HARDY INDIVIDUALISM? OR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICY AND ENCOURAGEMENT?
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1 HARDY INDIVIDUALISM? OR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICY AND ENCOURAGEMENT?
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3 MYTHOLOGY OF THE WESTERN FRONTIER
4 1893 Frederick Jackson Turner s The Significance of the Frontier Frontier thesis presented at the 400 th anniversary of Columbus coming to the New World US census closed the frontier Analysis of past, warning for future -what will happen to democracy if there is no frontier Meaning of Frontier - meeting point between savagery and civilization - Line of most rapid Americanization Individual -reliance on your own wits and strengths Successfully links economic opportunity with the west
5 Continued debates Political Correctness v. Good Scholarship? 1. Slavery, Civil War, immigration, industrial capitalism more important factors to understanding American history than the frontier 2. Was the frontier free land? Factors Turner does not address a. Native Americans had to be subjugated b. Land is not fairly distributed to yeoman farmers 3. Idea of the moving frontier disputed West more a region a. can Puritan New England be compared to California & the Transcontinental railroad? 4. Role of the individual a. was the West truly settled by individuals or settled by cooperation and communities i. wagon trains composed of families ii. large corporations funded infrastructure railroads 1) cowboys low-level employees of corporations iii. goverment used military to rid West of Native-Americans
6 Iconic Frontiersman Alternative to refined society Uncorrupt, simple, innocent, virtuous
7 New Masculine Idea Virtue triumphs Morality Plays
8 Eastern establishment impacted by western myths Teddy Roosevelt Wister, The Virginian Frederick Remington
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10 Decline of Indian Lands Loss of nomadic lifestyle and traditions
11 IMPACT OF SETTLEMENT ON NATIVE POPULATIONS Plains Indians 1. Northern Plains Dakotas, Montana, Nebraska a. Lakota, Flatheads, Blackfeet, Assiniboins, n. Cheyennes, Arapahos, Crows 2. Central Region a. Five Civilized Tribes, Pawnees 3. Southern Region - Migratory Tribes Comanches, Kiowas, s. Arapahos, and Kiowa, Apaches
12 Characteristics 1. very diverse 2. nomadic & agricultural 3. extended family, tribal cooperation a. Children not physically punished, decisions by consensus b. relatives band tribe- nation 4. Perspective on life: Cyclical
13 Indian Policies 1. Decimate the bison herds a. government policy, overhunting by NA, development 2. Established reservations to protect both Indian tradition and settlers needs a. Treaties broken when new mineral wealth discovered, some tribes never agree to treaties. 3. Indian schools set up to assimilate natives into western culture
14 Native American Reactions 1. Accept their fate a. Pueblos, Crows, Hidatsas 2. Opposition to policies a. Navajos, Dakota Sioux 3. Extreme resistance to policies a. Western Sioux, Cheyennes, Arapahos, Kiowas, Comanches
15 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie a. traditional territorial claims in return for $50,000 for 50 years and safe passage for settlers along Oregon Trail (except Crows) b. forts and roads allowed within Indian territory c. failed: US refused to stop emigration after gold discovered 1869 Board of Indian Commissioners a. Unsuccessful in reforming reservation system Nov. 29, 1864 Sand Creek Massacre a. Indians starving attack settlers militia attacks Indians attack b. Chivington attacks a group of Cheyenne and kills mainly women and children (150) after a peace agreement c. Indians flew US flag to symbolize their peace settlement Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians!... I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. - Col. John Milton Chivington, U.S. Army[13] 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 a. Set up the Oklahoma reservation 1868 Second Fort Laramie Treaty a. established the Great Sioux Reserve b. not all sign-do not want to live like whitemen
16 1874 Red River War a. Indians unhappy with broken treaties b. Independence of Plains Indians ends Custer s Last Stand 1876 a. Objectives: find location for new fort, keep an eye on renegade Indians, ****confirm gold was in the Black Hills 1. buy back the Black Hills b. June, 1876 march on Little Bighorn and meet Chief Sitting Bull c. Result: Immediate-US defeated Long term: 5 years of harassment
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18 Custer moves his troops to Little Big Horn, Montana Underestimates his enemy and divides his army Sitting Bull decimates Custer s troops
19 Helen Hunt Jackson Century of Dishonor Highlights broken treaties by US government Dawes Severalty Act - Break up Indian reservations and assimilate Indians Indians should be treated as individuals not tribes Replace nomadic traditions with agriculture Indian lands would be held in trust for 25 years Result: Speculators get the best land Bureau of Indian Affairs (1870)
20 Ghost Dance Movement 1890 s a. Prophet: Wovoka restore Sioux to original dominance b. Fear prompts agents to arrest Sitting Bull, but bodyguard shot agent c. Battle of Wounded Knee 300 die
21 Bureau of Indian Affairs: a. Existed in one form or another since 1775 b Commissioner of Indian Affairs c Ely Samuel Parker, first Native American to hold office d. set up to manage reservations
22 Mining - Gold WHY THE WEST? Cattle - Rancher Farm Land - Farmer
23 May 10, 1869
24 Pacific Railroad Act, Government provides land and subsidies to railroads for each mile of track laid Result: West becomes more accessible Railroads largest landholders in West Impact of Railroads on the West 1. Chinese enter US as railroad laborers 2. Ship men to kill Native Americans and their food supply, buffalo 3. Bring new settlers to the west 4. Ship cattle and grains to market 5. Recruit settlers from the Europe 2.2 million 6. Land is available to single women (unintended consequence) 7. Rise of cash crops: wheat, corn, cotton, tobacco
25 Mining Discovery of Gold, 1849 Forty-Niners Comstock Lode, 1860 s 1870 s Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Canadian Klondike, Alaska Result: Melting Pot Boom-Bust Cycles Environmental Damage Conflicts with Native Americans
26 Virginia City, Nevada
27 RANCHERS: Cattle Frontier:Joseph McCoy Objective: Raise cattle cheaply in Texas, herd them North to ship Shortens the Chisholm Trail First Wild West Show Cowboys: low pay, generally young, 1-2 years
28 Homestead Act, Goal: Allow poor people to achieve economic independence 2. Offer: 160 acres for $10 registration fee and live on land for 5 years Impact: Immigration of British, Germans, Swedes, Danes, Norwegians, Czechs Result: 1. Land speculators (1 in 9 acres goes to pioneers) 2. In dry climates, farmers need more than 160 acres (acts passed) 3. Difficulties in adjusting psychologically (1/2 give up) FARMERS
29 DISADVANTAGES FOR FARMERS IN THE WEST 1. Start-up expenses - $1, Crop specialization makes them dependent 3. Unpredictable weather 4. Insect infestations
30 ADVANTAGES FOR FARMERS IN THE WEST 1. Production increases corn, wheat; new strains 2. Technology advancements plows, spring-tooth harrows, wheat planters, grain binders, threshers, windmills results in tenfold increase, barbed wire
31 Acts: Timber Culture Act of 1873 Additional 160 acres if 40 acres are planted with trees Desert Land Act, acres available at $1.25 if irrigated within 3 years Timber and Stone Act, acres of forest land at $2.50/acre EXPLOITED BY: Lumber Companies, Land Speculators, Cattle Ranchers
32 Oklahoma Land Rush, million acres available to settle (against Indian protests) Sooners arrived illegally Dawes Severalty Act Indian reservations broken up for non-indian settlement
33 The Grange-National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Established to assist farmers; fight against railroads practices such as: discounts to large shippers, bribery of state legislators; higher rates for short runs versus long runs Granger Laws Fix maximum rates for freight shipments
34 Supreme Court Decisions Munn v Illinois, 1877 Granger laws not unconstitutional Maximum rate for storage of grain Wabash Decision, 1886 States cannot regulate interstate railroad rates Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 Federal government investigates and oversees railroad activities Establishes Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
35 Conservation Movement Push for government protection of western lands John Wesley Powell, Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States
36 Yellowstone National Park created 1872
37 John Muir First president of the Sierra Club Influenced by the writings of George Marsh, Man and Nature
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