RIGHT TO WORK AND ECONOMIC IMPACT WHAT IT MEANS FOR MICHIGAN. Dr. Hari Singh Seidman College of Business Grand Valley State University

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "RIGHT TO WORK AND ECONOMIC IMPACT WHAT IT MEANS FOR MICHIGAN. Dr. Hari Singh Seidman College of Business Grand Valley State University"

Transcription

1 RIGHT TO WORK AND ECONOMIC IMPACT WHAT IT MEANS FOR MICHIGAN Dr. Hari Singh Seidman College of Business Grand Valley University INTRODUCTION Lately, there has been significant controversy about how states like Michigan may be losing jobs, and potential economic growth compared to southern states due to the fact that they have more flexible labor markets. This flexibility in labor markets derives mostly from right-to-work (RTW) laws, whereby workers don't have to belong to a union as a pre-condition to work in an auto plant. There is considerable anecdotal evidence about how car manufacturers have gone south for the location of new plants in spite of the availability of skilled labor, the historical advantage, and the economies of agglomeration that Michigan provides for the auto production market. As Fred Barnes (2008) points out, Tennessee attracted a Nissan plant in 1983 which was regarded as a major accomplishment. Since then the states in the southern auto corridor have courted new auto plants aggressively by providing significant incentives to foreign manufacturers. This auto corridor ranging from Texas to South Carolina has become the location for eight foreign auto plants, mostly German, Japanese, and Korean. Several new plants are under construction. Since states in this corridor have enacted right-to-work laws, the amount of unionized workers is relatively low compared to non-right-to-work states. Consequently, the labor markets are much more flexible in terms of work rules, wage costs and other regulations. The main question: How much of this new plant location and job migration can we attribute solely to RTW laws? As always in economics, the question is simple but the answer is quite complicated. Most of the complications arise from two major factors: First, to whom do you ask the question? A think tank which is more towards the right (of the economics ideological spectrum) will have very different answers compared to an official of the UAW. Generally the more reasonable answer is probably somewhere in the middle, but one can swing more towards the right or left of this spectrum depending upon one's prior belief and political ideology. As is most often the case, where you stand (and what you say) depends upon where you sit. Due to these differences, when arguments and empirical results are presented by different persons or organizations, it is important to identify their ideological leanings. Second, the key issue in economic controversies is always the nature and type of controls that are applied in different studies. There are many things that can cause differences in employment and wages across states and regions. What we can attribute solely to RTW really depends upon how well we control for all these other confounding factors. Generally descriptive comparisons based on raw numbers don't indicate much because there are many factors influencing these variables.

2 LEGAL EVOLUTION OF RTW LAWS A brief history of how RTW laws have evolved might be useful to gain some perspective about the controversy, The legislation that is a major watershed in RTW laws is the Taft-Hartley Act of Before this act under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act), employers and unions could legally have a closed shop. Under closed shop rules, all workers have to be a part of the union as a necessary requirement for employment. Although closed shop rules were not allowed by the Taft-Hartley Act, union shop rules became the new game. These rules are a bit more flexible. All workers have to belong to a union within a minimum period of thirty days after their hire. In a union shop, employees can be fired only because they are not members for nonpayment of dues, not for some other factor that may result in non-membership. More significantly, The Taft-Hartley Act allows individual states to outlaw union shops in their area of control if they choose to do so, ( However, local governments or counties don't have the authority under Section 14 (b) of this Act to outlaw union shops. In the 1950s the controversy of the costs and benefits of right-to-work laws was discussed and evaluated by almost every state. Right-to-work laws have been passed by 22 states that are mostly in the south and west regions. When a state enacts right-to-work laws, it prohibits a mandate that you have to belong to a union and pay dues to be employed. Persons who do not pay dues or are not members of a union can derive the same benefits in these right-to-work states. Typically, union membership rates are significantly lower in RTW states. The current controversy about the Employees Free Choice Act (EFCA) advocated by the AFL-CIO goes in the other direction by making it easier to organize a union. Under the proposed EFCA, if more than 50 percent of the workers sign a card to make a union, no secret ballot election is deemed necessary. Under the EFCA the critical threshold for forming a union would be significantly easier. The workers (not the employers) call the shots; they can organize the process towards setting up a secret ballot to form a union. This brief history illustrates that issues about the formation and operation of union activities will continue to generate controversy. Many states have enacted RTW laws. On the other hand, there are proposals to make unions more powerful. Within this context, it is important to analyze the specific impact of RTW laws on overall economic activity. PROS AND CONS OF LAWS Good reasons exist on either side of the RTW controversy as evidenced by the arguments put forth by different advocacy groups. I paraphrase the main arguments for each side and provide some prominent websites where these arguments are made. Ultimately, it depends upon how you weigh each component of these arguments. The reader is encouraged to visit the websites to make up his or her own mind.

3 Pros of RTW The basic foundation of RTW laws is rooted in the constitutional right of freedom to associate or not to associate with a group. Workers should not be forced to join a union. Forced union dues can be used by union leaders to support different kinds of political agendas and causes that may not necessarily be the priority of the workers. RTW laws make the labor markets more flexible since it is easier to hire workers without mandates, give workers the market wages, and re-assign them to different types of work or schedules. There are no complex work rules that constraint the production process. RTW states typically have more manufacturing jobs due to new plant openings or expansion of old plants. RTW states typically have higher economic growth rates and higher employment rates. Websites that support RTW National Right to Work legal Defense Foundation National Institute of Labor Relations Research National Right to Work Committee Mackinac Center for Public Policy Cons of RTW Could result in free riders: Individuals who get the benefits of the union without paying the dues. There is not much incentive to pay dues. Could result in employers exploiting workers by paying lower wages. RTW states typically have less generous benefits such as health care and pensions plans. Workers have much less job security: They could be fired for trivial reasons. RTW states typically have less safety precautions resulting in more workplace fatalities and injuries. Websites that oppose RTW American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations The Century Foundation The Michigan AFL-CIO ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATES One simple way to look at this controversy is to review the economic and business conditions of the RTW states and compare them with the Non-RTW states. Note that these differences in economic and business conditions could also be due to a variety of other factors besides RTW. However, it does give us the first cut.

4 TABLE 1: Employment and wages in Transportation Equipment Sector (NAICS 336) Auto Industry Employment and Wages, 2002 vs Employment 2009 Employment (est) 8-Year Change 8-Year % Change Average Annual Wage 2002 Average Annual Wage 2009 (est) 8-Year Annual Wage % Change Right to work 2009 % union among employed Michigan 292, , , % $63,075 $74, % No 18.8% Ohio 159,940 96,063-63, % $55,353 $61, % No 14.2% Indiana 137,827 86,682-51, % $50,688 $57, % No 10.6% Tennessee 60,097 40,333-19, % $45,083 $53, % Yes 5.1% S. Carolina 30,578 25,897-4, % $42,264 $56, % Yes 4.5% Kansas 50,387 45,412-4, % $53,706 $64, % Yes 6.2% Georgia 36,548 36, % $44,679 $60, % Yes 4.6% Texas 79,621 84,934 5, % $53,172 $68, % Yes 5.1% Alabama 36,720 47,081 10, % $49,872 $56, % Yes 10.9% Table 1 compares three Non-RTW states (Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio) with six RTW states (Alabama, Georgia, Kansas, South Carolina, Texas, Tennessee) to establish some salient differences. Note that union membership in 2009 among all workers employed is by far the highest in Michigan (19 percent). Typically the southern states have a low membership rate, with the exception of Alabama (11 percent). Employment differences between the Non-RTW and RTW states are driven by structural and cyclical changes. In terms of structural differences, there has been a substantial decline in employment in the three mid-western states which do not have RTW compared to the RTW states between 2002 and However, all states have been badly hurt in the recent severe recession. Consequently, there are net job losses during the last eight years in some of the RTW states, but it is relatively less than the Non-RTW states. One exception is Tennessee, an RTW state with substantial job loss of -33 percent. The biggest job losers in this sector have been Michigan (-57 percent) and Ohio (-40 percent). On the other hand, the biggest gainers have been Alabama (28 percent) and Texas (7 percent). Percentages changes are useful because they give us a relative picture. However, percentages can be deceiving because the southern states are starting from a lower base. In terms of the absolute numbers, Michigan traditionally had the highest employment in this sector and the most rapid decline. Michigan employed approximately 293,000 workers in this sector in 2002 and has only 127,000 in 2009, a drop of 166,000. Ohio has a corresponding drop of 64,000 workers. The biggest gainers, in spite of the recent recession, have been Alabama (10,000 jobs) and Texas (5,000 jobs). The other major difference is in terms of annual wages. Wages are typically high in the Non-RTW states compared to the southern states. By far Michigan leads in this category, with an annual manufacturing wage of approximately $74,000 compared to the lowest manufacturing wage of

5 approximately $53,000 in Tennessee. Differences in wages can be because of higher productivity and/or higher costs of living. However, a major factor is the level of unionization in the Non-RTW states compared to the RTW states. Recently, wages in the RTW states are beginning to converge with wages in Non-RTW states, as workers in new plants gain more experience and seniority. This convergence can be seen when we compare the wage changes in each state from 2002 to Since the RTW states are starting from a lower base, the percentage increase in wages in the last eight years is actually higher in these states compared to the Non-RTW states. The average percentage increase for the three Non-RTW states is 14 percent compared to 25 percent for the six RTW states. This implies that lower level of unionization in the RTW states does not seem to permanently hold back wages over time. When we put these two major trends together, the picture seems obvious: Wage costs are typically higher in the Non-RTW union states and manufacturing jobs have migrated to the southern corridor. But there could be other factors that have increased the manufacturing jobs in RTW states. Holmes (2000) points out four factors that could account for a shift of manufacturing to RTW states: 1. Over time, because of trucking transportation, manufacturing is getting more equally distributed away from the Great Lakes region because production has to be closer to regional consumer markets. 2. The decline in agricultural jobs in the predominantly agricultural RTW states has displaced workers who have shifted to the manufacturing sector. This is part of a national trend but it is more pronounced in these southern states. 3. There has been a general shift of population to the Sun Belt states due to climatic preferences, and many RTW states are within or near the Belt. 4. Typically RTW states are not friendly to unions and would probably have attracted more manufacturing even without the RTW law, due to a pro-business environment. Other differences in demographics, business conditions, and market variables can influence the migration of manufacturing jobs. Typically, the local governments of RTW states have also been aggressive about providing tax incentives and other sweeteners to firms considering locating new plants. Consequently, we have to be cautious about how much of these differences in wage costs and the job migration can be attributed solely to RTW issues.

6 Cost of doing business, competitiveness, and tax climate Some other differences between the states are noted in Table 2 below: TABLE 2A: Cost of Doing Business Cost of Doing Business (Score) Cost of Doing Business (Rank) Right to Work Michigan No Texas Yes Ohio No Georgia Yes Indiana No Kansas Yes Alabama Yes Tennessee Yes S. Carolina Yes *Cost of Doing Business is based on 2007 data pdf Michigan seems to have the highest score for cost of doing business as represented by an index developed by the Milken Institute. This cost index incorporates wages, tax burden and rent costs, etc. The score for Michigan is 99 compared to South Carolina which has 83. This index ranges from 152 (highest cost of business in the state of Hawaii) compared to 70 (lowest cost of doing business in South Dakota). Michigan has the highest cost of doing business in our subset of states, but nationwide its rank is somewhere in the middle, the 20th most expensive. TABLE 2B: Competitiveness Index Competitiveness Index (Score) Competitiveness Index (Rank) Right to Work Kansas Yes Texas Yes Georgia Yes Tennessee Yes Michigan No S. Carolina Yes Indiana No Ohio No Alabama Yes * Competitiveness Index is based on 2007 data. In terms of state competitiveness index prepared by the Beacon Hill Institute of Suffolk University, Utah is ranked the most competitive in the nation with a total score of Michigan is ranked 41st in the nation with an overall score of 4.16; it is relatively better than Indiana (44th) and Ohio (45th). This index incorporates a variety of variables including govt. fiscal policy, security,

7 infrastructure, human resources, openness, and environmental policy, etc. Note that most southern states are more competitive, with the exception of Alabama (48th) and South Carolina (42nd). TABLE 2C: Tax Climate Rankings Tax Climate Rankings 2007 (Score) Tax Climate Rankings 2007 (Rank) Right to Work Texas Yes Indiana No Tennessee Yes Georgia Yes Alabama Yes Michigan No S. Carolina Yes Kansas Yes Ohio No Tax Climate Rankings 2010 (Score) Tax Climate Rankings 2010 (Rank) Right to Work Texas Yes Indiana No Michigan No Alabama Yes Tennessee Yes S. Carolina Yes Georgia Yes Kansas Yes Ohio No Now consider business tax rankings prepared by the Tax Foundation. Michigan fares quite well with a nationwide rank of 17th. Typically states that have lower, simple and more transparent taxes are ranked higher. Note that Ohio is ranked badly in terms of a tax climate (47th rank nationwide). These indices do not necessarily capture all the complex dimensions of business conditions, competitiveness, and tax climate. However, they do provide useful summary information. The results of these indices are mixed. Overall, Michigan does not do well in terms of cost of doing business and competitiveness compared to other states in the nation. It does relatively better in having a more hospitable tax climate. The important thing to remember is that a variety of these factors can cause differences in economic variables and lead to job migration. In subsequent sections, we review empirical work to assess how much change in employment can be attributed solely to RTW.

8 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS What does the empirical literature show about the impact of RTW laws? A fairly comprehensive review of the articles in the 1980s and 1990s is provided by Moore (1998). An extensive recent review of the impact of RTW on employees, unions, and companies is provided by Cooper (2004). The focus of this article is mainly to review the impact of RTW on jobs and economic development. Let us analyze a few landmark studies in this area. Two past studies reviewed by Moore (1998) deserve special mention: In the first study, Newman (1983) applied regression analysis to explain changes in manufacturing employment. His explanatory variables were previous changes in corporate taxes, unionization and a RTW variable. Regression analysis is able to control for other factors by including them as explanatory variables that influence manufacturing employment, so that the net impact of RTW can be estimated. He found that RTW had a significant positive effect on employment in 11 out of the 13 industries he analyzed. The impact was more substantial in industries that used more labor compared to capital. The studies he did later showed that the impact of RTW laws can dwindle over time. In the second study, Schmenner et al. (1987) used a different approach by analyzing Fortune 500 survey data, along with state and plant level data to estimate location decisions as a two stage process. The first stage is to seriously consider some locations and the second stage is to make a final choice. He found that RTW laws were significant in the first stage when different locations were being seriously considered, but were not significant in the final choice. An extensive study by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy (William Wilson, 2002) argues that RTW states have performed relatively much better in terms of a variety of economic indicators. Some of the results (Page 2 of Report) are: Gross Product has grown more rapidly by 0.5 percent per year in RTW states between 1977 to Overall employment, particularly manufacturing employment, grew more rapidly between 1970 and 2000 in RTW states. Overall employment increased by 0.9 percent more rapidly per year in RTW states. Manufacturing employment increased more by 1.7 percent per year in RTW states. The proportion of families who are living in poverty in RTW states fell from 18.3 percent to 11.6 percent between The proportion of families who are living in poverty rose in most Non-RTW states. (Michigan increased by 0.6 percent).

9 A subsequent update of this study by Kersey (2007) based on the data from 2001 to 2006 showed the general trends mentioned above remained the same and the differentials between RTW and Non-RTW states had widened in some cases. In both these studies it is argued that rigid labor laws and lower labor productivity are the main reason for the major differences between RTW and Non-RTW states. Wilson (2001) found that unit labor costs (compensation per unit of real output) are quite high in Non-RTW states (98.1) and Michigan (109.2), compared to RTW states (93.2). In Kersey (2007) update, based on 2005 data, Michigan unit costs had reduced marginally to 105, but the general unit cost differential between RTW and Non-RTW had become 6.4 points. The argument about unit costs is important. Certainly, if higher wages are paid to workers because they are more skilled and productive, they are justifiable and not likely to be a disincentive, since unit costs will remain stable. But since higher unit costs indicate higher wages (relative to output produced), the higher wages may not be justifiable, and can be a significant negative driver of plant location decisions However, note that besides units costs (an important factor, no doubt), other factors such as government policies and other trends, indicated by Holmes earlier, can also drive these economic performance differences between states. Holmes (2000, 1998) adopts a different method that is quite insightful. He looks specifically at counties that are on the border between RTW and Non-RTW states. If RTW matters, there should be a significant difference in manufacturing employment between the counties on one side of the border that have these laws (compared to the other side that does not), although the broad area is quite similar in terms of climate, demographics, industrial mix, etc. He found a significant difference in the growth of manufacturing employment from 1947 to 1992 for the RTW states of 88.5 percent compared to 62.6 percent for the Non-RTW states, a difference of 26 percent, for the immediate counties within 25 miles of the state borders. Note that this difference could be because of RTW, but also because of other business-friendly policies that are typically more prevalent in RTW states. Another recent study by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (Garrett and Rhine, 2010) evaluates the impact of economic freedom on employment in different states. Economic freedom incorporates smaller government, less taxation, and more labor market freedom. They find that states that have more economic freedom witness higher growth rates. Their regression analysis controls for other factors such as human capital, population density, and industry mix. More specifically, their regression analysis finds that state level labor market policies influence employment growth more than national labor market policies. Their calculation shows that if Michigan increased its economic freedom (from 5.9 to the average national level of 7.05), it would increase the predicted growth rate in employment between 1990 to 2000 by about 5 percent, resulting in 204,000 more jobs. Note that this is the impact for the improvement in the total economic freedom index, out of which labor market policies are only one component. A recent study from the Cato Institute (Richard Vedder, 2010) argues that between 1970 and 2008, right-to-work states have almost doubled their population, whereas the population in non-right-towork states has increased by a modest 26 percent. He performs a simple regression analysis that controls for tax burden, population growth, land area, and educational attainment. With data from

10 1977 to 2007, the calculations of his model show that the RTW state would have a cumulative economic growth rate of about 61.5 percent over thirty years, 23 percent higher than a comparable Non-RTW state. The RTW state typically would increase income of each individual by $2,760, approximately $11,000 for a typical four member family. A recent study by Kalenkoski and Lacombe (2006) employing the 2000 census data used a sophisticated spatial control model that controls for geographically dependent omitted variables. These are variables that are not in the model (due to lack of appropriate data) but are correlated with geography such as advantages of having an industrial cluster, availability of natural resources in an area, climatic preferences, etc. They found that RTW has a significant positive impact on the manufacturing share of private sector employment of 2.1 percent. This estimate is about 30 percent lower, compared to another model that does not control for spatial factors. It is important to realize that these studies have a wide variation of results because there are differences in data, control variables, and methodology. We have to use our own subjective judgment to consider which study is relatively more reliable. My own opinion is that the Mackinac policy estimates are somewhat on the high side, because some other factors that may influence the results between states are difficult to factor out. The Vedder study from the Cato institute is probably on the high side also, because the nature and type of control variables are not comprehensive. On the other hand, the Kalenkoski et al. study leads to estimates that are on the relatively low side because the spatial control factor methodology probably takes out too much of the variation between RTW and Non-RTW states. This is partly because of the way they factor out the impact of omitted variables by controlling for the variation in the error term (i.e. the unexplained component of the model). The Federal Reserve Bank study has a relatively good methodology and reasonable results but it is difficult to disentangle the difference of the net RTW impact from their overall freedom index. The study that is somewhat in the middle and has a relatively good methodology is the one by Holmes (2000, 1998). This study is based on an extensive article that was published in the Journal of Political Economy, one of the top journals in the economics field. His estimate of 26 percent difference in manufacturing employment between close to the border RTW and Non-RTW counties is fairly robust in terms of geography. As we proceed into the interior, away from the border, we get a series of estimates for the different counties that range from a cumulative growth rate of 86 percent to 93 percent for the pro-business RTW states and between 57 percent to 75 percent for the anti-business Non-RTW states. If we take the difference between the states from the mid-points of these ranges, it works out to approximately 24 percent change in manufacturing employment between Non-RTW and RTW states over 45 years. To put this 24 percent change in manufacturing employment in perspective, in the transportation equipment sector (if we take the mid-point of the employment numbers), a 24 percent difference in employment growth would result in approximately 50,000 to 60,000 additional jobs in Michigan. I don't include the 2009 employment numbers in the base calculation because the decline was mostly due to the severe recent recession. Note that this difference is attributable to RTW laws

11 and also other business conditions differences between these states that might be correlated with RTW laws. Also, we are applying the average results from a national study to a specific state. To the extent that the state circumstances are different from the national profile, the estimated effects might differ somewhat. This range of employment values is quite crude but it seems to be a reasonable, middle of the road, estimate based on a reputable national study. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF RTW IN WEST MICHIGAN Recently, there has been some discussion about carving out a RTW zone in the western part of the state that has relatively less union activity. Typically manufacturing hourly wages are relatively lower in West Michigan compared to the east side, partly because of less unionization in the west side. For instance, the average hourly wage for manufacturing production occupations at the national level in 2008 was $ In the Grand Rapids-Wyoming MSA it was $ The corresponding number for the Detroit-Livonia-Dearborn area is $ The difference is almost $5 per hour between the west and east side of the state. Some of this difference could be because of productivity and cost of living variations. However, a significant portion of it is because of more unionization on the east side of the state. If there is an attempt to carve out a RTW zone on the west side, which counties should be incorporated? Of course, the answer to this question might depend upon the political support in respective counties and cities. From an economic point of view, most of the west side counties could fall in this zone including the cities of Grand Rapids, Muskegon, Holland and Kalamazoo. In fact, one way to think about a boundary would be to include the counties on the west side of the I-75, (and south of Flint, the I-23) corridor. If we include only counties that are clearly east of the I- 75/I-23 corridor, this would account for approximately 41 percent of Michigan's population. Of course, this is an arbitrary division, but it gives a rough idea about the size of a possible west RTW zone. CONCLUDING REMARKS It is important to realize that unions have played a significant historical role in the nation's economic and social progress. During the industrial revolution, unions played a major role in increasing work safety and preventing exploitation of labor. Unions have been successful in lobbying for major labor protection reforms and fair wage legislation. Government agencies such as OSHA and EPA have been created to ensure that businesses do not take excessive shortcuts that might compromise the safety and health of workers. One could argue that because of their historical success, unions might have to some extent, out lived their usefulness. Perhaps that partly explains the declining union member rates over time. Here are some final take-aways from this analysis: The preponderance of the empirical evidence does suggest that RTW states have more manufacturing employment and economic development compared to Non-RTW states over time.

12 We must be careful when we compare the economic differences between RTW states and Non-RTW states because many of these variations could be driven by factors other than RTW itself, such as cost of living, productivity, climatic preferences, aggressive subsidies, geographical trends, and other government policies. The gold standard for arriving at a good answer is to review regression studies that control for other factors besides RTW that may cause differences in economic variables between RTW and Non-RTW states. There is considerable variation in the results of these controlled empirical studies because of differences in data, explanatory variables, and methodology. A middle of the road crude estimate based on a relatively good methodology indicates that if Michigan was a RTW state it might create approximately 50,000 to 60,000 more jobs in the manufacturing transportation sector over an extended period. West Michigan manufacturing wages are significantly lower than wages on the east side by approximately $5 per hour. The West side is already more pro-business and less unionized compared to east side. The pro-business conditions in West Michigan could be accelerated by carving out an RTW zone that is west of the I-75/I-23 that would incorporate approximately 41 percent of the state population. Assessing the political feasibility of this RTW zone is beyond the scope of this article. Note that the simplified estimates I provide are based on applying a reputable national study to the Michigan transportation sector. There are many other empirical results (indicated in previous studies) that are reviewed in this paper. Since no study is completely free of methodological problems, the readers need to review all the empirical evidence in its entirety. For more information on this complex issue, readers are encouraged to visit the pro-rtw and anti- RTW websites. The references provide a selected reading list of part of the literature. References I am grateful to Dr. Paul Sicilian for suggestions and Rennie Ramlal for data assistance. Barnes, Fred, 12/22/2008, The Other American Auto Industry, The Weekly Standard, Volume 14, issue 14. At Cooper, John, 2004, Effects of Right-to-work Laws on Employees, Unions and Business, available online at Garrett, Thomas, and Russell Rhine, March 2010, Economic Freedom and Employment Growth in U.S. s, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Working Paper A. Holmes, Thomas, 2000, The Location of Industry: Do Policies Matter? Regulation, 23.1, pp Holmes, Thomas, 1998, The Effect of Policies on the Location of Manufacturing: Evidence From Borders, Journal of Political Economy, 106 (4), pp

13 Kalenkoski Charlene and Lacombe Donald, 2006, Right-to-Work Laws and Manufacturing Employment: The Importance of Spatial Dependence, Southern Economic Journal, vol. 73, no. 2, pp Kersey Paul, 2007, The Economic Effects of Right-to-Work laws: 2007, A Mackinac Center Report, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Midland, Michigan. Moore, William, 1998, The Determinants and Effects of Right-To-Work Laws: A review of the Recent Literature, Journal of Labor Research, Summer 1998, pp Newman, Robert, 1983, Industry Migration and Growth in the South, Review of Economics and Statistics, 65, pp Schmenner, Roger and Joel Huber and Randall Cook, 1987, Geographic Differences and the Location of New Manufacturing Facilities, Journal of Urban Economics, 21, pp Vedder Richard, Winter 2010, Right-To-Work Laws: Liberty, Prosperity, and Quality of Life, Cato Journal, Vol.30, No. 1, pp Wilson, William, June 2002, The Effect of Right-to-Work Laws on Economic Development, A Mackinac Center Report, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Midland, Michigan. For a brief history of right-to-work laws and some pros and cons go to: Descriptive data sources For economic variables, go to For cost of doing business, go to Milken_Institute_ pdf For competitiveness index, go to For tax burden calculation, go to

An economic profile of Right-to-Work states

An economic profile of Right-to-Work states ILLINOIS POLICY JANUARY 2015 An economic profile of Right-to-Work states Paul Kersey, Director of Labor Policy The problem Unions are powerful in Illinois, and the state allows them to sign contracts with

More information

65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION

65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION 5. PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION 65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive growth and help Turkey converge faster to average EU and OECD income

More information

Growth in the Foreign-Born Workforce and Employment of the Native Born

Growth in the Foreign-Born Workforce and Employment of the Native Born Report August 10, 2006 Growth in the Foreign-Born Workforce and Employment of the Native Born Rakesh Kochhar Associate Director for Research, Pew Hispanic Center Rapid increases in the foreign-born population

More information

Employment debate in the context of NAFTA. September 2017

Employment debate in the context of NAFTA. September 2017 Employment debate in the context of NAFTA September 217 1 Take-away points The employment debate in the context of NAFTA Unemployment is mostly a macroeconomic phenomenon; unemployment in the Midwest is

More information

National Population Growth Declines as Domestic Migration Flows Rise

National Population Growth Declines as Domestic Migration Flows Rise National Population Growth Declines as Domestic Migration Flows Rise By William H. Frey U.S. population trends are showing something of a dual personality when viewed from the perspective of the nation

More information

National Labor Relations Act

National Labor Relations Act Right-to-Work 101 National Labor Relations Act Passed in 1935. Sets policies for formation and recognition of private sector unions. Establishes unfair labor practices for employers. Allows for closed

More information

Right to Work Laws: Legislative Background and Empirical Research

Right to Work Laws: Legislative Background and Empirical Research Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 12-6-2012 Right to Work Laws: Legislative Background and Empirical Research Benjamin Collins Congressional

More information

Oklahoma, Maine, Migration and Right to Work : A Confused and Misleading Analysis. By the Bureau of Labor Education, University of Maine (Spring 2012)

Oklahoma, Maine, Migration and Right to Work : A Confused and Misleading Analysis. By the Bureau of Labor Education, University of Maine (Spring 2012) Oklahoma, Maine, Migration and Right to Work : A Confused and Misleading Analysis By the Bureau of Labor Education, University of Maine (Spring 2012) The recent article released by the Maine Heritage Policy

More information

How Have Hispanics Fared in the Jobless Recovery?

How Have Hispanics Fared in the Jobless Recovery? How Have Hispanics Fared in the Jobless Recovery? William M. Rodgers III Heldrich Center for Workforce Development Rutgers University and National Poverty Center and Richard B. Freeman Harvard University

More information

The Changing Face of Labor,

The Changing Face of Labor, The Changing Face of Labor, 1983-28 John Schmitt and Kris Warner November 29 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 4 Washington, D.C. 29 22-293-538 www.cepr.net CEPR

More information

Backgrounder. This report finds that immigrants have been hit somewhat harder by the current recession than have nativeborn

Backgrounder. This report finds that immigrants have been hit somewhat harder by the current recession than have nativeborn Backgrounder Center for Immigration Studies May 2009 Trends in Immigrant and Native Employment By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Jensenius This report finds that immigrants have been hit somewhat harder

More information

Ghana Lower-middle income Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only) Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) database.

Ghana Lower-middle income Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only) Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) database. Knowledge for Development Ghana in Brief October 215 Poverty and Equity Global Practice Overview Poverty Reduction in Ghana Progress and Challenges A tale of success Ghana has posted a strong growth performance

More information

Union Byte By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* January 2015

Union Byte By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* January 2015 January 21 Union Byte 21 By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 4 Washington, DC 29 tel: 22-293-38 fax: 22-88-136 www.cepr.net Cherrie

More information

In the 1960 Census of the United States, a

In the 1960 Census of the United States, a AND CENSUS MIGRATION ESTIMATES 233 A COMPARISON OF THE ESTIMATES OF NET MIGRATION, 1950-60 AND THE CENSUS ESTIMATES, 1955-60 FOR THE UNITED STATES* K. E. VAIDYANATHAN University of Pennsylvania ABSTRACT

More information

EMBARGOED UNTIL THURSDAY 9/5 AT 12:01 AM

EMBARGOED UNTIL THURSDAY 9/5 AT 12:01 AM EMBARGOED UNTIL THURSDAY 9/5 AT 12:01 AM Poverty matters No. 1 It s now 50/50: chicago region poverty growth is A suburban story Nationwide, the number of people in poverty in the suburbs has now surpassed

More information

The impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France

The impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France No. 57 February 218 The impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France Clément Malgouyres External Trade and Structural Policies Research Division This Rue

More information

8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3

8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 F E A T U R E William Kandel, USDA/ERS ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE/USDA Rural s Employment and Residential Trends William Kandel wkandel@ers.usda.gov Constance Newman cnewman@ers.usda.gov

More information

2/15/2017 William J. Puette, Ph.D. - UHWO CLEAR 1

2/15/2017 William J. Puette, Ph.D. - UHWO CLEAR 1 William J. Puette, Ph.D. - UHWO CLEAR 1 Hawai i Union Density Membership Representation US Ranking 2016 119,000 19.9% 125,000 20.9% 2 nd 2015 119,000 20.4% 126,000 21.7% 2 nd 2014 124,000 21.8% 131,000

More information

New data from the Census Bureau show that the nation s immigrant population (legal and illegal), also

New data from the Census Bureau show that the nation s immigrant population (legal and illegal), also Backgrounder Center for Immigration Studies October 2011 A Record-Setting Decade of Immigration: 2000 to 2010 By Steven A. Camarota New data from the Census Bureau show that the nation s immigrant population

More information

Illinois: State-by-State Immigration Trends Introduction Foreign-Born Population Educational Attainment

Illinois: State-by-State Immigration Trends Introduction Foreign-Born Population Educational Attainment Illinois: State-by-State Immigration Trends Courtesy of the Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota Prepared in 2012 for the Task Force on US Economic Competitiveness at Risk:

More information

Executive summary. Part I. Major trends in wages

Executive summary. Part I. Major trends in wages Executive summary Part I. Major trends in wages Lowest wage growth globally in 2017 since 2008 Global wage growth in 2017 was not only lower than in 2016, but fell to its lowest growth rate since 2008,

More information

Beyond cities: How Airbnb supports rural America s revitalization

Beyond cities: How Airbnb supports rural America s revitalization Beyond cities: How Airbnb supports rural America s revitalization Table of contents Overview 03 Our growth in rural areas 04 Creating opportunity 05 Helping seniors and women 07 State leaders in key categories

More information

Regional Variations in Public Opinion on the Affordable Care Act

Regional Variations in Public Opinion on the Affordable Care Act Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law Advance Publication, published on September 26, 2011 Report from the States Regional Variations in Public Opinion on the Affordable Care Act Mollyann Brodie Claudia

More information

New Census Estimates Show Slight Changes For Congressional Apportionment Now, But Point to Larger Changes by 2020

New Census Estimates Show Slight Changes For Congressional Apportionment Now, But Point to Larger Changes by 2020 [Type here] Emerywood Court Manassas, Virginia 0 0.00 tel. or 0 0. 0 0. fax Info@electiondataservices.com FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date: December, 0 Contact: Kimball W. Brace Tel.: (0) 00 or (0) 0- Email:

More information

THE BUCKEYE INSTITUTE for PUBLIC POLICY SOLUTIONS OHIO RIGHT-TO-WORK. How the Economic Freedom of Workers Enhances Prosperity

THE BUCKEYE INSTITUTE for PUBLIC POLICY SOLUTIONS OHIO RIGHT-TO-WORK. How the Economic Freedom of Workers Enhances Prosperity THE BUCKEYE INSTITUTE for PUBLIC POLICY SOLUTIONS OHIO RIGHT-TO-WORK How the Economic Freedom of Workers Enhances Prosperity By RICHARD VEDDER, MATTHEW DENHART, and JONATHAN ROBE March 2012 THE BUCKEYE

More information

Household Income, Poverty, and Food-Stamp Use in Native-Born and Immigrant Households

Household Income, Poverty, and Food-Stamp Use in Native-Born and Immigrant Households Household, Poverty, and Food-Stamp Use in Native-Born and Immigrant A Case Study in Use of Public Assistance JUDITH GANS Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy The University of Arizona research support

More information

Rural and Urban Migrants in India:

Rural and Urban Migrants in India: Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983 2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India during the period 1983

More information

FISCAL POLICY INSTITUTE

FISCAL POLICY INSTITUTE FISCAL POLICY INSTITUTE Learning from the 90s How poor public choices contributed to income erosion in New York City, and what we can do to chart an effective course out of the current downturn Labor Day,

More information

Beyond cities: How Airbnb supports rural America s revitalization

Beyond cities: How Airbnb supports rural America s revitalization Beyond cities: How Airbnb supports rural America s revitalization Table of contents Overview 03 Our growth in rural areas 04 Creating opportunity 05 Helping seniors and women 07 State leaders in key categories

More information

More State s Apportionment Allocations Impacted by New Census Estimates; New Twist in Supreme Court Case

More State s Apportionment Allocations Impacted by New Census Estimates; New Twist in Supreme Court Case [Type here] 6171 Emerywood Court Manassas, Virginia 20112 202 789.2004 tel. or 703 580.7267 703 580.6258 fax Info@electiondataservices.com FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date: December 22, 2015 Contact: Kimball

More information

THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES. by Andrew L. Roth

THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES. by Andrew L. Roth THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES by Andrew L. Roth INTRODUCTION The following pages provide a statistical profile of California's state legislature. The data are intended to suggest who

More information

Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy

Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy Low-Skill Jobs A Shrinking Share of the Rural Economy 38 Robert Gibbs rgibbs@ers.usda.gov Lorin Kusmin lkusmin@ers.usda.gov John Cromartie jbc@ers.usda.gov A signature feature of the 20th-century U.S.

More information

Labor Force Participation in Europe. Benjamin Hilgenstock and Zsoka Koczan

Labor Force Participation in Europe. Benjamin Hilgenstock and Zsoka Koczan Labor Force Participation in Europe Benjamin Hilgenstock and Zsoka Koczan Population growth is slowing and the number of elderly is rising in most European economies Demographic Transition in European

More information

CARE COLLABORATION FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS LABOUR MOBILITY IN THE MINING, OIL, AND GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR

CARE COLLABORATION FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS LABOUR MOBILITY IN THE MINING, OIL, AND GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR DRAFT January 2016 CARE COLLABORATION FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS LABOUR MOBILITY IN THE MINING, OIL, AND GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR Yue Xing +, Brian Murphy + and Doug

More information

Executive Summary. Overview --Fresh Market Tomatoes in California and Baja

Executive Summary. Overview --Fresh Market Tomatoes in California and Baja Executive Summary Overview --Fresh Market Tomatoes in California and Baja This case study focuses on fresh tomato production in the Stockton, Merced, Fresno, San Diego, and San Quentin areas. California

More information

WYOMING POPULATION DECLINED SLIGHTLY

WYOMING POPULATION DECLINED SLIGHTLY FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Wednesday, December 19, 2018 Contact: Dr. Wenlin Liu, Chief Economist WYOMING POPULATION DECLINED SLIGHTLY CHEYENNE -- Wyoming s total resident population contracted to 577,737 in

More information

The State of Working Wisconsin 2017

The State of Working Wisconsin 2017 The State of Working Wisconsin 2017 Facts & Figures Facts & Figures Laura Dresser and Joel Rogers INTRODUCTION For more than two decades now, annually, on Labor Day, COWS reports on how working people

More information

2015 ANNUAL OUTCOME GOAL PLAN (WITH FY 2014 OUTCOMES) Prepared in compliance with Government Performance and Results Act

2015 ANNUAL OUTCOME GOAL PLAN (WITH FY 2014 OUTCOMES) Prepared in compliance with Government Performance and Results Act Administration for Children & Families 370 L Enfant Promenade, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20447 Office of Refugee Resettlement www.acf.hhs.gov 2015 ANNUAL OUTCOME GOAL PLAN (WITH FY 2014 OUTCOMES) Prepared

More information

PRESENT TRENDS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

PRESENT TRENDS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION PRESENT TRENDS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Conrad Taeuber Associate Director, Bureau of the Census U.S. Department of Commerce Our population has recently crossed the 200 million mark, and we are currently

More information

2010 CENSUS POPULATION REAPPORTIONMENT DATA

2010 CENSUS POPULATION REAPPORTIONMENT DATA Southern Tier East Census Monograph Series Report 11-1 January 2011 2010 CENSUS POPULATION REAPPORTIONMENT DATA The United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 2, requires a decennial census for the

More information

A Look Behind the Numbers: Hidden Counties in the Fourth District States

A Look Behind the Numbers: Hidden Counties in the Fourth District States Page1 Although not directly affected by the boom and bust of the housing market, Appalachia, and more specifically rural Appalachia, might be fighting the current recession s aftershocks for quite some

More information

Decision Analyst Economic Index United States Census Divisions April 2017

Decision Analyst Economic Index United States Census Divisions April 2017 United States s Arlington, Texas The Economic Indices for the U.S. s have increased in the past 12 months. The Middle Atlantic Division had the highest score of all the s, with an score of 114 for. The

More information

Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. Executive Summary AUGUST 31, 2005

Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. Executive Summary AUGUST 31, 2005 Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE 2000-2005 PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. AUGUST 31, 2005 Executive Summary This study uses household survey data and payroll data

More information

Chapter 6 Shaping an Abundant Land. Page 135

Chapter 6 Shaping an Abundant Land. Page 135 Chapter 6 Shaping an Abundant Land Page 135 Waves of immigrants came to the U.S. in order to find a better life. Push-pull factors were at play. Immigration is not the only movement of people in the U.S.

More information

IMMIGRANTS. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy The University of Arizona

IMMIGRANTS. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy The University of Arizona ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS of IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES A Regional and State-by-State Analysis JUDITH GANS Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy The University of Arizona research support provided

More information

Rural and Urban Migrants in India:

Rural and Urban Migrants in India: Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983-2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri July 2014 Abstract This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India

More information

Poverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal

Poverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal October 2014 Karnali Employment Programme Technical Assistance Poverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal Policy Note Introduction This policy note presents

More information

In the Margins Political Victory in the Context of Technology Error, Residual Votes, and Incident Reports in 2004

In the Margins Political Victory in the Context of Technology Error, Residual Votes, and Incident Reports in 2004 In the Margins Political Victory in the Context of Technology Error, Residual Votes, and Incident Reports in 2004 Dr. Philip N. Howard Assistant Professor, Department of Communication University of Washington

More information

BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Union Membership In The United States

BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Union Membership In The United States Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 9-2016 BLS : Union Membership In The United States Megan Dunn Bureau of Labor Statistics James Walker Bureau

More information

The Economics of Globalization: A Labor View. Thomas Palley, Assistant Director of Public Policy, AFL-CIO

The Economics of Globalization: A Labor View. Thomas Palley, Assistant Director of Public Policy, AFL-CIO The Economics of Globalization: A Labor View 1 Thomas Palley, Assistant Director of Public Policy, AFL-CIO Published in Teich, Nelsom, McEaney, and Lita (eds.), Science and Technology Policy Yearbook 2000,

More information

A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE

A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A Report from the Office of the University Economist July 2009 Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University Economist, and Director, L.

More information

Competitiveness: A Blessing or a Curse for Gender Equality? Yana van der Muelen Rodgers

Competitiveness: A Blessing or a Curse for Gender Equality? Yana van der Muelen Rodgers Competitiveness: A Blessing or a Curse for Gender Equality? Yana van der Muelen Rodgers Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium s (IATRC s)

More information

ECONOMY MICROCLIMATES IN THE PORTLAND-VANCOUVER REGIONAL ECONOMY

ECONOMY MICROCLIMATES IN THE PORTLAND-VANCOUVER REGIONAL ECONOMY MICROCLIMATES IN THE PORTLAND-VANCOUVER REGIONAL by Sheila Martin, Director of the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies, Portland State University 1 Introduction The Regional Labor Market Portland-Vancouver

More information

The Impact of Immigration on Wages of Unskilled Workers

The Impact of Immigration on Wages of Unskilled Workers The Impact of Immigration on Wages of Unskilled Workers Giovanni Peri Immigrants did not contribute to the national decline in wages at the national level for native-born workers without a college education.

More information

OHIO WORKPLACE FREEDOM AMENDMENT FAQS

OHIO WORKPLACE FREEDOM AMENDMENT FAQS Board of Directors Bradley A. Smith Christopher P. Finney David N. Mayer David J. Owsiany David R. Langdon Maurice A. Thompson OHIO WORKPLACE FREEDOM AMENDMENT FAQS The 1851 Center has drafted model language

More information

The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction in 2014 by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums

The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction in 2014 by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction in 2014 by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums By Stephen S. Fuller, Ph.D. Dwight Schar Faculty Chair and University Professor Center for Regional

More information

Michigan: State-by-State Immigration Trends Introduction Foreign-Born Population Educational Attainment

Michigan: State-by-State Immigration Trends Introduction Foreign-Born Population Educational Attainment Michigan: State-by-State Immigration Trends Courtesy of the Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota Prepared in 2012 for the Task Force on US Economic Competitiveness at Risk:

More information

The Future of Rural Policy: Lessons from Spatial Economics

The Future of Rural Policy: Lessons from Spatial Economics SERC POLICY PAPER 8 The Future of Rural Policy: Lessons from Spatial Economics Henry G. Overman (SERC, Department of Geography & Environment, London School of Economics) Steve Gibbons (SERC, Department

More information

How s Life in Mexico?

How s Life in Mexico? How s Life in Mexico? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Mexico has a mixed performance across the different well-being dimensions. At 61% in 2016, Mexico s employment rate was below the OECD

More information

5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry. Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano

5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry. Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano 5A.1 Introduction 5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano Over the past 2 years, wage inequality in the U.S. economy has increased rapidly. In this chapter,

More information

Wage Differentials Between the States: The Effect of Region and Unionization

Wage Differentials Between the States: The Effect of Region and Unionization The Park Place Economist Volume 9 Issue 1 Article 13 2001 Wage Differentials Between the States: The Effect of Region and Unionization Amanda Watson '01 Recommended Citation Watson '01, Amanda (2001) "Wage

More information

Changing Times, Changing Enrollments: How Recent Demographic Trends are Affecting Enrollments in Portland Public Schools

Changing Times, Changing Enrollments: How Recent Demographic Trends are Affecting Enrollments in Portland Public Schools Portland State University PDXScholar School District Enrollment Forecast Reports Population Research Center 7-1-2000 Changing Times, Changing Enrollments: How Recent Demographic Trends are Affecting Enrollments

More information

Forty Years of LCMS District Statistics Based on Lutheran Annual data for years

Forty Years of LCMS District Statistics Based on Lutheran Annual data for years Forty Years of LCMS District Statistics Based on Lutheran Annual data for years 197-211 Prepared By LCMS Research Services March 25, 213 Forty Years of LCMS Statistics Preliminary Material Overview of

More information

We re Paying Dearly for Bush s Tax Cuts Study Shows Burdens by State from Bush s $87-Billion-Every-51-Days Borrowing Binge

We re Paying Dearly for Bush s Tax Cuts Study Shows Burdens by State from Bush s $87-Billion-Every-51-Days Borrowing Binge Citizens for Tax Justice 202-626-3780 September 23, 2003 (9 pp.) Contact: Bob McIntyre We re Paying Dearly for Bush s Tax Cuts Study Shows Burdens by State from Bush s $87-Billion-Every-51-Days Borrowing

More information

The Impact of Ebbing Immigration in Los Angeles: New Insights from an Established Gateway

The Impact of Ebbing Immigration in Los Angeles: New Insights from an Established Gateway The Impact of Ebbing Immigration in Los Angeles: New Insights from an Established Gateway Julie Park and Dowell Myers University of Southern California Paper proposed for presentation at the annual meetings

More information

Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2013 A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA Ben Zipperer

More information

Unequal Recovery, Labor Market Polarization, Race, and 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Maoyong Fan and Anita Alves Pena 1

Unequal Recovery, Labor Market Polarization, Race, and 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Maoyong Fan and Anita Alves Pena 1 Unequal Recovery, Labor Market Polarization, Race, and 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Maoyong Fan and Anita Alves Pena 1 Abstract: Growing income inequality and labor market polarization and increasing

More information

The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums

The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums Prepared for The Association of Zoos and Aquariums Silver Spring, Maryland By Stephen S. Fuller, Ph.D.

More information

Louisville: Immigration Rebirth Matt Ruther, Department of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville

Louisville: Immigration Rebirth Matt Ruther, Department of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville Louisville: Immigration Rebirth Matt Ruther, Department of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville Germantown. Schnitzelburg. Irish Hill. The names of neighborhoods within Louisville s urban

More information

Vista. The Texas Mexico border is a fast-growing region, a complex blend of U.S. and Mexican cultures, languages and customs.

Vista. The Texas Mexico border is a fast-growing region, a complex blend of U.S. and Mexican cultures, languages and customs. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas San Antonio Branch South Economic Trends and Issues Issue 2, 2005 Cyclical Differences Emerge in Border City Economies S Vista ince the implementation of NAFTA, the South

More information

REPORT. PR4: Refugee Resettlement Trends in the Midwest. The University of Vermont. Pablo Bose & Lucas Grigri. Published May 4, 2018 in Burlington, VT

REPORT. PR4: Refugee Resettlement Trends in the Midwest. The University of Vermont. Pablo Bose & Lucas Grigri. Published May 4, 2018 in Burlington, VT The University of Vermont PR4: Refugee Resettlement Trends in the Midwest REPORT Pablo Bose & Lucas Grigri Photo Credit: L. Grigri Published May 4, 2018 in Burlington, VT Refugee Resettlement in Small

More information

Community Well-Being and the Great Recession

Community Well-Being and the Great Recession Pathways Spring 2013 3 Community Well-Being and the Great Recession by Ann Owens and Robert J. Sampson The effects of the Great Recession on individuals and workers are well studied. Many reports document

More information

Original data on policy leaders appointed

Original data on policy leaders appointed DEMOCRACY UNREALIZED: The Underrepresentation of People of Color as Appointed Policy Leaders in State Governments A Report of the Center for Women in Government & Civil Society University at Albany, State

More information

Monthly Census Bureau data show that the number of less-educated young Hispanic immigrants in the

Monthly Census Bureau data show that the number of less-educated young Hispanic immigrants in the Backgrounder Center for Immigration Studies July 2009 A Shifting Tide Recent Trends in the Illegal Immigrant Population By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Jensenius Monthly Census Bureau data show that the

More information

MIGRATION STATISTICS AND BRAIN DRAIN/GAIN

MIGRATION STATISTICS AND BRAIN DRAIN/GAIN MIGRATION STATISTICS AND BRAIN DRAIN/GAIN Nebraska State Data Center 25th Annual Data Users Conference 2:15 to 3:15 p.m., August 19, 2014 David Drozd Randy Cantrell UNO Center for Public Affairs Research

More information

A A P I D ATA Asian American Voter Survey. Sponsored by Civic Leadership USA

A A P I D ATA Asian American Voter Survey. Sponsored by Civic Leadership USA A A P I D ATA 2018 Asian American Voter Survey Sponsored by Civic Leadership USA In partnership with Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance AFL-CIO (APALA), and Asian Americans Advancing Justice AAJC CONTENTS

More information

How s Life in Switzerland?

How s Life in Switzerland? How s Life in Switzerland? November 2017 On average, Switzerland performs well across the OECD s headline well-being indicators relative to other OECD countries. Average household net adjusted disposable

More information

Immigrants and the Direct Care Workforce

Immigrants and the Direct Care Workforce JUNE 2017 RESEARCH BRIEF Immigrants and the Direct Care Workforce BY ROBERT ESPINOZA Immigrants are a significant part of the U.S. economy and the direct care workforce, providing hands-on care to older

More information

POLICY BRIEFING. Poverty in Suburbia: Smith Institute report

POLICY BRIEFING. Poverty in Suburbia: Smith Institute report Poverty in Suburbia: Smith Institute report Sheila Camp, LGIU Associate 8 May 2014 Summary The Smith Institute's recent report "Poverty in Suburbia" examines the growth of poverty in the suburbs of towns

More information

ANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: REGIONAL OVERVIEW

ANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: REGIONAL OVERVIEW ANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: REGIONAL OVERVIEW 2nd Wave (Spring 2017) OPEN Neighbourhood Communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens across the Eastern Neighbourhood June 2017 TABLE OF

More information

An Equity Assessment of the. St. Louis Region

An Equity Assessment of the. St. Louis Region An Equity Assessment of the A Snapshot of the Greater St. Louis 15 counties 2.8 million population 19th largest metropolitan region 1.1 million households 1.4 million workforce $132.07 billion economy

More information

AN AGENDA FOR JUSTICE CONTOURS OF PUBLIC OPINION AMONG ASIAN AMERICANS

AN AGENDA FOR JUSTICE CONTOURS OF PUBLIC OPINION AMONG ASIAN AMERICANS AN AGENDA FOR JUSTICE CONTOURS OF PUBLIC OPINION AMONG ASIAN AMERICANS An analysis and presentation of the APIAVote & Asian Americans Advancing Justice AAJC 2014 Voter Survey Survey research and analysis

More information

America is facing an epidemic of the working hungry. Hunger Free America s analysis of federal data has determined:

America is facing an epidemic of the working hungry. Hunger Free America s analysis of federal data has determined: Key Findings: America is facing an epidemic of the working hungry. Hunger Free America s analysis of federal data has determined: Approximately 16 million American adults lived in food insecure households

More information

Volume 35, Issue 1. An examination of the effect of immigration on income inequality: A Gini index approach

Volume 35, Issue 1. An examination of the effect of immigration on income inequality: A Gini index approach Volume 35, Issue 1 An examination of the effect of immigration on income inequality: A Gini index approach Brian Hibbs Indiana University South Bend Gihoon Hong Indiana University South Bend Abstract This

More information

New Americans in. By Walter A. Ewing, Ph.D. and Guillermo Cantor, Ph.D.

New Americans in. By Walter A. Ewing, Ph.D. and Guillermo Cantor, Ph.D. New Americans in the VOTING Booth The Growing Electoral Power OF Immigrant Communities By Walter A. Ewing, Ph.D. and Guillermo Cantor, Ph.D. Special Report October 2014 New Americans in the VOTING Booth:

More information

Volume Title: Domestic Servants in the United States, Volume URL:

Volume Title: Domestic Servants in the United States, Volume URL: This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Domestic Servants in the United States, 1900-1940 Volume Author/Editor: George J. Stigler

More information

Rural America At A Glance

Rural America At A Glance Rural America At A Glance 7 Edition Between July 5 and July 6, the population of nonmetro America grew.6 percent. Net domestic migration from metro areas accounted for nearly half of this growth. Gains

More information

Immigration Policy Brief August 2006

Immigration Policy Brief August 2006 Immigration Policy Brief August 2006 Last updated August 16, 2006 The Growth and Reach of Immigration New Census Bureau Data Underscore Importance of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Force Introduction: by

More information

Quantifying Costs to States of Noncompliance with the PPACA s Medicaid Expansion

Quantifying Costs to States of Noncompliance with the PPACA s Medicaid Expansion No. 2640 January 12, 2012 Quantifying Costs to States of Noncompliance with the PPACA s Medicaid Expansion Edmund F. Haislmaier Abstract: In March 2012, two years after the enactment of the Patient Protection

More information

Part 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings

Part 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings Part 1: Focus on Income indicator definitions and Rankings Inequality STATE OF NEW YORK CITY S HOUSING & NEIGHBORHOODS IN 2013 7 Focus on Income Inequality New York City has seen rising levels of income

More information

Executive summary. Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers.

Executive summary. Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers. Executive summary Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers. In many ways, these are exciting times for Asia and the Pacific as a region. Dynamic growth and

More information

Remittances and the Macroeconomic Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan

Remittances and the Macroeconomic Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 8, No. 4 (2010), pp. 3-9 Central Asia-Caucasus

More information

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://www.nap.edu/23550 SHARE The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration DETAILS 508 pages 6 x 9 PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-44445-3 DOI: 10.17226/23550

More information

Summary of the U.S. Census Bureau s 2018 State-Level Population Estimate for Massachusetts

Summary of the U.S. Census Bureau s 2018 State-Level Population Estimate for Massachusetts Summary of the U.S. Census Bureau s 2018 State-Level Population Estimate for Massachusetts Prepared by: Population Estimates Program For Release December 19, 2018 On December 19, 2018, the U.S. Census

More information

STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA

STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA 2018 The Future Workforce The 15th edition of the State of Working Florida reviews recent changes in Florida s economy and their potential impacts on the future workforce. This

More information

PROJECTING THE LABOUR SUPPLY TO 2024

PROJECTING THE LABOUR SUPPLY TO 2024 PROJECTING THE LABOUR SUPPLY TO 2024 Charles Simkins Helen Suzman Professor of Political Economy School of Economic and Business Sciences University of the Witwatersrand May 2008 centre for poverty employment

More information

The labor market in Japan,

The labor market in Japan, DAIJI KAWAGUCHI University of Tokyo, Japan, and IZA, Germany HIROAKI MORI Hitotsubashi University, Japan The labor market in Japan, Despite a plummeting working-age population, Japan has sustained its

More information

Components of Population Change by State

Components of Population Change by State IOWA POPULATION REPORTS Components of 2000-2009 Population Change by State April 2010 Liesl Eathington Department of Economics Iowa State University Iowa s Rate of Population Growth Ranks 43rd Among All

More information

Key Factors That Shaped 2018 And A Brief Look Ahead

Key Factors That Shaped 2018 And A Brief Look Ahead Key Factors That Shaped 2018 And A Brief Look Ahead November 2018 Bill McInturff SLIDE 1 Yes, it was all about Trump. SLIDE 2 A midterm record said their vote was a message of support or opposition to

More information

Hispanic Health Insurance Rates Differ between Established and New Hispanic Destinations

Hispanic Health Insurance Rates Differ between Established and New Hispanic Destinations Population Trends in Post-Recession Rural America A Publication Series of the W3001 Research Project Hispanic Health Insurance Rates Differ between and New Hispanic s Brief No. 02-16 August 2016 Shannon

More information