NAWS at 30. Changing Crop Worker Characteristics: Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey,
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1 Changing Crop Worker Characteristics: Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey, NAWS at 30 April 12, 2018 Daniel Carroll and Susan Gabbard Davis, California Disclaimer: Views are solely those of the presenter
2 Overview Who are California crop workers? How do California and US crop worker characteristics differ? How have these populations changed in the last 25 years?
3 National Agricultural Workers Survey National survey of crop workers, started Fiscal Year 1989 Annual random sample survey of 1,500-3,000 workers Establishment survey find workers at work Leading source of reliable information on crop worker demographics Limited regional coverage and no local numbers H-2A workers excluded
4 NAWS Data Caveats This presentation is based on Federal Fiscal Year data from 1989 through 2014, which is available for download from the NAWS Web page: The data are grouped in multi-year intervals to get a large enough sample to make comparisons. Some of the estimates should be interpreted with caution because they have relative standard errors between 31 and 50 percent. Such values are identified with a superscript a.
5 California Migrant Crop Workers Fewer crop workers migrated either within the US or across international borders on an annual basis. Newcomers to crop work who were born abroad declined from: 29 percent in 2000 to One percent in 2014
6 International Migrants Crossing the US-Mexico Border to Work in California Map Source: Data Source: National Agricultural Workers Survey s TES orro Ae ondo NORTH 46 % % 2014 ult o XICO PACIFIC OCE N Cancun n, Acapu co o aca Sal a Cruz
7 Foreign-born Newcomers 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 4% 2% 4% 1% California National
8 Migrants 80% 60% 43% 40% 41% 20% 16% 14% 0% California National
9 Place of Birth National California % 85% 9% 89% 40% 54% 2% 28% 67% 4% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% US/Puerto Rico Mexico Central America Other
10 Crop Worker Gender The farm labor force in California is mostly male for both FLCs (73% male, 27% female) and growers (74% male, 26% female). Between 2000 and 2014, the gender composition of FLCemployed crop workers remained nearly the same while the female share of directly-hired workers increased by 6 percentage points(from 20% to 26%).
11 Age From 1989 to 2014, the crop labor force became older. Average age of workers in California increased from 34 in to 39 in Nationally, the average age of workers increased from 33 in to 38 in
12 English Language Proficiency National California % 9% 38% 43% 5% 5% 30% 60% 14% 12% 34% 40% 23% 9% 32% 35% 18% 7% 27% 48% 32% 11% 31% 26% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Well Somewhat A little Not at all
13 Family Composition Between 2000 and 2014: The share of crop workers who were single and without children decreased 16 percentage points nationally (43% to 27%) and 19 percentage points in California (41% to 22%). The share of crop workers with children increased 10 percentage points nationally (47% to 57%) and 14 percentage points in California (49% to 63%).
14 Has Children Under Age 18 80% 60% 40% 20% 33% 26% 49% 42% 0% California National
15 Family Togetherness and Separation In 2014: About two thirds of California crop workers lived with nuclear family members. About one in ten had a spouse or children but lived away from them. The remainder were single workers. Between 2000 and 2014, the percent of California workers living with nuclear family members increased: from 32 percent to 62 percent for FLC workers and from 42 percent to 71 percent for grower-hired workers
16 Families Receiving Public Assistance 80% 60% 40% 52% 48% 20% 0% 19% 15% California National
17 Weeks of Farm Work the Previous Year California National
18 Hourly Wage Fiscal Years California $5.53 $5.64 $5.69 $6.54 $7.50 $7.85 $9.00 $9.14 $10.09 National $5.25 $5.48 $5.69 $6.52 $7.39 $8.01 $9.14 $9.38 $10.18
19 Average Family Income Range Fiscal Years California National $10,000-$12,499 $10,000-$12, $10,000-$12,499 $10,000-$12, $7,500-$9,999 $10,000-$12, $10,000-$12,499 $10,000-$12, $15,000-$17,499 $15,000-$17, $15,000-$17,499 $15,000-$17, $17,500-$19,999 $17,500-$19, $17,500-$19,999 $17,500-$19, $20,000-$24,999 $20,000-$24,999
20 80% Employed By Farm Labor Contractor 60% 40% 20% 27% 16% 34% 15% 0% California National
21 Years of US Farm Work Experience California National
22 Held a Non-Farm Job the Previous Year 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 31% 16% 25% 17% 0% California National
23 Primary Crop At Current Farm Job California: California: National: National: Crop Difference Difference Field 9% 3% a -6% 12% 13% +1% Fruit/Nut 55% 63% +8% 28% 40% +12% Horticulture 7% 7% 0% 18% 23% +5% Vegetable 27% 26% -1% 35% 21% -14% Miscellaneous 2% <1% a -1% 6% 3% -3%
24 Primary Task At Current Farm Job California: California: National: National: Task Difference Difference Pre-harvest 10% 22% +12% 20% 26% +6% Harvest 47% 27% -20% 41% 23% -18% Post-harvest 9% 14% +5% 13% 18% +5% Semi-skilled 29% 37% +8% 18% 33% +15% Other 3% 0% -3% 7% 0% -7%
25 Plans To Continue Working in Agriculture National California % 79% 2% % 67% 10% % 82% 2% % 69% 4% % 61% 9% % 78% 3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 5 years or less More than 5 years/as long as I am able Other
26 How Legal Status was Obtained National California % 55% 7% 13% 14% 9% 16% 18% 1% 56% 44% 32% 3% 6% 14% 28% 12% 14% 1% 46% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% US Citizen Legalization applicant Family program Other work authorization Unauthorized
27 Housing In California, 93 percent of crop workers lived off-farm in 2014, up from 91 percent in Nationally, 85 percent of crop workers lived off-farm in 2014, up from 80 percent in 2000.
28 Summary This presentation identified important changes in the demographic and employment characteristics of crop workers. Between 1989 and 2014, the crop labor force: Became more settled, with the share of California workers who were migrant decreasing 29 percentage points and the share nationally decreasing 25 percentage points; Aged. The average age in California increased from 34 to 39 and nationally from 33 to 38; and Became more experienced, with the average number of years doing US farm work increasing from 11 to 16 years in California and 10 to 14 years nationally, and the average number of years working for the current farm employer increasing by two years (from 5 to 7 for both California and nationally). Between 2000 and 2014, the crop labor force: Became increasingly comprised of farm workers with children (from 49% o 63% in California and 47% to 57% nationally); and Saw a substantial decline in the share of crop workers who were foreign-born newcomers, who now comprise just two percent of California and one percent of US crop workers.
29 The End Contact information: Daniel Carroll Susan Gabbard
California Crop Worker Characteristics:
Employment & Training Administration Office of Policy Development and Research Division of Research and Evaluation California Crop Worker Characteristics: Preliminary 2015-2016 Findings from the National
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