1930s America. when done. when done. Effects of the Great Depression on rural and urban areas

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1 1920s America Immigration to the USA attitudes towards immigrants- quotas and the Red Scare Isolationism and US attitudes towards the League of Nations Reasons for the boom Features of the boom Why didn t everyone benefit from the boom? Racism- KKK and Sacco and Vanzetti case Women in the 1920s Prohibition- reasons for Reasons why prohibition failed- gangsters and organised crime Why did the Wall St Crash happen? 1930s America Effects of the Great Depression on rural and urban areas Tick when done Tick when done Measures taken by Hoover to help end the depression FDR Vs Hoover in the 1932 election The New Deal- how did FDR tackle the depression? Alphabet Agencies- Relief, recovery and reform Opposition to the New Deal What the New Deal had achieved by 1939 and the impact of WWII. Post War USA 1950s- had the American dream been achieved? Tick when done Rock and Roll McCarthyism Civil Rights movement- MLK Black power movement Kennedy and Johnson Feminism 1

2 Task 1: Read pages 2 and 3. Highlight only key things about attitudes towards immigrants and why attitudes changed. Then complete the table and the 3 source questions on p5 and 6. Immigration to America before 1920 The USA today is a multicultural and multiracial society and this is because a large number of people migrated there, mostly from Europe. More than 40 million people had arrived by As a result, there was a mixture of people from different races, cultures and religions living in America and speaking different languages. The term for this was the Melting pot, the ideas being that all the nationalities lost their identity and melted into one new American identity. At the end of the nineteenth century, the USA encouraged immigration and wanted more people to come and live there. The USA faced many problems as a result of this new influx of people, including social problems and organised crime. The Open Door The purpose of the Open Door policy was to make immigration as easy as possible. There was a mixture of people living in America during this period. The Early/Older Immigrants (WASPs- White Anglo Saxon Protestants) Native Americans Black Americans (freed from slavery in the 1860s but still second class citizens) Eastern and southern Europeans Hispanics (from Mexico/Central America) Asian people Why did people want to come? A combination of push and pull factors made people immigrate to the USA. The push factors made people want to leave their own countries, and the pull factors attracted them to the USA. For example: escaping from poverty in their own country escaping from political and economic persecution a promise of religious tolerance and a chance to practice their faith safely a plentiful supply of land and the hope of owning property creating a better life a spirit of adventure, going to a country of opportunity equal opportunity Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island near New York Most of the immigrants travelled by sea, and more than 70 per cent arrived on Ellis Island near New York. During the busiest periods, as many as 5,000 people a day arrived there. Most were young - in 1900 the average age was 24. The first view the immigrants saw as they arrived in America on their way to Ellis Island was the Statue of Liberty. As soon as they arrived, everyone had to be processed in the Great Hall. Then they would have to undergo a series of medical tests. There was a particular emphasis on eye tests because of a disease called 'trachoma'. Ellis Island was given the name the Island of Tears after these eye tests. Anyone suffering from the disease would be kept on Ellis Island for days or perhaps even weeks. Also, everyone was questioned about their work and financial situation, and were given literacy tests. The aim of the tests was to ensure that immigrants could work after they arrived and that they would not be a burden on society. All this took between three and five hours. Some had to wait longer to undertake more tests, while others who were more unlucky were refused entry and had to face the journey back home. 2

3 Why did immigration become such a major issue in American society? This cartoon shows Uncle Sam inspecting the new immigrants arriving at Ellis Island. The immigrants are drawn as dirty and bedraggled, bringing problems such as poverty, illiteracy and anarchy to the USA. The document by Uncle Sam s feet lists problems in US cities caused by the immigrants such as rioting. Restricting entry During 1907, 1.25 million people were processed on Ellis Island. As the number of immigrants increased, some Americans began to doubt the government's Open Door policy. Traditionally, the immigrants had tended to come from northern and western Europe Britain, Ireland, Germany. Between 1900 and million arrived, mainly from southern and eastern Europe Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Western Poland and Greece. People started feeling angry towards these 'new' immigrants because: 1. they were often poor 2. many were illiterate 3. many were Roman Catholics or Jews, therefore from a different cultural and religious background 4. the trauma of the First World War and the fear of Communism during the Red Scare in 1919, worried many Americans. As a result, the US Congress passed laws to restrict immigration and each law in turn was more severe than the previous one. 1. Literacy Test, 1917 Immigrants had to pass a series of reading and writing tests. Many of the poorer immigrants, especially those from eastern Europe, had received no education and therefore failed the tests and were refused entry. 2. The Emergency Quota Act, 1921 A law which restricted the number of immigrants to 357,000 per year, and also set down a quota - only 3 per cent of the total population of any overseas group already in the USA in 1910 could come in after The National Origins Act, 1924 This law reduced the maximum number of immigrants to 150,000 per year and cut the quota to 2 per cent, based on the population of the USA in The act was aimed at restricting southern and eastern Europeans immigrants. The Open Door was now closed to many. The government did not believe that the new immigrants enriched the life and culture of the USA. As a result, there was more fear of immigrants, xenophobia and racial persecution. 3

4 Complete this table from memory Reasons for concern over immigration Measures put in place to limit immigration Source E Elias Garza, from Mexico describes his own immigrant experience in the USA in the 1920s, from a collection of autobiographical Mexican immigrant stories Here in the United States they drive one crazy from working so much. They squeeze one here until one is left useless. I heard that there were some good jobs here in the United States and that good money could be made/ We worked on the tracks, taking up and laying down the rails, and doing all kinds of hard work. They only paid us $1.50 and exploited us without mercy, for they sold us everything very high. I don t even like to deal with those Americans, for the truth is they don t like the Mexicans. Source F Tony, a Greek- born restaurant owner, interviewed in 1939 for the Federal Writer s project, a government scheme When I came here I knew nothing, couldn t even speak English. I had a terrible job as a cleaner but one day a customer asked me if I wanted to help him in his restaurant. I worked my way up, learning all the time, married and American woman and now I own my own restaurant. I m a success- in fact I believe any hard worker with common sense can make it here. Read the two sources. What is the tone of each one? What 2 specific things can you identify that they disagree or have different views about? Look at the provenance and make a note of who they were written by, when and for what purpose Now tackle the exam questions on the next page 4

5 Exam question practice How does interpretation F differ from interpretation E about the immigrant experiences in the USA in the 1920s? (4 marks) Read the two sources carefully Identify 1 way they are saying something different Identify another way they are saying something different Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins Exam question practice Read the PROVENACE of the two sources carefully Why might the authors of E and F have different interpretation about the immigrant experience in America in the 1920s. Explain your answer using interpretations E & F and your contextual knowledge? (4 marks) Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation E. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation F. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins 5

6 Choose one thing from E and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source E is correct in saying Source E is incorrect because Source E is missing key information about Q: Which interpretation do you find more convincing about the immigrant experience in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer using E&F and your contextual knowledge (8 marks) Choose one thing from F and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source F is correct in saying Source F is incorrect because Source F is missing key information about Then decide which source you think is most convincing (nearest to the truth, best fits what you know) and say why. This answer should be 2 good paragraphs and a brief 2-3 line conclusion about which is more convincing (nearest the truth, best fits with what you know) and should take no longer than 10 mins 6

7 Task 2: pages 7 and the top of p8. and 3. Highlight only key things about why the USA stayed out of the League of Nations. Then complete the tasks on p8. Isolationism and The USA after WW1 US forces played a key role in defeating Germany but only lost 100,000 men. (USA did not join World War 1 until April 1917). USA strengthened by World War 1. Europe had paid the USA to provide food, raw materials and weapons- a one way trade. By 1919 USA was one of the world s greatest powers. US reaction to the end of the First World War President Woodrow Wilson had taken the country to war. He also played an important role in the peace talks. The 14 points written by Wilson were the basis of the peace settlement. Wilson believed it was the duty of the USA to preserve world peace. Treaty of Versailles committed all countries to join the League of Nations. The mood of isolation grows To many Americans the war was distant, fought thousands of miles away over issues that did not concern them. They did not want American soldiers killed or money spent trying to keep peace. They were afraid that if the USA joined the League of Nations that would happen. Many believed if would be better to keep out of other countries problems- ISOLATIONISM Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations President Wilson hoped that the USA would sign the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations. However Congress rejected joining. Wilson did not run for president in 1920 and died shortly after. The Republican Warren Harding campaigned with the slogan of America First and on the idea of American life getting back to normalcy popular ideas. Harding won the election. With the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations America was to follow a policy of isolation. Another aspect of isolation was Tarrifs The Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 After the war, the European factories began to recover and America needed to protect itself against their goods- keep people buying American products. The policies of the Republican Presidents was that government should leave the economy alone they adopted a laissez-faire (leave alone, free market) policy. This meant that big businesses were free to expand without being held back by the government. Republicans believe in the government staying out of peoples lives and in low taxes (also known as tariffs). Demand was growing, however, for higher tariffs. By putting tariffs on goods from other countries, it would make them more expensive and make the American made goods cheaper and more appealing. As soon as he became President, Warren Harding passed an Emergency Tariff (May 1921) to increase taxes on food imports, and in 1922 Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which in a nutshell meant: 7

8 Put a higher tariffs on goods coming from countries to make the cost of their goods artificially higher. This would encourage people to buy cheaper American goods. This meant that foreign imports were ALWAYS more expensive than American-produced goods. The attitude of the Republican Party in the USA towards the League of Nations, It is taken from a speech by Senator (member of the government) Henry Cabot Lodge, 12 August The League of Nations is mainly a political organisation. I object strongly to American politicians wasting time discussing disputes in which we have no direct interest. I wish to limit our involvement in the arguments of Europe. We have interests of our own in Asia and in the Pacific. The less we get involved in Europe, the better it is for the United States. Tasks: Q. Explain isolationism in your own words Q. Explain why the American government didn t want to join the League of Nations Q. What is a tariff and how did this help to make America successful in the 1920s? 8

9 Task 3: read pages 9 and 10. Complete the match up task on p10 from memory, watch the videos by scanning the QR codes, then complete the 4 mark Q on p11. Reasons for the Boom in the 1920s? The 1920s was a boom period, though not everyone benefited. The cycle of prosperity Lower prices increased the demand for goods Rice With Tikka Makes A Perfect Chicken Curry Increased production More consumer goods being produced. Increased employment More money To remember the factors that contributed to the boom you could use this acronym. You should try to remember and be able to explain at least 4 factors. Resources plenty of oil, coal, wood etc meant that the USA didn t have to import and this got them off to a flying start World War One had destroyed European business and industries while the fighting was going on. America had taken over lots of business and industry from Europe and developed new products. By the 1920s, the USA was the world leader in industries such as chemicals. Technology as above, new technology was developed during the war Mass production Helped increase the number of goods made. Based on simple but effective systemnew factories built assembly line- quicker and more affordable products- more demand- more jobs- more money for people to spend! Advertising made people aware of new products and encouraged them to buy more- more jobs! Policies of the Republican presidents- The Republican governments of the 1920s followed laissez-faire policy with no controls on industry and finance. Low taxes meant that people had more money to spend, high tariffs on imported goods meant that people were encouraged to but American goods, making American businesses more profitable Confidence people were willing to take risks, invest in new products and the stock market. Credit high value items like cars could be bought on credit by ordinary Americans, increasing the demand for such goods 9

10 The motor car industry was one of first to use the new methods, Henry Ford made cars ordinary families could afford the Model T was made using mass production methods. By 1920s a Model T was being made every 10 seconds. As a result prices fell e.g Model T cost $1200 and by 1920 this had gone down to $295. The car was nicknamed the Tin Lizzie it became the most popular car in America. Mid 1920 s one in two cars sold was a Model T. The car industry had spin offs into other industries e.g. steel, rubber, glass, leather and oil. Construction industry also benefited by building more roads. Other industries using mass production methods included consumer goods e.g. radios, washing machines, refrigerators, ovens, telephones. Americans loved these new gadgets. Match the explanation and the factor. Draw a revision aid reminder in the margin A. Resources B. World War One C. Technology D. Confidence E. Policies of Republican presidents F. Mass production G. Advertising H. Credit 1.Meant people could buy products even if they didn't have enough money 2. Made new industries possible and helped modernise old industries 3. Provided the materials the growing industries provided 4. Meant people could afford to buy cars &other goods with a small deposit 5. Gave American industry a flying start at the beginning of the 1920s 6. Encouraged people to buy many more products 7. Created the right frame of mind in which developments could take place 8. Gave businesses the chance to expand without government restrictions 10 Scan these QR codes with your phone to watch revision videos Make sure you write down at least 5 key points from each video

11 Exam question practice Describe 2 ways in which the USA had an economic boom in the 1920s. (4 marks) Give information and detail about 1 point. Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins Task 4: Read p 11, 12 and 13. Highlight a maximum of 6 points per page. Complete the source Qs 14,15 and 16. Entertainment Features of the Boom More leisure time after World War 1. Young people enjoyed themselves in what came to be called The Roaring Twenties. Jazz new form of music developed from black music nightclubs e.g. Cotton Club in New York saw Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong play. Associated with Speakeasies. Radio Jazz played on radio only $2 million worth of radios bought this had gone up 300 times and 10 million homes had a radio. Many radio stations set up many of them commercial made money by advertising. This led to more consumer spending. 11

12 Fashion New dances e.g. Charleston, Tango and Bunny Hug popular. Cinemas and basketball attracted huge audiences. Women became flappers short hair, shorter skirts, make-up, smoking and driving cars. Young men wore pin-stripe suits, trilby hats and spats. Older people disliked these fashions. Anti-flirt Association set up to try to control excesses. Crazes and fads e.g. dance marathons, flag pole sitting to break records. Charles Lindbergh first man to fly across Atlantic solo. Sports stars e.g. Jack Dempsey (boxer) and Babe Ruth (baseball). Films and Hollywood Movies started before WW1 but much more popular in 1920s. Most towns had cinemas million Americans went to cinema each week first talking picture The Jazz Singer. Mid 1930 s colour films produced and Disney cartoon characters appeared. Hollywood became centre of film industry for whole world. Film stars like Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Gloria Swanson were created by these studios. The cinema in the 1920s in the USA By the 1920s Hollywood had become the film-making capital of the world. Movie-going was now one of the most popular leisure pursuits in America. In 1920 cinemas had sold 40 million tickets a week. By 1930 they were selling nearly 100 million. There was a so-called picture palace in almost every town. Changing attitudes towards women The impact of the First World War Before the war, girls were expected to behave modestly and wear long dresses. When they went out, they had to be accompanied by an older woman or a married woman. It was totally unacceptable for a woman to smoke in public. Women were employed in jobs that were traditionally associated with women e.g. servants, seamstresses, secretaries, nursing. 12

13 During the war, women started to be employed in different types of jobs eg factory work, replacing the men who had gone to fight in the war in Europe. As a result of their contribution to WW1, women got the right to vote in There was a change as far as work was concerned too, with an increase of 25 per cent in the number of women working during the 1920s. By 1929, 10.6 million women were working. By now, independent women of the middle classes and above had more money to spend. Because of this, advertising companies started targeting women in their campaigns to encourage them to buy their new products. Flappers Women started to smoke in public. It became acceptable for women to drive cars and take part in energetic sports. The young women of the 1920s were referred to as flappers. Hollywood films of the period characterised them, and as a result, their behaviour and dress sense was imitated by millions around the world. In 1919 womens' skirts were about six inches above ground level, but by 1927 the hems of skirts were up to knee-level. Young women rebelled against the old-fashioned clothes of their mothers era. The corset went out of fashion, and it became all the rage for women to cut their hair in a bob and wear a lot of make-up and jewellery. The Jazz Clubs played a crucial role in allowing the flappers to express themselves. This is where they could smoke and dance. They also drank illegal alcohol in the speakeasies. Instead of dancing the waltz that was popular in the period before the war, people started to enjoy more daring dances such as the Charleston. Flappers would kiss men in public. But not every girl enjoyed the flappers' way of life. Poor women could not afford the new fashions and they didn't have the time to go out and enjoy social events. Black women could not benefit from the changing lifestyle either. Women in the Bible Belt (really religious states) did not adopt the new way of life. Also, many older women were outraged and some formed the Anti-Flirt Club. Remember: It was the young and rich women who enjoyed the new way of life. Older people and religious people rejected the changes, and the poor people could not afford them. "The music is shocking, the females only half dressed and the motions of the dancing are so outrageous they must not be described in this family newspaper. From The Catholic Telegraph

14 Source E From a book written by Doris E Fleischman, published in Doris was writing about what life was like for women in the 1920s. She was a famous campaigner for the rights of women. It was totally confusing to read the adverts in the magazines that showed vacuum cleaners, fridges and hundreds of other household devices which should lighten the jobs of women in the home. Women living on farms did a great deal of work besides caring for their children, washing clothes and cooking, as they worked in the fields and looked after the animals. The largest group of American women were the families of labourers, miners, steel workers and unskilled workers. The wages of the men were generally so small that the women had to do extra work. Source F From an article written about flappers by F. Scott Fitzgerald published in the 1930s. F. Scott Fitzgerald was an American novelist who, both in his personal life and in his books, showed what it was like to be a rich playboy during the boom of the 1920s. He and his wife Zelda, who he called the first American Flapper, became symbols of the Jazz Age. It was an age of miracles and an age of over indulgence. There was a generation of women who saw themselves as flappers the wildest of all generations deciding to take as much pleasure as they could. Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we die was their motto. Although their grandmothers didn t know it, these young women had discovered alcohol and jazz Read the two sources. What is the tone of each one? What 2 specific things can you identify that they disagree or have different views about? Look at the provenance and make a note of who they were written by, when and for what purpose 14

15 Now tackle the exam questions on the next page Exam question practice Read the two sources carefully How does Interpretation F differ from Interpretation E about women in the 1920s? Explain your answer using Interpretations E and F [4 marks] Identify 1 way they are saying something different Identify another way they are saying something different Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins Exam question practice Read the PROVENACE of the two sources carefully Why might the authors of Interpretations E and F have a different interpretation about women in the 1920s? Explain your answer using Interpretations E and F and your contextual knowledge. [4 marks] Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation E. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation F. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and 15

16 should take no longer than 5 mins Choose one thing from E and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source E is correct in saying Source E is incorrect because Source E is missing key information about Which interpretation do you find more convincing about women in the 1920s? Explain your answer using Interpretations E and F and your contextual knowledge. [8 marks] Choose one thing from F and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source F is correct in saying Source F is incorrect because Source F is missing key information about Then decide which source you think is most convincing (nearest to the truth, best fits what you know) and say why. This answer should be 2 good paragraphs and a brief 2-3 line conclusion about which is more convincing (nearest the truth, best fits 16

17 with what you know) and should take no longer than 10 mins Task 5: Read pages 17, 18. Highlight only key things about why some people didn t have a good time in the 1920s and didn t benefit from the boom. Watch the video clip by scanning the QR code, then complete the exam Q on p19. Why didn t everyone share in the Boom? Rich and Poor In reality not all Americans were sharing in the new wealth. Almost half lived in poverty. Farmers had a hard time in 1920 s and nearly 50% of American people were involved in agriculture. Production increased because of new machines like combine harvesters and they were unable to sell all their produce. These surpluses led to falling prices and farm incomes dropped. This especially affected smaller farms where people found it hard to keep up mortgage payment. Some moved to the towns or to California looking for work. Black people and immigrants had similar experiences. Nearly 1 million black farm workers lost their jobs in 1920 s. Many moved from south to northern cities where they worked in lowest paid jobs. New immigrants also did low paid jobs. Workers in older industries. Some industries did not do so well e.g. coal because new forms of power were developing oil, gas, electricity. Overproduction of coal led to wage cuts and job losses. Cotton and textile industries were also affected in some way. Immigration Isolationism, combined with some people s desire to keep America for the WASPs led to restrictions on immigration (see earlier in this booklet) There was increasing fear that new immigrants from poor countries would supply cheap labour. This would take jobs from the Americans. There was also fear that new immigrants could bring political ideas such as communism, which were against the spirit of democracy that existed in the USA. More distrust of foreigners People who had moved to the USA still had problems to face low paid jobs meant poor housing Immigration ghettos began to appear where violence and crime were high. The Red Scare of the early 1920s added to these suspicions as after the Russian Revolution of 1917 Americans greatly feared communism. They felt their free lifestyle and the capitalist society that funded it were under serious threat. In the early 1920s these fears became wide spread and they intensified after a number of bombs were planted by Italian anarchists. On 16 September 1920, a bomb on a horse drawn wagon was detonated outside the Stock Exchange on Wall St. 38 people died and 400 were injured. American newspapers blamed Italian anarchists. The US attorney-general, Alexander Palmer, ordered 10,000 people suspected of holding left wing views arrested. Any found to be immigrants were deported without trial. Sacco and Vanzetti: An example of racism and mistrust Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants. They were arrested and accused of armedrobbery on a shoe factory, during which two people were killed. They had radical anti-government pamphlets in the car when they were arrested and they could not prove where they had been on the day of the murders. From the beginning, public opinion was against them because of their political ideas and because they were immigrants. They both had guns when they were arrested. Although 61 witnesses said they had seen them, the defence had 107 witnesses alleging that they had seen them somewhere else when the crime was committed. 17 During the court case in May 1921, Judge Webster Thayer was prejudiced against the two men. Although a man named Celestino Madeiros later admitted that he had committed the

18 The Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan stirred up racial and religious hatred. They believed they had a moral duty to save the USA. Only true Americans were WASPS (white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants). In other words only those who had originally come from Northern Europe and who had been settled in American for several generations. Everyone else was not a true American i.e. Jews, Catholics, immigrants from Southern Europe e.g. Italians and Eastern Europe e.g. Russians, from Asia and above all, black people. The KKK was active in the southern states. The KKK became known for the following: Holding night time meetings and marching in white clothing with masks over their heads, Beating up black people, Throwing tar and feathers, Hanging, Raping, Murdering, Lynching mob killings. In the state of Georgia in , 135 people were lynched. 18

19 The Klan had 5 million members. Many judges, policemen and local politicians were members. Klansmen often met in secret and at night. Some joined because they were scared not to. Others joined because they believed they were defending their way of life. From an account written in the 1920s about travelling on a tram in a northern city in the USA. It was written by a Black American, Richard Wright, who had recently moved from a state in the south of the USA to one in the north. He went on to write novels publicising the problems facing Black Americans between the wars. When we got on a street tram for the first time, we were told that we could sit where we wanted, but we were still scared. We cannot shake off three hundred years of fear. A white man sits down next to us, not even looking at us, as if it was a normal thing to do. Out of the corner of our eyes we try to get a glimpse of the strange white face that is only a few inches from ours. Scan this QR code with your phone to watch a revision video Write down 5 key points from the video Exam question practice Give information and detail about 1 point. Describe 2 ways in which the KKK affected lives in the USA in the 1920s. (4 marks) Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins 19

20 Task 6: Read pages Complete the exam Qs on these pages Prohibition In 1920, the 18th Amendment was passed making the manufacture and sale of alcohol illegal. But many people in this time of 'Prohibition' continued to drink and gangsters made enormous amounts of money from supplying illegal liquor. The noble experiment of Prohibition was introduced by the 18th Amendment, which became effective in January Why Prohibition was introduced: 1. National mood - when America entered the war in 1917 the national mood also turned against drinking alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League argued that drinking alcohol was damaging American society. 2. Practical - a ban on alcohol would boost supplies of important grains such as barley. 3. Religious - the consumption of alcohol went against God's will. 4. Moral - many agreed that it was wrong for some Americans to enjoy alcohol while the country's young men were at war. 5. Social- some groups could see that alcohol was causing problems when men were spending their wages on booze instead of providing for their families Pro-prohibition posters Groups that supported prohibition were: Daddy s in there, along with our shoes & clothes and they re never coming out 20 The Anti-Saloon League was the leading organisation. It was strongest in the South and rural North, drawing heavy support Protestant ministers and their congregations. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was a mass organisation of women devoted to social reform, they also based their campaign around religion and used the church to spread their message

21 Exam question practice Give information and detail about 1 point. Describe 2 reasons why prohibition was introduced in the USA in the 1920s. (4 marks) Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins Gangsters and the failure of prohibition In 1929 the Wickersham Commission reported that Prohibition was not working. Prohibition had failed. Here are 7 reasons why: 1. There weren't enough Prohibition agents to enforce the law - only 1,500 in The size of America's boundaries made it hard for these agents to control smuggling bootleggers. 3. The low salary paid to the agents made it easy to bribe them. 4. Judges, police, politicians etc also accepted bribes- the American people were beginning to lose faith in their justice system 5. Many Americans never gave their support to Prohibition and were willing to drink in speakeasies 6. Gangsters such as Al Capone made money from organised crime. 21

22 7. Protection rackets, organised crime and gangland murders were more common during Prohibition than when alcohol could be bought legally. Exam question practice Give information and detail about 1 point. Describe 2 reasons why prohibition failed. (4 marks) Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins How did Prohibition lead to crime? Prohibition created an enormous public demand for illegal alcohol. Gang leaders such as Al Capone and Bugs Moran battled for control of Chicago's illegal drinking dens known as speakeasies. Capone claimed that he was only a businessman, but between 1927 and 1930 more than 500 gangland murders took place. The most infamous incident was the St Valentine's Day massacre in 1929 when Capone's men killed seven members of his rival Moran's gang while Capone lay innocently on a beach in Florida. Capone was imprisoned for income-tax evasion and died from syphilis in It has been estimated that during Prohibition, $2,000 million worth of business was transferred from the brewing 22

23 Task 7: Read pages 23 and scan the QR codes on p24 to watch revision videos. Summarise info from p23 and the videos on 1 post it note. Then complete the exam Q on p24 Prohibition: Was it a total failure? No- some success: Prohibition laws were followed in small towns and rural areas. There was a general fall in cases of alcoholism. Drinking alcohol declined in the United States. There were less arrests for drunkenness. Yes- total failure: Above: Al Capone Many people made their own alcohol called moonshine. There was a huge increase in organised crime. The Prohibition laws were frequently ignored in the larger cities. The government lost money when it was no longer able to tax alcohol. Below: A police photograph published in 1929 to show police officers after they have raided an illegal home-made alcohol factory. Watch this revision video Then take this revision quiz 23

24 Exam question practice Explain one way in which the USA was affected by organised crime. Give specific examples of the effects and consequences; these might be good or bad. Try to develop your point with links to other effects, whether it affected everyone or certain groups, how long the effects lasted etc. You could also mention what didn t change because of the factor in the question. Q; In what ways was the USA affected by organised crime in the 1920s? (8 marks) Explain one way in which the USA was affected by organised crime. Give specific examples of the effects and consequences; these might be good or bad. Try to develop your point with links to other effects, whether it affected everyone or certain groups, how long the effects lasted etc. You could also mention what didn t change because of the factor in the question. 24

25 This answer should be 2 substantial paragraphs and take no more than 10 mins Task 8: Read page 25 and highlight no more than 6 key points. Watch the videos using the QR codes on p26. Complete the exam Q on p 26. The end of the boom- the causes of the Wall St Crash 1929 Historians are fairly much agreed why the Wall Street Crash of 1929 happened. 1. Wall Street over-heated: Between the value of shares rose 5 times. Share prices rose way beyond what the firms they were shares were worth; only speculation kept up the over-inflated prices. 2. Speculation: Many people became speculators - 600,000 by Many people were buying shares 'on the margin' (borrowing 90% of the share value to buy the shares, hoping to pay back the loan with the profit they made on the sale). Some firms which were not sound investments floated shares (e.g. one was set up to develop a South American mine which did not exist), but people still bought them, because they expected to make a profit in the bull market. 3. Corruption - the Senate Committee set up to investigate the Great Crash found that there was a corruption and 'insider-trading' between the banks and the brokers. 4. Panic: There were losses of confidence in March and September (when the economist Roger Babson forecast a crash), but the banks papered over the cracks by mass-buying of shares to help the market. On Thursday 24th October 1929, nearly 13 million shares were sold in a panic, and prices crashed. The banks tried to shore up the market again, but on Monday there were heavy selling; the banks realised it was hopeless and stopped buying shares. Speculators panicked at the thought of being stuck with huge loans and worthless shares. On Tuesday 29th October the market slumped again, when 16 million shares were sold. Long term causes- Overproduction: Eventually, there were too many goods being made and not enough people to buy them. Farmers had produced too much food in the 1920s, so prices for their produce became steadily lower. Uneven distribution of wealth: even though the 1920s had been a decade of prosperity, almost half of Americans lived below the poverty line. This made the economy unstable. 25

26 People outside a closed bank during the Depression Watch this revision video Then take this revision quiz Exam question practice Give information and detail about 1 point. Describe 2 reasons why the Wall St Crash happened in (4 marks) Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer 26

27 should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins Task 9: Read pages 27 and 28. Watch the video links and complete the online quiz by scanning the QR codes. Complete the exam question on p28. The Great Depression In 1928 the new Republican president Herbert Hoover confidently stated, 'We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land.' Within a year, all the confidence had ended and America was plunged into the Depression. Wall Street Crash When the Wall Street stock market crashed in October 1929, the world economy was plunged into the Great Depression. By the winter of 1932, America was in the depths of the greatest economic depression in its history. Effects on urban areas- cities Factories cut production because people weren t buying products Cut production meant making people unemployed Unemployed people couldn t pay their rents or mortgages and became homeless The number of unemployed people reached upwards of 13 million- nearly 25% of the population. Many people lived in primitive conditions close to famine. One New York family moved into a cave in Central Park. In St Louis, more than 1,000 people lived in shacks made from scrap metal and boxes. There were many similar Hoovervilles all over America Between 1 and 2 million people travelled the country desperately looking for work. Signs saying 'No Men Wanted' were displayed all over the country. 27

28 Many children were deserted and left homeless during the Depression Effects on the countryside: rural depression Things were tough for farmers throughout the 1920s and the depression made their lives even harder The depression didn t cause the dust bowl, but the dust bowl made the effects of the depression were made worse by it The dust bowl was created by over farming and droughts The Depression was worst in farming, and in the old industries Many farmers could not afford their mortgage repayments and many Okies (from Oklahoma) and Arkies (from Arkansas) had to abandon their farms and go fruit-picking in California. Exam question practice Explain one way in which the USA was affected by the depression Give specific examples of the effects and consequences; these might be good or bad. Try to develop your point with links to other effects, whether it affected everyone or certain groups, how long the effects lasted etc. You could also mention what didn t change because of the factor in the question. Q; In what ways was the USA affected by the depression in the 1930s? (8 marks) Explain another way in which the USA 28

29 was affected by the depression. Give specific examples of the effects and consequences; these might be good or bad. Try to develop your point with links to other effects, whether it affected everyone or certain groups, how long the effects lasted etc. You could also mention what didn t change because of the factor in the question. This answer should be 2 substantial paragraphs and take no more than 10 mins Task 10: Read pages 29 and 30. Highlight and reduce to 1 post it note. Watch the video link by scanning the QR codes. Complete the exam question on p31. How did Hoover try to deal with the depression? Recovery is just around the corner Herbert Hoover was president of the USA in the late 1920s and early 30s. He had been in charge in the good times. He was a Republican. The Republicans and Hoover believed in rugged individualism, and stuck to the idea that it was not the government s job to interfere with business. However, it would be unfair to say that Hoover did nothing to try to solve the problems of the great depression, but what he did try didn t go far enough. What did Hoover do? 29

30 1. In 1930 the Smoot-Hawley Act raised tariffs, in 1931 the Fed raised interest rates, and in 1932 the government raised taxes - all three simply made the Depression much worse. 2. Most Americans came to blame the President for the Depression. Shanty towns were called Hoovervilles, but there was also Hoover leather (cardboard soles for shoes) and Hoover blankets (newspapers). In Hoover we trusted, but now we are busted. 3. In 1930 he cut taxes and the Committee for Unemployment Relief was formed. 4. In 1931 he gave $4000 million to state governments to set up schemes to provide work (e.g. the Hoover Dam). 5. In 1932 he passed the Emergency Relief Act ($300 million to provide unemployment pay) and the Reconstruction Act (which set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to provide $1500 million of loans to help businessmen). 6. All this is usually either not mentioned at all, or dismissed as too little, too late. In fact, it was exactly what the New Deal was later to copy. By the time of the election in November 1932, Hoover's popularity had reached rock bottom. It was not even safe for him to go onto the streets to campaign. There were many protest marches and riots. When banks tried to re-possess some farms, local farmer banded together and drove them off with pitch-forks. Bonus Army: In 1932, 20,000 unemployed ex-soldiers set up a Hooverville in Washington to ask for their war pension ( bonus ) to be paid early; Hoover set the army on them, who drive them away with guns and tear-gas. People, including children were killed. This further increased his unpopularity. 'In Hoover we trusted, now we are busted!' 1932 election Needless to say, Hoover lost the 1932 election due to widespread poverty and was replaced by the Democratic leader, Franklin D Roosevelt, who aimed to tackle the Depression. Franklin D Roosevelt The Presidential election campaign of November 1932 took place against the backdrop of the most severe economic depression in American history. While Republican President Herbert Hoover was personally blamed for failing to deal with the consequences of the Wall Street Crash of October 1929, the Democratic candidate, Franklin D Roosevelt promised, "A new deal for the American people." FDR - Experienced as governor of New York where he had helped the people there by providing relief measures - Friendly, likeable and approachable - Travelled the USA listening to people s problems - Promised change and action by the government although he was vague about what this was - Used the radio to get his message across - Came from 30 a wealthy family, well educated - Democrat

31 Hoover - Experienced president who had been in charge during the boom times - Blamed for the problems of the Depression - Said the economy would sort itself out, believed in rugged individualism, not government help - Came from a poor background, had worked hard to rise to president - Public feeling was so strong against Hoover that he suffered death threats and stayed in the White House during the election campaign. This made him look cold and uncaring. - Things he had tried to end the Depression were too little too late - Belief in him was severely damaged by the Bonus Army incident where war veterans were shot at and some were killed by the army - Republican - The election was won by FDR with a large majority. He received 57% of the popular vote. More importantly, he won in 42 out of 48 states. This proved he had the majority support in most areas of the USA. Exam question practice Describe 2 reasons why FDR won the 1932 election (4 marks) 31

32 Give information and detail about 1 point. Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins Task 11: Read pages Watch the video links. Make an acronym for the 4 parts of the New Deal. Aim to learn at least 1 example of a relief, a recovery and a reform alphabet agency. What Action did FDR Take? The New Deal As he entered the White House, the scale of the problem he faced was immense. By the winter of , the country seemed to have reached rock bottom. Roosevelt's personal solution, the New Deal was the largest, most expensive government programme in the history of the American presidency. What did the New Deal consist of? Roosevelt skilfully used his inaugural address to reassure the American people that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself - nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror". 1. Fireside chats - in March 1933, about 60 million Americans gathered around their radios to be told in a warm tone - ""I can assure you that it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattress"". 2. Stabilised the banking system - with the banking system in crisis, the president declared a nationwide bank holiday for 4 days to allow time for people to regain their nerve. Banks were inspected and only those considered trustworthy were allowed to reopen under licence. 3. FDR ended prohibition, which was a really unpopular policy 4. Alphabet Agencies were set up 32

33 All of this took place in the first 100 days of FDR s presidency and therefore became known as The Hundred Days. FDR was given emergency powers by Congress- the same powers the president has if the country was at war. This shows just how serious the problems were, but also how serious the action taken was. 100 days video The New Deal had 3 Aims: Relief: To help those in need straight away- the homeless, the starving and the unemployed Recovery: To provide measures that would help the economy recover- jobs Reform: To provide long term, positive change in the USA Relief: FERA HOLC Federal Emergency Relief Administration Gave $500 million to help those in need- mostly the unemployed. Provided soup kitchens and shelters for the homeless. Home Owners Loan Corporation Provided loans to home owners so that they could pay their mortgages and wouldn t lose their homes 33

34 FCA Farm Credit Administration This agency used Federal money to pay off farm creditors and save farmers from bankruptcy. Recovery PWA and CWA CCC AAA Public Works Administration and Civil Works Administration Gave jobs to people to boost the economy. Building of bridges, roads, schools and hospitals The CWA gave jobs to 4milliop people during the winter of The Civilian Conservation Corps offered short-term work to young men (18-25) on conservation projects, such as planting trees or clearing land. They got $1 a day, but also got food and accommodation The Agricultural Adjustment Act Aimed at reducing farm production and boosting farm prices by paying farmers to produce less.6 million pigs were killed under this act and some produce was burned. Reform NRA TVA Second New Deal measures National Recovery Administration Set out to improve working conditions, a code of practise for working hours etc. Workers were allowed to join a trade union. This was later declared unlawful by the Supreme Court Tennessee Valley Authority Dams were built in an area that covered 7 states. This provided jobs along with electricity for places that hadn t had it before. It also helped with the flooding and drought in this area. The Second New Deal was more about providing lasting social change. For example: Pensions were provided under the Social Security Act. The Wagner Act replaced the banned NRA to help workers rights. Task 12: Read pages Watch the video links by scanning the QR codes. Then complete the exam Qs on p The second New Deal 34

35 At the start of 1934 there was still 11.3 million people out of work. Some historians have said that failing to deal with unemployment was the biggest weakness of the New Deal. Criticism of Roosevelt emerged from several directions. With the 1936 presidential election on the horizon, the New Deal began to change direction. Some historians have interpreted the change by saying there were two New Deals - the first dealing with the immediate emergency of and the second, which emerged in , offering more radical, reforming policies: The Second New Deal. Watch and make notes of 3 key points Opponents of the New Deal 1. Republican opponents said Roosevelt had spent too much government money and said that the government was interfering in people s lives too much and making them reliant on hand outs. 2. Businessmen who resented the NRA telling them what to do. 3. The rich who believed Roosevelt had betrayed his own class (Roosevelt was from a very wealthy family) and resented their taxes being used to help the poor. 4. Those who felt the New Deal wasn t doing enough: Huey Long - the Governor of Louisiana, launched the Share our Wealth campaign in which personal fortunes of more than $3 million would be redistributed to ordinary citizens. Father Charles Coughlin - a Canadian priest - broadcast popular sermons on the radio, promising to nationalise the banks. Dr Francis Townsend planned to boost the economy by raising pensions for the over 60s - in return, they would spend $200 a month to increase demand for consumer goods. 5. The Supreme Court who blocked several of FDR s measures- the AAA and the NRA were declared unconstitutional as they took away the power of states. Because of this, in 1937, Roosevelt threatened to force old Republican Supreme Court judges to retire and to create 6 new ones who were on his side; the crisis was averted when the Supreme Court reversed its decisions. But FDR was criticised for acting like a dictator and trying to pack the court with his own men. At first glance, the cartoon could be mistaken for criticising Roosevelt and the New Deal. It looks like Roosevelt is rescuing another person from the sea of Depression and pulling him into his National Recovery boat. Many New Deal critics were opposed to the cost of the New Deal to the American taxpayer. However, the cartoon is actually criticising the US Supreme Court - the caption gives it away - Roosevelt is saying: "I'm sorry but the Supreme Court says I must chuck you back again", and he is shown to be pushing the man's head down. This is because the Supreme Court did not agree with many of Roosevelt's New Deal proposals and, therefore, did not pass them. This cartoon sympathises with Roosevelt as it shows him unwillingly pushing away the man who needs saving. 35

36 Opposition to the New Deal New Deal: Success or failure? New Deal info Interpretation A: John Gates, in his book The Story of an American Communist published in In the early 1930s Gates was a student. He had discovered the writings of Karl Marx in which he said that he found the answers to the causes of the Depression, socialism and a world brotherhood of man. Soon afterwards he joined the Young Communist League. We planned a demonstration of the unemployed during President Roosevelt's inauguration on March 4, I was chosen to open the demonstration and was arrested because we didn t have a permit to hold it. Listening to the broadcast when I was in jail, it did not sound exactly like a New Deal to me. I did not believe the President and had no confidence in him. He announced the closing of the banks and the introduction of a New Deal for the American people. It sounded to me like a possible dictatorship. Interpretation B: Rexford Tugwell in his book The Democratic Roosevelt published in Tugwell was a member of the Democratic Party and a close friend of Franklin D Roosevelt. In 1932 he joined a team to advise Roosevelt during the presidential election. Roosevelt consulted Tugwell about the banking crisis and the New Deal. When Roosevelt died our society was much further forward than when he became President. It is true that there was a change from the old rugged individualism and laissez-faire ideas towards more government regulation. And a move away from individual responsibility for sickness, unemployment and old age to security for all. This helped those with the least power to bargain. We are a lucky people. If it had not been for this democrat we might have fallen to a dictatorship. For that being talked about when he took charge. Exam question practice Read the two sources carefully How does Interpretation B differ from Interpretation A about President Roosevelt s New Deal? Explain your answer using Interpretations A and B. [4 marks] Identify 1 way they are saying something different Identify another way they are saying something different 36

37 Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins Exam question practice Read the PROVENACE of the two sources carefully Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation A. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Why might the authors of Interpretations A and B have a different interpretation about President Roosevelt s New Deal? Explain your answer using Interpretations A and B and your contextual knowledge. [4 marks] Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation B. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins Choose one thing from A and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source A is correct in saying Source A is incorrect because Source A is missing key Which interpretation do you find more convincing about President Roosevelt s New Deal? Explain your answer using Interpretations A and B and your contextual knowledge. [8 marks] 37

38 information about Choose one thing from B and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source B is correct in saying Source B is incorrect because Source B is missing key information about Then decide which source you think is most convincing (nearest to the truth, best fits what you know) and say why. This answer should be 2 good paragraphs and a brief 2-3 line conclusion about which is more convincing (nearest the truth, best fits with what you know) and should take no longer than 10 mins The USA and World War 2 Lend lease meant that the US could produce weapons and give them to their allies on a use now, pay later basis. This meant that many jobs were created in arms production. Because the USA was providing weapons to their enemies, Japan bombed the American naval base of Pearl Harbour in December America declared war on Japan and their allies. WWII put the USA back on track as a great industrial power. Unemployment fell to zero - 10 million Americans into the armed forces and into arms production GNP doubled The depression was ended. 38

39 Successes How successful was the New Deal? 1. Roosevelt restored confidence in the American people. 2. Millions of people were given work in government projects. 3. A lot of valuable work was carried out by the in building schools, roads and hospitals. 4. Roosevelt rescued the banking system from collapse and saved capitalism. 5. Millions of people received relief, help with their mortgage, jobs etc. from the alphabet agencies. 6. Roosevelt's new laws about social security/ minimum wage/ labour relations and trade unions survived and protected ordinary people s rights and conditions. Democracy survived in America (unlike Italy and Germany) 7. It was popular- FDR won the 1936 election with a huge majority. Roosevelt became the people's hero - he was elected in total four times. Failures 1. There was a new recession - the 'Roosevelt recession' in funding was reduced for the New Deal and unemployment rose again. It was seen as more of a temporary fix. 2. Unemployment was not conquered by the New Deal- it remained a problem until America joined WW2. 3. Many of the jobs created by the New Deal were only temporary. 4. The New Deal was the most costly government programme in American History and some of its projects could be accused of wasting money. 5. It didn t help blacks or women specifically. Task 13: Read and highlight this page, then attempt the exam Q on p40. American Women in World War II American women played important roles during World War II, both at home and in uniform. Not only did they give their sons, husbands, fathers, and brothers to the war effort, they gave their time, energy, and some even gave their lives. Nearly 350,000 American women served in uniform, both at home and abroad, volunteering for the newly formed Women s units of the army, air force and navy. General Eisenhower felt that he could not win the war without the aid of the women in uniform. Women in uniform took office and clerical jobs in the armed forces in order to free men to fight. They also drove trucks, repaired 39

40 airplanes, worked as laboratory technicians, rigged parachutes, served as radio operators, analysed photographs, flew military aircraft across the country, test-flew newly repaired planes, and even trained anti-aircraft artillery gunners by acting as flying targets. Some women served near the front lines in the Army Nurse Corps, where 16 were killed as a result of direct enemy fire. At the war s end, even though a majority of women surveyed reported wanted to keep their jobs, many were forced out by men returning home and by the downturn in demand for war materials. Women veterans encountered roadblocks when they tried to take advantage of benefit programs for veterans, like the G.I. Bill. The nation that needed their help in a time of crisis, it seems, was not yet ready for the greater social equality that would slowly come in the decades to follow. African Americans Over 2.5 million African-American men registered for the draft, and black women also volunteered in large numbers. While serving in the Army, Army Air Forces, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, they experienced discrimination and segregation but met the challenge and persevered. They served their country with distinction, made valuable contributions to the war effort, and earned high praises and commendations for their struggles and sacrifices. Exam question practice Describe 2 ways in which women contributed to the war effort during WW2 (4 marks) 40

41 Give information and detail about 1 point. Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins Task 14: Read the rest of this page and the top of p41. Make 3 flashcards for this information. America after the war- the 1950s When the war ended, life in the USA gradually returned to normal. Now that the war was over, peacetime goods were produced in the same efficient way that war goods had been, Soon, luxury items such as cars and televisions were produced at prices that millions could afford. People were keen to buy them as they had been rare during the war. A huge advertising industry and buy now pay later schemes encouraged people to spend money. Malls sprung up which could be reached by the now vast amounts of cars on the road- 75 million by By the end of the 50s, 9 out of 10 households had a TV, eight had a car and a telephone and 7 had a washing machine. Europe was keen to buy American goods and the US economy was stronger than ever supplying 65% of the world s manufactured goods. After the war, the US also experienced a baby boom that saw a 40% increase in the population. 41

42 President Truman s Fair Deal A GI bill was passed after the war to help veterans. It established hospitals, made cheap home loans available and gave grants for ex soldiers to attend college. $4 billion was given to such projects from Truman, like FDR thought that it was important to help Americans who were in need and he called his plan the Fair Deal. He raised the minimum hourly wage from 40 cents to 75 cents and cleared slums to make way for affordable housing. Attempts to improve the rights for African Americans were halted however. Women returned to traditionally female jobs. Women did have the latest gadgets at home to help them and this was seen (mostly by men) as being a big part of the American dream. Middle class women were becoming increasingly frustrated with their lives. Rock and roll A new style of music spread across the USA. It appealed to teenagers and was different from anything else before. It was seen as being dangerous and linked to gang culture. Elvis Presley became a huge star. McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy encouraged anti-communist feelings. He accused people of being communists, stating that he had a list of communists who were working in government, in the army and in other important posts. With no evidence against them, hundreds of people were accused of secretly working for the Soviet Union. The Communist Party was banned from the USA. McCarthy ruined people s lives. After McCarthy had accused 45 army officers of being communists, he was asked to prove this he had no evidence and so he lost his job. The court case was broadcast on television. The New Frontier and the Great Society In 1960 John F Kennedy became President. His policy was The New Frontier. His aim was to eliminate poverty, inequality and deprivation. The USA s problems during the 1960s included the decline of towns due to unemployment, poverty and increased crime, civil rights matters and the USA s involvement in the Vietnam War. JFK had intended to introduce changes to society and the economy. He had proposed an ambitious system of health insurance called Medicare, medical help for the elderly and a Civil Rights Bill. He also intended to introduce an education law to give more money to schools. He 42

43 increased benefits, raised the minimum wage and established training schemes for the unemployed. JFK had charisma, but he did not have a good relationship with Congress, and his ideas were rejected. Lyndon B Johnson was the new President following the assassination of JFK. LBJ continued to develop JFK s ideas. Johnson wanted to create a GREAT SOCIETY. He won the 1964 election by stating that he wanted to end poverty. He created Operation Headstart, which gave money to schools in cities to provide a better education for the poor. In 1966 Johnson persuaded Congress to agree to an act that would provide free medical care for the elderly. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed. Task 15: Watch the video clip and complete the tasks, quiz and revision activity that accompany it, then make a flashcard for each of the major events in the civil rights movement on p44 and 45 Race Relations in USA Watch the overview video, complete quiz and revision activity "How should we punish Hitler?" a reporter asked a young American black girl towards the end of the Second World War. "Paint him black and bring him here" was the reply. In 1950s America, black people made up 10%+ of the population. However, they were still treated as inferior. In the northern cities, black people lived in ghettos. In the south they were officially segregated. The racist attitude towards black people in the USA was formed during the era of slavery. A situation was established where white people were the haves, and black people were the have nots. Segregation Laws Segregation and discrimination happened in America despite the Constitution stating that all Americans should be treated equally and afforded the same civil rights. 'Jim Crow' Laws 'Jim Crow'- slang for a black person. This resulted in blacks being treated as inferior citizens. Public facilities, such as buses and schools were segregated. Black people were excluded from political processes, and had no voice in Congress or the local government. Black people were not protected by law. Black people suffered economically, earning half the wage of a white person doing the same job. Suffered violence, including lynching, at the hands of racist groups such as the KKK. 43

44 WW2 is often seen as one of the major turning points in black civil rights. Blacks were allowed to enter the US Army, though they were originally only allowed to do manual tasks. Those who worked in war industries found that their wages had doubled! Attitudes in the Southern States and the KKK Many people in the southern states opposed black civil rights, and were prepared to fight them in any way possible. This resulted in over 7 million blacks migrating from the south to the north and west, where there was a slightly lower level of discrimination, and more opportunities. The KKK was a particularly active group. It operated with impunity from the law, and it was alleged to work alongside the police. It often used physical violence and terrorism to force blacks out of neighbourhoods. Birmingham, Alabama, was often called 'bombingham'. In 1963, Klan members bombed a church in Birmingham, resulting in the deaths of four girls. Organisation National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People Methods NAACP Set up in 1911, by 1945 it had 450,000 members. In the 1930s it campaigned against lynching. One black NAACP lawyer, Charles Houston, trained an elite team of black lawyers who challenged segregation laws in court. They won a number of cases, including the right to postgraduate education and the right to sit on juries. Also involved in the landmark Brown vs. Topeka case. Congress of Racial Equality CORE Organised sit-ins at restaurants and other public places, and insisted that its members sit in white-only seats on buses. Set up Southern Christian Leadership Conference Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee SCLC SNCC Set up by Martin Luther King in The problem with this was that the SCLC was run by male, educated Church ministers who were pompous and quarrelsome. Formed towards the end of the sit-ins(1960), many members took part in the Freedom Rides, and later began a campaign for desegregation in Albany, Georgia. Major events in the Civil Rights movement Brown Vs Board of Educatio n Topeka 1954 What happened Picture Outcome A black school girl (Linda Brown) had to travel several miles and cross a dangerous railway track to get to the black school, when there was a white only school nearby. The campaigners saw this as a test case to see if the Supreme Court would allow states to continue to segregate schools. If they did not, the whole idea of segregation could come tumbling down. In May 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in favour or Brown and said that segregated education could not continue. It created a feeling of inferiority and inequality for African Americans. All southern states had to set up integrated schools 44

45 Montgo mery bus boycott African Americans were only allowed to sit in the back of buses and had to give up their seats if whites wanted them. Rosa Parks took a stand against this and refused to give up her seat to a white man. She was arrested. Her supporters decided to boycott the bus service, which had a big impact on the bus company which lost 65% of its income. Protestors faced violence and intimidation- being shot at, churches and homes set on fire. This was the first example of a protest whereby people refused to cooperate with discrimination. It showed how powerful people could be if they took a stand together peacefully. Civil rights lawyers fought Rosa Parks case and the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was illegal. Little Rock 1957 Integration of schools was met with fierce resistance in some states, Arkansas was one example. It had failed to integrate its schools, 3 years after the Supreme Court had ruled. In 1957, the governor of Arkansas was ordered to let 9 African Americans into a white high school. The Governor ordered the army to prevent them from attending. The Governor backed down when the President sent federal troops to protect the situation and ensure that the 9 students could attend the school. The troops stayed for 6 weeks. It was seen as a victory, but also set the precedent for the President to interfere when states refused to comply. The Greensb o-ro sitins 1960 In North Carolina students began a campaign to end segregation in restaurants in their town. Whites could sit down in restaurants whereas blacks had to stand to eat. Four black students sat on white only seats and refused to move, even though they were refused service. By the end of the week 400 students were sitting in at restaurants all over town and it spread to other cities. Those who sat in often were abused and had food and drink poured on them, but they didn t respond. By the end of 1960, restaurants had been desegregated in 126 cities 45

46 The Freedom Rides 1961 The March on Washing t-on 1963 In May 1961, protests took place because many states were not obeying the law to desegregate bus services after the Montgomery ruling. Protesters deliberately rode on buses in Birmingham, Alabama to highlight this. They faced some of the worst violence of the Civil Rights movement. Buses were set on fire with people inside. Two hundred protestors were arrested and spend 40 days in jail Segregation had been officially ended in shops, schools and transport but African Americans still did not have the right to vote. In August 1963, Martin Luther King staged his most high profile event. 200,000 black Americans and 50,000 whites marched on Washington DC to pressure President Kennedy to introduce a civil rights bill (law). MLK gave his I have a dream speech and the march was peaceful- not even litter was left by the protesters! New president JFK but pressure on the governor of Alabama to protect the bus riders. African Americans and their white supporters had shown that they were no longer prepared to be intimidated. The event had a huge impact on the American public and in 1964 a Civil Rights Act was signed by President Johnson (after JFK s assassination). The act made it illegal to discriminate in housing and employment. 430,000 African Americans registered to vote in the next 2 years Task 16: Have a go at the exam questions on p46,47 and 48 using the sources on this page Source A From the webpages of the Rosa Parks institute for Self Development, an organisation co founded in 1987 by Rosa Parks to inspire young people Rosa Louise Parks was nationally recognised as the mother of the modern civil rights movement in America. Her refusal to surrender her seat to a white male passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama bus on Dec 1 st 155 triggered a wave of protests. That reverberated throughout the United States. Her quiet, courageous act changed America, its view of black people and redirected the course of history. Source B From Black Profiles in Courage, a book by K Abdul- Jabbar, someone who thought that school textbooks tended to discriminate against people of colour in history. He wanted to write a bo0ok to provide role models for young African Americans Rosa was aware that in the last twelve months alone, 3 African American females had been arrested for the same offence. Of 4 black passengers asked to surrender their seats in no man s land, two refused,- an elderly woman and 15 year old Claudette Colvin. I done paid my dime Colvin had said. I ain t go not reason to move. Colvin refused to move, so police dragged her, fighting and crying o the squad car where she was rudely handcuffed. 46

47 Exam question practice How does interpretation A differ from interpretation B about Rosa Park s importance in the Civil Rights Movement? (4 marks) Read the two sources carefully Identify 1 way they are saying something different Identify another way they are saying something different Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins Exam question practice Read the PROVENACE of the two sources carefully Why might the authors of A and B have different interpretation about Rosa Parks importance in the Civil Rights Movement? Explain your answer using Interpretation A and B and your contextual knowledge Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation A. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Identify the aims/agenda/attitude of the author of interpretation B. Can you add a sentence from your own knowledge to develop this? Your answer should be no more than 4-5 lines and should take no longer than 5 mins 47

48 Choose one thing from E and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source A is correct in saying Source A is incorrect because Source Ais missing key information about Q: Which interpretation do you find more convincing about the importance of Rosa Parks in the Civil Rights Movement? Explain your answer using A and B and your contextual knowledge (8 marks) Choose one thing from F and explain it using your own knowledge. You should try to give specific evidence that backs up the source and/or disagrees and/or extra evidence that the source is missing about the topic in the question. Source B is correct in saying Source B is incorrect because Source B is missing key information about Then decide which source you think is most convincing (nearest to the truth, best fits what you know) and say why. This answer should be 2 good paragraphs and a brief 2-3 line conclusion about which is more convincing (nearest the truth, best fits with what you know) and should take no longer than 10 mins 48

49 Task 17: Read and highlight this information then watch the videos by scanning the QR code. Make at least 5 flashcards, then attempt the exam question on p The Growth of the Black Power Movement During the late 1960s, some civil rights organisations such as the SNCC and CORE became more radicalisedtheir politics became more left-wing, and their actions more violent. Along with the Nation of Islam (NoI), a very violent group, they supported separatism rather than integration. Mexico Olympics, 1968 Te most famous expression of Black Power was probably at the Mexico City Olympics in Tommie Smith came 1 st in the 200m, and John Carlos came third. They were both part of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. They both made the Black Power salute on the podium after receiving their medals. The Australian, who came second, Peter Norman, supported them. They were booed by the crowd, and later suspended from their team and banned from the Olympic Village. Nation of Islam (NoI) and Malcolm X The NoI was a black Muslim group with violent policies. Martin Luther King branded the group a 'hate group'. It's most influential and powerful member was Malcolm X. Malcolm X had joined the NoI whilst in prison for drug-dealing, and after the 1959 TV documentary 'The Hate That Hate Produced' became famous. He presented himself as an alternative to 'Dr King' who he called a 'fool'. In 1964, Malcolm X was suspended for appearing to welcome the assassination of President Kennedy. He was assassinated by a NoI gunman in The Black Panthers Huey Newton formed the Black Panther Party (BPP) in 1966 in response to police brutality in the Watts riots. The party had a ten-point programme, with demands including 'Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace'. At its height, it had 5,000 members. In , it temporarily merged with the SNCC. In Los Angeles, it set up health clinics with ambulances, and gave free breakfasts to children. Martin Luther King Martin Luther King is undeniably one of the most-respected figures of the civil rights movement. This is largely due to his non-violent tactics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in He played a vital role in bringing about changes for blacks in both political and legal terms. Many people, however, argue that this was only achieved through the help of others. Others also believed more focus should have been put on economic and social equality. In later years, King's influence lessened as more radical groups like the SNCC began to draw more supporters. After the Race Riots of , King seemed to change direction, and focus on the economic equality of blacks. He gained little support from blacks in northern states and lost support of President Johnson when he criticized the Vietnam War. He faced hostility from radicals like Floyd McKissick. King made an appearance in Memphis, where he had been invited to attend a protest, but it soon turned into a riot, and he was forced to call it off. However, he felt compelled to return and tell the public that violence was not the answer. He made his final speech on 3 rd April 1968, appearing to almost predict his own death, saying that he hoped to live a long life, but if he didn t he was not concerned, because he saw a bright future for Black Americans. He was assassinated on the balcony of his motel room the following day. 1950s overview video 1960s overview video 49

50 Exam question practice Which of the following achieved more during the Civil Rights Movement - the work of Martin Luther King - the Black power movement? Explain your answer with reference to both bullet points. [12 marks] Try to make at least 2 PEEL paragraphs for the first bullet point P oint E vidence E xplanation L ink back to the Q P oint E vidence E xplanation L ink back to Q Try to make at least 2 PEEL paragraphs for 50

51 the second bullet point P oint E vidence E xplanation L ink back to the Q P oint E vidence E xplanation L ink back to the Q Conclusion: Decide which bullet point you think is most important and explain why. Try to compare the points you have made in your PEEL paragraphs This answer should be at least 4 paragraphs plus a concluding paragraph and should take around 20 mins 51

52 Task 18: read and make a mind map of the main features of these two policies- choose the 5 most important points for each. Then attempt the exam Q on p52. Kennedy s New Frontier 1960 Johnson s Great Society 1963 Reasons: primarily the New Frontier was used as a campaign slogan but developed into a programme of reform to solve the issues surrounding Black Americans and Civil Rights by changing attitudes and providing equal opportunities. Reasons: after K s assassination in Nov. 1963, Johnson became President. In his first speech, he talked about a Great Society, which declared a war on poverty and an immediate end to racial injustice. Improved areas such as healthcare. Civil Rights: Appointed 5 black federal judges, including Thurgood Marshall (leading activist) Oct sent 23,000 government troops to ensure one student could study at the Mississippi University Feb introduced the Civil Rights Bill to Congress Civil Rights: Civil Rights Act, 1964 banned discrimination in public places, federally assisted programmes and employment Set up Equal Opportunity Commission Voting Rights Act, 1965 appointed agents to ensure no discrimination in voting 1967 mixed marriages were made legal Economic: Cut income taxes more spending money for consumers Provided grants for companies to invest in high-tech equipment to train workers and improve their productivity Limited prices and wages to ensure inflation did not spiral out of control Economic: Cut taxes help businesses grow to make more jobs for unemployed Economic Opportunity Act, 1964 reduce youth unemployment by retraining them. Low-interest loans provided for university Head Start Programme spent $1.5bn to help teachers provide extra help for poor Social: Minimum wage was increased from $1 to $1.25 per hour Social Security Act gave financial help to the elderly and unemployed Manpower Development and Training Act retrained unemployed and gave a $900m loan to provide work Social: Medical Care Act, 1965 free healthcare for over 65 s and those receiving welfare benefits Model Cities Act, 1966 improved inner cities environments clearing slums etc Increased minimum wage from $1.25 to $1.40 and hour Limitations and Opposition: K did not play a leading role in the Civil Rights movement; he feared losing the support of Southern Congressmen Still unemployment coal, iron, steel Dependent on government spending Medicare thrown out by Congress Only narrow victory in 1960 election Older members were suspicious of his inexperience Brains Trust Suspicious of radical ideas socialist programme Southern Congressmen (DIXIECRATS) disliked commitment to Civil Rights; feared equality would cost them the vote Opposition to increased spending that may undermine rugged individualism. 52 Limitations and Opposition: Republicans accused J of wasting money, undermining rugged individualism Overspending on welfare programmes Did little to solve inner city problems 1967, riots in Watts, LA, 35 killed Early enthusiasm faded inflation reached 6% in 1968 when taxes went up to pay for J s programmes In its last two years, Congress cut back on its funding for the programmes Vietnam War costly and led to personal criticism of Johnson LBJ, how many kids have you killed today? much opposition, led to youth movement People celebrated his decision not to run for reelection in 1968

53 Exam question practice Describe 2 ways in which the Johnson s Great Society programme changed life in the USA. (4 marks) Give information and detail about 1 point. Give information and detail about 1 point. This answer should be 1 paragraph and should take no more than 5 mins Task 19: Read the information below, watch the video by scanning the QR code and attempt the question on p53 and 54. The changing role of women in the USA The Impact of the Second World War More and more women started to work during the Second World War around 6 million were working in factories and almost 200,000 joined the army. During the war women had enjoyed a new sense of independence and they were not willing to give it up after the war. This new independence gave them the confidence to demand more rights. The growth of the feminist movement In 1963 Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique. This was a very important book in terms of women s rights and the feminist movement. Friedan said that women should have equal rights with men in every way and that women should be able to pursue a good career. In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organisation for Women - they demanded equal rights for women in US law and a woman's right to make her own decisions with regards to reproduction (at the time abortion was illegal in all US states). Women held protests and strikes in order to gain these rights. Legislation to gain equality The Civil Rights Act of 1964 stated that prejudice and discrimination on the basis of sex and race were illegal. In the 1970s laws were passed giving women the right to be treated equally at work, to gain access to higher education and equal pay. In 1973 the Supreme Court legalised abortion (Roe Vs Wade- below). In 53

54 1989, women only earned 70 per cent of the salaries earned by men. By 1990 women were six times more likely to be poor than men. By 2000 women were in 50 per cent of the managerial posts in the USA. Even today, women only earn 76 per cent of the salaries earned by men. Exam question practice Q; In what ways were the lives of women affected by the campaign for more equality in the USA in the 1960s and early 70s? Explain your answer (8 marks) Explain one way in which women s lives were affected by the campaigns. Give specific examples of the effects and consequences; these might be good or bad. Try to develop your point with links to other effects, whether it affected everyone or certain groups, how long the effects lasted etc. You could also mention what didn t change because of the factor in the question. Explain another in which women s lives were affected by the campaigns. Give specific examples of the effects and consequences; 54