneficiaries and those who have to apply the rules in their daily work: judges, prosecutors, police officials, officials from other law-enforcement agencies, border guards, the migration and asylum authorities, customs departments, anti-corruption agencies, etc. Police co-operation is a key priority for all beneficiaries along with the fight against corruption and organised crime. Support was also provided in the area of anti-money laundering and other forms of fighting financial crime, trafficking in human beings, drug trafficking, and child pornography. ETS Mapping Exercise - Final Report 113