Postnational challenges and tensions between citizenship and the nationstate

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1 Title of Workshop: Outline of topic: Postnational challenges and tensions between citizenship and the nationstate Understood as the link between a sovereign political community and the individual, citizenship has served as a contested arena of social, legal and political struggles (Marshall 1950). It has had a strong association with nation-states, where concepts of nationalism, national unity and citizenship have become interchangeable (Bauböck 1994). This link is becoming obsolete due to processes like globalisation, migration and pluralization of identities. In the EU context, the objective of bringing Europe closer to its citizens seems to require the dismantling of the nation-state and its associated ideologies of nationalism (Shore 1993: 787). The global claim of non-citizens to rights continues to challenge the equation of rights, membership and national belonging. Decolonial struggles, indigenous land movements, Pan-Asia and Pan-African solidarities equally point to different political orientations. Attempts to think past the national model of citizenship include cosmopolitan or post-national citizenship (Benhabib 2006; Soysal 1996; Bellamy and Warleigh 1998; Delanty 2002), ideas of emancipation (Jun 2011), redemption and humanity (Mignolo 2006) and civic or constitutional patriotism (Habermas 1997; Laborde 2002; Laborde 2007). Increasingly, citizenship is theorized as a relational act, involving also statelessness and non- citizenship (Isin & Nielsen 2008). Yet, neither nation-states nor national(ist) ideas nor national citizenships have disappeared but persist to serve as a tool for demarcation between people (Skey 2011). This workshop focuses on the tension that characterises the relation of citizenship to nation-state today. We wish to explore the complexities of citizenship across various scales, sites and contexts. The aim is to gain new understanding on different forms of political agencies and subjectivities, political participation and the shifting boundaries and intersections of subjects and imagined communities Nation-state has been an influential context of citizenship research, but lately it has been suggested that citizenship must be analysed in other contexts, too (Maas 2013). Relation to existing research: For instance, the impact of the globalization processes on the contemporary changes of the relation between citizenship and nation- state has been discussed. The globalisation processes (Hanse 2002; Sassen 2006) transform the Westphalian state-system, progressively integrating nation-states and national citizens into transnational structures (Agné 2011; Jönsson and Tallberg 2010) and international agreements. New alternatives to the national model of citizenship emerge, such as cosmopolitan or postnational conceptions (Benhabib 2006; Soysal 1996; Bellamy and Warleigh 1998; Delanty 2002) or the notion of constitutional patriotism (Habermas 1997; Laborde 2002; Laborde 2007). Citizens participate increasingly in global processes in one way or the other, but legal rules still link citizenship to the territorial states. Cosmopolitan citizenship is one suggestion to bridge this gap between social and legal conditions of citizenship. (Archibugi 2008, ). A current example of the implications of transnationalisation processes on

2 citizenship is the European Union citizenship, which establishes a link between a transnational political community and the individual. Citizenship studies tend to disagree about the meaning and substance of EU citizenship. Some look back to nation-state citizenships for inspiration (Bellamy, Castiglione and Santoro 2004; Bellamy, Castiglione and Shaw 2006), while others try to afresh the debate and introduce broader terms, including post- /supra-national and cosmopolitan concepts (Soysal 1994; Sassen 1998; Magnette 1998; Kostakopoulou 1996). While the first group underscores the prevalence of national citizenships, the latter draws attention to their (inevitable) erosion. However, there seems to be a lack of empirical evidence to suggest that an actual example of a post/supranational or cosmopolitan citizenship is materialising in the EU (see for example Favell 2008; Tonkiss 2013). Therefore, most of these studies underscore the limited nature of EU citizenship since its citizens lack a sense of identity to the EU, especially one that is comparable to citizens national identities (McLaren 2006; Bellamy 2008). Migration has actualized the questions and research regarding naturalization and the citizenship of non-citizens. Currently political tensions over immigration are growing with popular support for new right wing parties. Movements like Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the West (PEGIDA) make policies on citizenship and immigrants integration/assimilation even more contested. The variety of approaches to legal citizenship is particularly reflected in the Scandinavian countries where Sweden as the open and multiculturalist orientation and Denmark, with its cultural canons as the most restrictive and assimilationist (Midtbøen 2009). Tensions over legal citizenship as well as current political movements, policies and discussions reflect the historical tension over how we understand the nations between the French (Renan, 1990) subjective and German traditions of objective approaches to national identity (Anderson 1983; Smith 1991). Much research on legal citizenship frameworks and their developments as well as practices of citizenship is needed. National ideas thus have not disappeared and they are still applied also to citizenship construction. The pluralization of identities changes both citizenship and political action: political action may now be motivated by various identifications rather than clear cut political divisions and claims to national interest (Isin & Wood 1999). Frontiers are shifting. In addition to and instead of nation-state citizenship, new conceptions of citizenship have emerged. These both make new and subvert previous forms of political participation and open up the possibility for different forms of political subjectivity (through hybridity, creativity and resistance). Equally, liberal focus less on citizenship as a fixed status and instead as a relational act, performed also by non-citizens (Isin & Nielsen 2008). This prompts us to also question the limits of citizenship. Building on all these developments, the workshop aims to re-evaluate and create new understanding on the contested and changing relation between citizenship and nation-states. Likely participants: Type of Papers required: The workshop invites scholars from different disciplines working on various aspects of citizenship. We welcome participants from a wide range of countries in Europe as well as other parts of the world. Applications from a variety of both junior and senior scholars are welcome. The workshop welcomes papers addressing the complexities related to contemporary citizenship and the contested and transitory relations

3 between citizenship and nation-state. We invite papers which examine, for instance, Citizenship in different contexts and at different scales as well as in relation to identity and diversity, How citizenship is debated and enacted in different spheres of life and by various agents, including citizens themselves, public authorities and third sector actors, How non-citizens/migrants/asylum seekers claim rights, Solidarities and identities that complicate national borders, Different conceptions of citizenship (eg. global, sexual, imperial, reproductive, digital), Nationalism and citizenship, The persistence of nationalism, sovereignty and the nation-state. The workshop is interdisciplinary and welcomes both empirical, theoretical and methodological papers. Funding: We do not foresee additional funding for this workshop. Chair: PhD, MA Katja Mäkinen works as a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. In her current research project, Legitimation of European cultural heritage and the dynamics of identity politics in the EU (EUROHERIT), she investigates how the notion of cultural heritage is used and politicized in EU's identity politics and integration politics. Her previous project, Politics of participation and democratic legitimation in the European Union, focused on citizens participation in EU-projects and her PhD thesis on conctructing citizenship in EU's policy documents on citizenship and culture programmes. Her publications include: (2015, with Nousiainen) Multilevel Governance and Participation: Interpreting Democracy in EU-programmes European Politics and Society. Biographical notes: (forthcoming in 2016) Participation and citizenship in EU projects in Wiesner, Björk, Kivistö & Mäkinen (eds.) Conceptions of Citizenship in Contemporary Europe. Theory, Debate and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield. Co-Chair: Dr Joe Turner currently works as a University Teacher at the Politics Department, University of Sheffield. His research interests lie at the cross section of citizenship studies, Foucauldian governmentality and critical historiography. Joe's previous research examined the interlinking practices of citizenship and security in the UK and focused on the shared logics of control across both border and welfare governance. He is about to embark on a new project that investigates the formation of postcolonial citizenship through the government of family life. His articles have appeared in Citizenship Studies and the British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Joe teaches widely on security, migration, identity politics and research methods. References: Agné, H. (2011) "The Autonomy of Globalizing States: Bridging the Gap between Democratic Theory and International Political Economy" in International Political Science Review, 2011, vol. 32, no. 1: Anderson, B. (1999) Imagined communities. London & New York: Verso. Original Bauböck, R. (1994) Transnational Citizenship. Membership and Rights in

4 International Migration. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing. Bellamy, R. (2008) Citizenship: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Bellamy, R., Castiglione, D. & Santoro, E. (2004) Lineages of European Citizenship: Rights, Belonging and Participation in Eleven Nation States. Palgrave Macmillan. Bellamy, R., Castiglione, D. & Shaw, J. (2006) Making European Citizens: Civic Inclusion in a Transnational Context. Palgrave. Bellamy, R. & Warleigh, A. (1998) From an ethics of integration to an ethics of participation Citizenship and the future of the European Union Millennium. A journal of international studies 27, p Benhabib, S. (2006) Another cosmopolitanism. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Delanty, G. (2002) Citizenship in a global age. Society, culture, politics. Buckingham & Philadelphia: Open University Press. Original Favell, A. (2008) Eurostars and Eurocities: Free Movement and Mobility in an Integrating Europe. Oxford: Blackwell. Habermas, J. (1997) Citizenship and national identity in Habermas, J. Between facts and norms. Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy, p Cambridge: Polity Press. Isin, E. & Nielsen, G. (ed. 2008) Acts of citizenship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Isin, E. & Wood, P. (1999) Citizenship and Identity. London: Sage. Jönsson, C. & Jonas T. (eds. 2010) Transnational Actors in Global Governance: Patterns, Explanations, and Implications. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Kostakopoulou, D. (1996) Towards a theory of constructive citizenship in Europe Journal of Political Philosophy, 4, (4), p Laborde, C. (2002) From constitutional to civic patriotism British journal of political science 32, p Laborde, C. (2007) Reflections on European civic patriotism in Simona Piattoni & Riccardo Scartezzini (ed.) European citizenship: Theories, arenas, levels. Edward Elgar. Maas, W. (ed. 2013) Multilevel Citizenship. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Marshall, T H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class. And Other Essays. Cambridge: University Press. McLaren, L. (2006) Identity, Interests and Attitudes to European Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mignolo, W. (2006) "Citizenship, knowledge, and the limits of humanity" American Literary History 18(2), Midtbøen, A. H. (2009) "Statsborgerrettslig divergens i Skandinavia en teoretisk utfordring" Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift 25 (4) p Renan, E. (1990) What is a Nation? A lecture delivered at the Sorbonne, 11 March 1882 In Homi K. Bhabha (ed.) Nation and Narration. London and New York: Routledge. Sassen, S. (1998) Globalization and its discontents. Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money. New York: New Press. Sassen, S. (2006) Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Shore, C. (1993) Inventing the People s Europe : Critical approaches to European Community cultural policy Man, New series 28(4). Skey, M. (2011) National Belonging and Everyday Life: The Significance of Nationhood in an Uncertain World, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Smith, A. D. (1991) National Identity. London: Penguin Books. Soysal, Y. N. (1994) Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and PostnationalMembership in Europe.

5 University of Chicago Press. Soysal, Y. N. (1996) Changing citizenship in Europe in Mary Cesarani & David Fulbrook (ed.) Citizenship, nationality and migration in Europe. London: Routledge. Tonkiss, K. (2013) Postnational Citizenship without Postnational Identity? A Case Study of UK Immigration Policy and Intra-EU Migration. Journal of Global Ethics. 9 (1), For further information, please contact: Marcia Taylor, Conference Coordinator, ECPR Central Services, Harbour House, 6-8 Hythe Quay, Colchester, CO2 8JF, United Kingdom.