"Migration, Labor Markets and the Economic Integration of Migrants in Western Europe"
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1 "Migration, Labor Markets and the Economic Integration of Migrants in Western Europe" Rainer Münz Senior Fellow, HWWI Head of Research, Erste Group Workshop Migration in the European Union Vienna, Nov 15, /11/2007 page 1
2 Flows page 2
3 Migration patterns in the Europe Migration gains and losses moderate losses: 0 to -2 strong losses: < -2 moderate gains: > 0 to +2 strong gains: > +2 page 3
4 Cumulative net flows of international migrants to/from EU27, Thousands Cumulative Net Flow s (inflow s - outflow s) to/from EU27, Overseas emigration is balanced postcolonial return and labor migration Continued family reunions of labor migrants, in addition refugee and ethnic migration flows Late stage of overseas emigration Peak of labor migration, inflow of dependent family members starting Fall of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe leads to massive increase of ethnic and refuge flows as well as new labor migration Steady increase of regular and irregular migration from CEE, Africa, Middle East and Latin America page 4
5 Cumulative net flows of international migrants to/from EU27, Thousands Cumulative Net Flow s (inflow s - outflow s) to/from EU27, Considerable increase of net-inflows page 5
6 Cumulative net flows of international migrants to/from EU27, Thousands Cumulative Net Flow s (inflow s - outflow s) to/from EU27, This is only a 5 years period page 6
7 Natural population change (births deaths) and net migration in Europe (EU27 in 2005) per 1000 population In Europe migration is the main driver of population change Nat. pop. change Net. migration Total pop. change 0-5 EU 27 Germany UK France Austria Ireland Italy Spain Belgium Slovenia Hungary Poland Lithuania Romania Bulgaria -10 page 7
8 Fact No. 4: Immigration Accounts For 80% of Europe s Population Growth Excess of births Net migration gain Total population growth page 8
9 Stocks page 9
10 Europe EU27, EEA, CH Total population: 503 mn - EU mn - EU mn - other EEA + CH 12 mn Foreign-born pop 42 mn - share in% 8.4 % among them: non-eu 26 mn annual net increase 1.8 mn page 10
11 Main destination countries EU 27/EEA/CH: 42 mn foreign-born - Germany 10 mn - France 6 mn - UK 5 mn - Spain 5 mn - Italy 2.5 mn - Switzerland 1.6 mn - Austria 1.3 mn Russia: page mn
12 Foreign-born population in EU/EEE, in millionmap and 4: Foreign-born in % populations Western and Central Europe (EU-25/EEA and Switzerland) foreign-born population under 5% of total population foreign-born population between 5 and 10% of total population foreign-born population between 10 and 15% of total population foreign-born population over 15% of total population Label Size of foreign-born population (thousands) Foreign-born population as % of total population 23 7, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,8 11 page 12 2, ,9
13 Fact No. 5: In Europe/EU27 some 42 million out of 500 million people are international migrants Diagramm 3: Immigration population in the EU-15 by origin (source: Münz and Fassmann, 2004) Migrant Population in EU 27 by Region of Origin, 2005 North Ame ric a 3 % Afric a, Asia, Middle Ea st 3 3 % Turke y 7 % othe r CEE/S EE 6 % Source: Labour Force Survey 2005 La tin Ame ric a, Ca ribbe a n 12 % EU CE 9 % EU We st 18 % EU S outh 10 % 14 million migrants between today s EU member states 28 million immigrants from third countries - Among them 19 million from Africa, South America, Asia page 13
14 Comparison of legal foreign residents and foreign-born population Foreign nationals in % Foreign born in % Foreign nationals in % Foreign born in % Germany United Kingdom France Italy Spain 0 Czech Republic Slovakia Poland Hungary Romania Huge differences between EU15 (West, South) and EU10 (Central, East) page 14
15 Structure of foreign-born population page 15
16 Education page 16
17 Education levels of immigrants differ strongly between countries/regions of origin Education Level of Immigrant population by known country of birth 100% 90% 80% 70% Percent 60% 50% 40% High Medium Low 30% 20% 10% 0% EU15 south Turkey EU8 EU2, CEE EU15 Total Population EU15 west USA, Canada, Austral. Asia page 17
18 Educational levels of immigrants reflect labor market demands High M edium Low Born in country of residence Born in another EU27 country of residence EU 27 Born in an country outside EU27 page 18
19 Educational levels of immigrants reflect labor market demands As a result of selective migration and European labor market structures immigrants with low and high formal education are over- High Medium Low represented Born in country of residence Born in another EU27 country of residence Born in an country outside EU27 Ireland page 19
20 Educational levels of immigrants reflect labor market demands As a result of selective migration and European labor market structures immigrants with low and high formal education are overrepresented High M edium Low Born in country of residence Born in another EU27 country of residence Austria Born in an country outside EU27 page 20
21 Educational levels of immigrants reflect labor market demands As a result of selective migration and European labor market structures immigrants with low and high formal education are overrepresented High Medium Low Born in country of residence Born in another EU27 country of residence France Born in an country outside EU27 page 21
22 Employment page 22
23 Foreign labor force in mn legal immigrants represented 8.6% of Western and Central Europe s total work force 12.2 mn working foreign residents represented 5.4% of total work force Immigrants and foreign nationals are highly concentrated in certain regions/sectors Immigrants and foreign nationals are more likely to be unemployed page 23
24 Foreign labor force represents a significant part of the total EU labor force Foreign-born Labor Force as % of Total Labor Force Foreign Labor Force as % of Total Labor Force both 45% Austria Belgium Czech Rep. Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Total Effects of different naturalization rates Effects of different access to citizenship via birth and/or privileged co-ethnic migration Effects of size of entry-cohorts/duration of stay page 24
25 Employment and unemployment rates of immigrants by countries/regions of origin 80 Employed Unemployment Rate EU15West EU15South EU8 EU2, CEE Turkey Africa, Middle East USA, Canada, Austral. Latin America, Caribb. Asia Total Immigrants EU15 Total Population Employment rates are significantly lower among immigrants from Turkey, Africa/Middle East and other parts of Asia. They are higher among immigrants from North America and Latin America. Unemployment rates are higher among most groups of immigrants. page 25
26 Between the gap in employment between nationals and foreigners narrowed in EU Male Female 40 Gap Gap EU15 nationals EU15 foreigners EU15 nationals EU15 foreigners Males Females page 26
27 Comparison of employment rates of immigrants from Turkey and the Maghreb Immigrants from Maghreb countries Nationals of Mahgreb countries Immigrants from Turkey Nationals of Turkey Sweden Denmark Netherlands France Belgium Discrepancies in labor force participation vary by country of residence and in some countries) by citizenship status of immigrants page 27
28 Differences in employment, by gender, counties/regions of origin Employment rate in EU Male Foreign National Male Foreign Born Female Foreign National Female Foreign Born 10 0 EU 15 average EU15 outsid c.o.b. Non EU 15 Europe N, Africa, M, East Turkey All foreign nat'ies, migrants Country of birth/citizenship page 28
29 Employment rates of foreign born work force by country/region of birth, gender, and educational attainment Turkey EU8 EU-South EU 15 average Turkey EU8 EU-South EU 15 average Low education Medium education High education 0 Low education Medium education High education Male Female page 29
30 Employment rates of foreign born work force by country/region of birth, gender, and educational attainment Turkey EU8 EU-South EU 15 average Turkey EU8 EU-South EU 15 average Low education Medium education High education 0 Low education Medium education High education Male Female page 30
31 Differences in employment, by gender, counties/regions of origin Employment rate in EU Male Foreign National 40 Male Foreign Born 30 Female Foreign National Female Foreign Born EU 15 average EU15 outsid c.o.b. Non EU 15 Europe N, Africa, M, East Country of birth/citizenship Turkey All foreign nat'ies, migrants Large discrepancies between ale and female migrants in particular among people from Turkey, North Africa and the Middle East page 31
32 Occupational structure page 32
33 Occupational structure by countries/regions of birth Highly skilled non-manual Medium skilled non-manual Low skilled non-manual Skilled manual Non-skilled manual Armed Forces EU15 West EU15 South EU 8 EU2, CEE Turkey Africa, Middle East USA, Canada, Austral, Latin America, Caribb, Asia Total Immig. Workforce EU15 Total Workforce Immigrant Workforce by Country of Birth page 33
34 Sectoral occupation by countries/regions of birth EU2, CEE Turkey EU15 Total Work-force Agric,, fishing, mining Manufacturing Construction Wholesale, retail trade Hotels, restaurants Trans,, storage, communication Financial intermediation Real estate, renting, Research Public administ,, defense Education Health, social work Personal services Private households Underrepresentation of migrants in large parts of the public + educat. sectors Overrepresentation in less stable jobs like construction, hotel/restaurants, manufacturing sectors page 34
35 Unemployment page 35
36 Unemployment rates of non-eu citizens remain high Unemployment rates of population aged 15 to 64 by citizenship, Citizen of the country of residence Citizen of an other EU27 country Citizen of a country outside EU EU27 Germany Austria France Belgium Sw eden Spain United Kingdom Ireland Czech Republic Estonia While employment rates for third country nationals increased during the period , unemployment rates remained stable at about 18% (twice as high as those of EU-nationals) page 36
37 Male and female unemployment rates of immigrants by counties/regions of origin Unemployment Rate (Percent), male Unemployment Rate (Percent), female EU15West EU15South EU8 EU2, CEE Turkey Africa, Middle East USA, Canada, Austral. Latin America, Caribb. Asia Total Immigrants EU15 Total Population Differences are accentuated when comparing the unemployment rates of women and men, especially in the case of Turkish immigrants page 37
38 Citizens of third countries have higher unemployment rates than people born outside the EU* Citizen of a country outside EU27 Born in a country outside EU EU27 Germany Austria France Belgium Sw eden Spain United Kingdom Ireland Czech Republic Estonia * This includes both citizens of third countries and naturalized immigrants. page 38
39 Conclusions What matters? Country of origin Education/skills Duration of stay Citizenship Culture page 39
40 Contact page 40
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