CIP a cura del Sistema bibliotecario dell Università di Pisa

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "CIP a cura del Sistema bibliotecario dell Università di Pisa"

Transcription

1 Global Encounters European Identities / edited by Mary N. Harris with Anna Agnarsdóttir and Csaba Lévai. - Pisa : Plus-Pisa University Press, (Thematic work group. 6, Europe and the Wider World ; 5) 940 (21.) 1. Europa Cultura 2. Europa - Storia I. Harris, Mary N. II. Lévai, Csaba CIP a cura del Sistema bibliotecario dell Università di Pisa This volume is published thanks to the support of the Directorate General for Research of the European Commission, by the Sixth Framework Network of Excellence CLIOHRES.net under the contract CIT3-CT The volume is solely the responsibility of the Network and the authors; the European Community cannot be held responsible for its contents or for any use which may be made of it. Cover: Anonymous, Dance of Amerindians, 18th century, painted screen, Museo de America, Madrid Photo Scala, Florence 2010 by CLIOHRES.net The materials published as part of the CLIOHRES Project are the property of the CLIOHRES.net Consortium. They are available for study and use, provided that the source is clearly acknowledged. cliohres@cliohres.net - Published by Edizioni Plus Pisa University Press Lungarno Pacinotti, Pisa Tel Fax info.plus@adm.unipi.it - Section Biblioteca Member of ISBN: Editorial assistance Viktoriya Kolp Informatic editing Răzvan Adrian Marinescu

2 Slovene Political Émigré Communities and the Idea of Slovenia as an Independent State after World War II University of Maribor Abstract This chapter provides a brief survey of Slovene political émigré communities in Canada, Argentina, Australia and other non-european countries, and their attitudes towards and reflections on the idea of Slovenia as an independent state after World War II. It is a coherent continuation of Matjaž Klemenčič s chapter, Reactions of Slovene Immigrant Communities in the US to 20th-Century Crises in the Homeland, in this volume. I also survey the activities of those communities and their campaigns for the recognition of Slovene independence in the years 1991 and V prispevku sem pregledal in opisal slovensko državno misel med slovenskimi političnimi emigranti po svetu, posebej v Kanadi, Argentini in ostalih državah izven Združenih držav Amerike. Prav tako sem podal kratek pregled, kolikor mi je dopuščal prostor, o aktivnostih emigrantskih skupnosti ob osamosvajanju Slovenije. Povsem jasno je, da čaka raziskovalce tega in podobnih vprašanj še veliko dela, saj slovenske politične emigrantske skupnosti do leta 1990 povečini niso bile vključene v nacionalni raziskovalni interes. Ugotovimo lahko, da so slovenski izseljenci v času najrazličnejših kriz pokazali veliko zanimanje za dogajanje v njihovi stari domovini. To se je pokazalo ob različnih političnih, gospodarskih, humanitarnih in ostalih krizah, ki so odločilno vplivale na homogeniziranje in poenotenje Slovencev po svetu in tako prispevale k ohranjanju njihove nacionalne zavesti. Matjaž Klemenčič ugotavlja, da so se na dogodke v Sloveniji v letih odzvali slovenski izseljenci po vsem svetu. Aktivnostim sledimo tudi v državah, kjer so Slovenci ali njihovi potomci živeli v relativno majhnem številu, kot na primer v Južnoafriški republiki ali na Novi Zelandiji. Poleg visoke stopnje enotnosti znotraj izseljenskih skupnosti moramo izpostaviti njihov doprinos k priznanju neodvisnosti in suverenosti Slovenije. Res je, da priznanje Slovenije ni bil rezultat pritiskov slovenskih izseljenskih skupnosti na države Evropske unije in ZDA.

3 128 Vseeno pa lahko gledamo z občudovanjem na dosežke teh skupnosti v času, ko se je odločalo o slovenski suverenosti. During and after World War II, differences emerged within and among Slovene political émigré communities over questions concerning the future of the Slovene people. Some Slovene emigrant organizations and individuals supported the establishment of an independent state of Slovenia but most supported the reestablishment of the federal democratic Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Historians can observe a decline in the level of political activity promoting the idea of Slovenia as an independent state among Slovenes worldwide in the 1950s but, from the end of 1980s, more or less all émigré organizations supported Slovenia on its way towards independence. In the 1950s Slovene political emigrants, especially those who were united in the Slovene People s Party, also supported the proposals for the formation of a European union that emerged at that time. They thought that the inclusion of Yugoslavia/Slovenia in European integration processes would lead to the collapse of the communist regime in their mother country. At the end of 1980s Slovene communities worldwide supported a range of activities to promote the cause of Slovene independence. These activities included Slovene immigrant leaders sending letters, petitions and various resolutions to the governments of their new homelands. It must be noted, however, that the situation varied from country to country. In this chapter I shall consider Slovene immigrants worldwide, focusing in particular on Canada, Argentina, and Australia and some other countries that also followed the above-mentioned idea with passion and courage. However, I exclude the US as this study complements Matjaž Klemenčič s chapter elsewhere in this volume, addressing the response of Slovene immigrants in the US to crises in the homeland. The idea of Slovene statehood among Slovene political émigré communities The idea of Slovenia as an independent state emerged after the dissolution and occupation of Yugoslavia by Germany, Italy and Hungary in It is also associated with three well-known Slovene intellectuals who were the first to propagate this idea, Dr. Lambert Ehrlich 1, Professor of Theology at the University of Ljubljana, Fr Kazimir Zakrajšek 2, a Franciscan priest, and Dr. Ciril Žebot 3, lecturer in Economic Sciences in the Law Faculty in Ljubljana. They all had similar plans for Slovenia after World War II ended with the victory of the Allies. None of them supported the National Liberation Front, which was led by the Communist Party 4.

4 Slovene Political Émigré Communities 129 Nevertheless, this was not the first time that the idea of an independent state of Slovenia appeared in a document. It is important to note that determination of frontiers after World War I was very complicated as compromises were required among the interests of the Great Powers. US President Woodrow Wilson wanted Austria-Hungary to be preserved after the war until the summer of 1918, when he changed his views. The US State Department saw the south Slavic question resolved on the basis of the principle of nationality unification of the entire Yugoslav people in a single state, whether in the context of Austria-Hungary or separate from it. The various scenarios that the Inquiry Commission presented to the American delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference also included the suggestion to establish both a Yugoslav state and several independent states, including a state of Slovenia. The British Historian Arnold Toynbee held a very similar opinion 5. After the Italian surrender in 1943, Žebot went to Rome where he had organized the Action Committee for a Unified and Sovereign Slovene State (AC) during the preparation of a peace treaty with Italy in This Action Committee sent many memoranda to the Western Allies, urging them to recognize the Slovene state. On 3 July 1946, after the Great Powers decided to establish the Free Territory of Trieste, the Action Committee sent a memorandum demanding that the Free Territory of Trieste should include all of the Slovene ethnic territory in what is today Slovenia, the eastern part of Friuli-Venetia-Giulia, southern Carinthia and Porabje in Hungary. This new Nord- Adriatic state would be organized in cantons like Switzerland. With this new state Slovenia would unify all of its ethnic territories within one state and would be spared from a communist regime 6. Official representatives of Slovene pre-war democratic parties were in exile after 1945, when the Communist Party took power in Slovenia and Yugoslavia. First, they were opposed to the idea of Slovenia as an independent state because they saw the future of Slovenia only within Yugoslavia and they did not want to harm Yugoslav territorial requests at the peace conferences after the Second World War 7. Nevertheless, the AC continued its campaigns and began to produce several publications with significant titles including Slovenska država [Slovene state] and V borbi za zedinjeno in suvereno slovensko državo [In the struggle for a unified and sovereign Slovene state] 8. In the late 1940s and at the beginning of the 1950s, the majority of Slovene political refugees in Austria and Italy emigrated to Argentina, Canada, Australia, and others to the United States and other countries. With the division of the Free Territory of Trieste between Italy and Yugoslavia in 1954, reasons for the continued existence of AC diminished. The AC was superseded by Slovensko državno gibanje [Slovene state movement], which emerged in the United States and worldwide 9. Migration

5 130 The idea of Slovenia as an independent state also spread to other non-european countries, especially among Slovene political refugees in Canada and Argentina after the Second World War 10. In June 1948 a large number of political refugees who started to spread the idea of a sovereign Slovene state came to Canada. The leaders of this Slovene state movement were priests, Dr Janko Pajk and Dr Rudolf Čuješ. They established Slovenska narodna zaveza [Slovene National Union] in 1950 in Toronto 11. A similar organization had been established in Chicago in They started to publish a monthly journal Slovenska država [Slovene state] in 1954, which first saw the light of the day in Chicago in This journal was the organ of the Slovensko državno gibanje [Slovene state movement] 13. In Canada and in Argentina there were two waves of Slovene immigrants. The first group came to Argentina after the military occupation of the western part of the Slovene ethnic territory and after fascists came to power and started their policy of Italianization in 1920s. It was estimated that 105,000 Slovenes and Croats emigrated from this area and that the number of those who immigrated to South America, mostly Argentina was 20,000 to 25, This first community was prominent in the cultural and economic fields and was divided into three political groups: a liberal pro-yugoslav group, a national-defence group and a leftist group 15. The second group arrived in Argentina after Their common ground was that they were anti-communists from refugee camps in Italy and Austria. According to some estimates, there were about 7,000 in this group. Among them there were many priests and intellectuals 16. The opportunity for Slovene political refugees to come to Argentina arose after a Slovene priest in Argentina, Janez Hladnik, who had connections with the president of Argentina, Juan Perón himself, appealed to him to permit their entry. He then arranged that refugees could come to Argentina in family groups, i.e. including children and elderly 17. There were many political groups among those emigrants who thought that Slovenia should be an independent state, but they differed on the question of possible future connections within the common state of Yugoslavia 18. Two groups supported the idea of Slovenia as an independent state. The members of the first group were Pavle Verbič, Tine Duh and Jože Kessler. In 1952 they organized a cultural society Dom [Home] in Buenos Aires and in 1953 they started to publish the journal Slovenska pot [Slovene Way] which was a sort of national cultural review. In 1965 supporters of this idea began publishing the journal Smer v slovensko državo [The path to an independent Slovene state] which promoted the Slovene state movement. In 1985 this journal merged with journal Slovenska država [Slovene state] in Toronto. It is worth mentioning that another group of Slovene political émigrés whose members were former journalists of Slovenski dom [Slovenian home] and some others also supported the idea of Slovenia as an independent state; this group included Ruda Jurčec 19, Jože Kessler, Alojz Gržinič and France Dolinar, who was in Rome. They did not agree with Žebot s group as they thought that his group still saw Slovenia in some kind of federation with other central

6 Slovene Political Émigré Communities 131 European states. Jurčec began to publish a cultural journal, Novi časi [New times], in Buenos Aires in In 1969 he became an editor of a political journal Sij slovenske svobode [The Shine of Slovene freedom], which had a Slovene independent state as its program. Besides the above mentioned, there were other groups of Slovene political refugees who promoted the view that Slovenia should become an independent state, and published various publications, political programs and statements 20. Some of the above listed political organizations and groups were members of the Slovenski narodni odbor [Slovene national committee]. Members of this committee had been members of pre-war Slovene democratic parties whose leaders were political émigrés 21. After 1954 it was quite evident that political activity of Slovene political émigrés worldwide declined. They continued their work under different circumstances, however. This was the case until Tito s death in In the 1980s traditional divisions between progressive left (pro-communist and Yugoslav) and conservative right (often nationalist) diaspora circles diminished 22. After 1945, when the Communist Party came into power in Yugoslavia and also in Slovenia, Slovene political emigration was viewed critically by the state and its political structures. Ideology was all the time firmly grounded in the policies of the Communist Party and the state (including rejection of capitalism, of people with different opinions and also emigrants). Citizens were not allowed to have contacts with political emigrants, despite the fact that social development in Yugoslavia differed from that of other states on the eastern side of the Iron Curtain and despite a greater openness towards the wider world from the 1960s onwards. The attitude of the Communist Party towards political emigration varied over time. Up to the 1960s the Communist Party s attitude was harsh, but from the 1960s onwards we can observe a more adaptable approach that differentiated the core of political emigration from other emigration. The State knew all about differences in ideology and political aims within the émigré communities. They estimated that the numbers of the different groups of Slovene political émigrés were 7,000-8,000 in Argentina and 3,000-5,000 elsewhere in the world in the 1950s, and approximately 18,000 at the end of 1960s 23. Slovenia becomes an independent and sovereign state It is normal that ethnic identity becomes stronger abroad or when in confrontation with a dominant (host) culture 24. This is also the case whenever or wherever an ethnic community reacts to dangers to their home country. The crisis in Slovenia in the beginning of the 1990s is such an example. Slovenes worldwide made great efforts to win recognition for the independence of Slovenia. They helped with moral, financial, material support and humanitarian aid. All this support testifies to mutual connections between Slovenes abroad and their mother country regardless of where, when and why they emigrated. Migration

7 132 The 1980s and 1990s were a time of turmoil when great political changes in Central and Eastern Europe occurred. This was also a time when significant changes occurred in political activity among Slovene émigrés, especially in their attitude towards the old country 25. In the 1980s Slovene immigrants in Canada, Australia, Argentina and Europe established the Slovenian World Congress, an organization whose goal was to unite Slovene organizations all over the world, regardless of their political views. One of the aims of the Slovenian Congress was to promote the rights of Slovenia as a sovereign nation. Two other notable goals were establishing and maintaining cooperative relationships among Slovene Associations worldwide and defending the rights and interests of Slovenes (including indigenous Slovene minorities in Austria, Italy and Hungary) wherever they were denied or violated. It was very important that Congress was politically neutral 26. Slovenia declared its independence on 25 June The following day the Yugoslav army attacked Slovenia, marking the beginning of a ten-day war for Slovenia 27. Slovene political leaders asked Slovenians worldwide for help. There were various reasons for the failure of the Yugoslav People s Army. The military campaign against Slovenia was mostly waged by inexperienced conscripts. Another important reason was the very effective work of the Slovene Press Agency and the media, which stirred the international public to put pressure on their governments. And there was also a major surprise, which was the high degree of tactical and organizational readiness of Slovene territorial defence 28. The army lost the war on Slovene soil. With the help of mediators from European Community, the so-called Brioni Declaration was signed on 8 July 1991, which involved a three-month moratorium on the implementation of Slovenia s independence. After its defeat the Yugoslav army decided to retreat from Slovenia. On 8 October 1991, when the three-month moratorium had passed, Slovenia continued with implementation of its independence by introducing its own currency. By the end of October 1991 the last soldier of the Yugoslav army had left Slovene soil. With that, Slovenia had gained control over the territory of its state and had clearly defined its boundaries; therefore it had met all the demands for international recognition 29. From 26 June 1991 till 15 January 1992 (when Slovenia was formally recognized by the European Union) the Slovene Congress organized campaigns for the recognition of Slovenia as an independent state. Leading members of the Congress tried to influence the views of their politicians on these issues 30. Slovene immigrants strongly supported the activities of Slovenia for independence. In 1990 and 1991 we can observe carefully planned and coordinated attempts by Slovene politicians to achieve support for steps towards the independence through a plebiscite of Slovenes abroad. Leading members of the Slovene parliament at that time visited

8 Slovene Political Émigré Communities 133 major centers of the Slovene emigrant communities. Their main aim was to win the support of the Slovene emigrants worldwide for the political actions that followed Slovenia s Declaration of Independence on 25 June On 23 December 1990, a plebiscite to decide on Slovene independence was carried out 32 and 95% of those who voted (93,2% of those who was entitled to vote came to polling stations) decided that Slovenia should become an independent state 33. The help of Slovene emigrants in the drive for Slovene independence is quite evident from more than 6,000 letters of support that arrived at the address of the Slovene parliament. Soon after the Slovene plebiscite, Dr Janez Dular, Minister and member of the Slovene Government responsible for Slovene emigrants and national minorities, asked the Slovene immigrant communities worldwide and national minorities in Austria, Italy and Hungary for moral support for the movement for Slovene independence 34. In several of his letters he wrote about activities of Slovene political leadership and asked for help 35. It is a fact that Slovenes throughout the world reacted to the aggression of the Yugoslav army with magnificent engagement, solidarity and all-round participation; this was shown by the numerous letters of protest addressed to the governments of their states in which they demanded recognition of the independence of Slovenia and numerous letters of support to their mother country 36. In Canada, Stane Kranjc, the president of the Canadian conference of the World Slovenian Congress wrote many letters to the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs and to Canadian Prime Minister in which he acquainted them with the situation in Slovenia and demanded that Canada recognize the independence of Slovenia 37. In June 1991 the Canadian Slovenes organized a gathering of 3,000 people in Toronto in front of the Provincial Parliament of Ontario. On the 24 July 1991, one month after Slovenia declared its independence, Slovenes gathered in Toronto again where Slovene young people organized peaceful performances with speeches, singing and prayers. This was to honor the victims of the Yugoslav Army s aggression in Slovenia. Slovenes in Canada also raised a considerable sum of money to provide material assistance for Slovenia. Slovene priests in Toronto and Hamilton also played an important role in these crucial times. The Church in Toronto to which Archbishop Alojzij Ambrožič (of Slovene descent) was attached, provided assistance. The Slovenski informacijski center [Slovene information center] was established. Noteworthy names in connection with these efforts include Jože Slobodnik, who was chairman of the Slovene chamber of commerce, Leander Škof, chairman of the Slovene information center and Dorothy Lenarčič, who was the responsible for informing the Canadian media. These are just a few examples of the strong support Slovenes in Canada provided for campaigns for the independence of Slovenia 38. Slovenes in Argentina became involved in similar activities. It was during that time in the beginning of the 1990s that Slovene communities who had immigrated to Argentina between the wars and held mostly leftist views joined together with those Slovenes Migration

9 134 who had come to Argentina as political refugees after the World War II. The day after the proclamation of Slovene independence, representatives of Slovene-Argentinian organizations (Rudolf Smersu and Dr Marko Kremžar) sent congratulations to Slovene politicians. Slovenes in Argentina organized many manifestations in support of Slovene independence; they wrote many articles for the Argentinian media and organised many cultural events. They also printed and distributed more than 10,000 brochures on Slovenia s independence and they were received by the General Secretary of the Government. Their efforts were very successful because Argentina was one of the first countries to recognise Slovenia s independence 39. Slovenes in Australia also collaborated with and supported the Slovene government in its efforts. They supported Slovene plebiscite in December 1990 and met in May 1991 with Prime Minister of the Australian government, Bob Hawk. After the aggression of the Yugoslav Army in June 1991, the Australian conference of the Slovenian Congress organized many protests. They demanded the recognition of Slovene independence and sent thousands of letters to Australian Foreign Minister on what was happening in Slovenia. Slovenes in Australia were received many times by the Australian officials at the highest level. All of the activities mentioned were coordinated by Marjan Kovač, chairman of the Australian conference of the Slovenian Congress, Alfred Breznik, head of the Slovene information Center, Srečko Falež, chairman of the committee of World Slovenian Congress in Canberra, Cvetko Falež, Elica Rizmal and others. Slovenes in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and in other European states engaged in similar political activities 40. Conclusion Slovene political thought was especially lively among Slovene political emigrants worldwide after the Second World War. Outside Slovenia the idea of Slovene statehood remain alive in different forms. It is quite significant that there were intellectuals who had to flee from the Communist Party in Slovenia in From that year it was impossible to maintain the idea of independence in Slovenia. The idea re-emerged in the late 1980s. Slovene political emigrants worldwide held on to the idea of independence for Slovenia. It is quite clear that much research remains to be done on these issues. Until 1990 these topics did not feature in national research interests because of the political system and its attitude towards political emigration. In this chapter I surveyed the activities of Slovene émigré communities in Canada, Argentina, Australia and some other countries in crucial times for Slovenia. Because because of space limitations, I only briefly reviewed the efforts of above-mentioned communities to promote recognition of Slovenia s independence, especially in Slovene communities and Slovene immigrant leaders actively supported the movement

10 Slovene Political Émigré Communities 135 and political activities of the Slovene government in They organized many political and cultural events to promote this idea, wrote many petitions and letters of support to their governments, helped with moral, material and humanitarian aid and supported political activities of others. It is important to give due recognition to these efforts on the part of Slovene immigrant communities worldwide. It is quite clear that the recognition of Slovenia in January 1992 was not the result of pressure from Slovene communities worldwide. Nevertheless, it is important to note how those communities sought to influence local politicians attitudes toward their home country, which resulted in cohesiveness among Slovene immigrant communities. It also helped these communities to strengthen their relations with their home country. Notes 1 B. Godeša, Slovensko nacionalno vprašanje med drugo svetovno vojno [The Slovene national question during the World War II], Zbirka Razpoznavanja/Collection Recognitiones 2, Ljubljana 2006, pp See D. Friš, Korespondenca Kazimirja Zakrajška [Correspondence of Kazimir Zakrajšek], O.F.M. ( ), Viri [Sources], vol. 8, Ljubljana See C. Žebot, Slovenija včeraj, danes in jutri [Slovenia yesterday, today and tomorrow], Part I and II, Celovec 1967 and 1969 which is has been seen by some as a one-sided review of Slovene history of the 20th Century. 4 Id., Neminljiva Slovenija [Immortal Slovenia], Celovec/Klagenfurt 1988, see pp U. Lipušček, Ave Wilson: ZDA in prekrajanje Slovenije v Versaillesu [Ave Wilson: The USA and the partitioning of Slovenia at Versailles ], Ljubljana 2003, pp. 4, , B. Novak, Geneza slovenske državne ideje med emigracijo [The Genesis of the Idea of the Slovene state among Slovene emigrants], in Razprave/Dissertationes 17: Slovenci in država [Slovenes and state], Ljubljana 1995, pp See also in Žebot, Neminljiva Slovenija cit., p Novak, Geneza slovenske državne ideje med emigracijo cit., p Ibid., p Ibid., p. 301; Žebot, Neminljiva Slovenija cit., p See M. Klemenčič, Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (2. del) [Immigrant communities and the establishment of new states in east-central Europe: The case of the Slovenes, part II], in Zgodovinski časopis [Historical Review], 1996, 50, 4, pp , at p Žebot, Neminljiva Slovenija cit., p See M. Klemenčič, Slovenia as Part of a United Europe in the Political Philosophy of Slovene Emigrants from Louis Adamic to Miha Krek, in I. Gantar Godina (ed.), Intelektualci v diaspori [Intellectuals in Diaspora], Ljubljana 1999, pp Novak, Geneza slovenske državne ideje med emigracijo cit., pp See also Žebot, Neminljiva Slovenija cit., pp See M. Verginella, Meja drugih. Primorsko vprašanje in slovenski spomin [The border of others: The Slovene Littoral question and Slovene memory], Ljubljana 2009, p. 73. Migration

11 On the life of the Slovene community in Argentina seen through the eyes of a Yugoslav-Slovene diplomat between the two world wars see A. Rahten, Izidor Cankar diplomat dveh Jugoslavij [A Diplomat of Two Yugoslavias], Ljubljana 2009, pp , I. Mislej, Državna misel pri dveh političnih emigracijah v Argentini [The Idea of Statehood of two political emigrations in Argentina], in Razprave/Dissertationes 17: Slovenci in država [Slovenes and state], Ljubljana 1995, pp J. Hladnik, Od Triglava do Andov [From Triglav to the Andes], Gorica 1978, pp Mislej, Državna misel pri dveh političnih emigracijah v Argentini cit., pp He is author of memories R. Jurčec, Skozi luči in sence, part I, II and III [Through light and shadow], Buenos Aires 1964, 1966, Novak, Geneza slovenske državne ideje med emigracijo cit., p. 302; Mislej, Državna misel pri dveh političnih emigracijah v Argentini cit., pp M. Kremžar, Med smrtjo in življenjem [Between death and life], Ljubljana 2000, pp M. Klemenčič, M. Žagar, The former Yugoslavia s diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, Santa Barbara, California 2003, p M. Drnovšek, The Standpoint of the Communist party of Slovenia towards the political emigration up to 1991, in Dve domovini [Two Homelands], 2002, 16, pp O. Seweryn, Identity Change as a Consequence of the Migration Experience, in S.G. Ellis, L. Klusáková (eds.), Imagining Frontiers. Contesting Identities, Pisa, 2007, p Klemenčič, Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (2. del) cit., pp Ibid., p See J. Prunk, A Brief History of Slovenia, Ljubljana 2000, pp O. Luthar et al. (ed.), The Land Between. A History of Slovenia, Frankfurt am Main 2008, pp See, for example, M. Klemenčič, Slovenia at the Crossroads of the Nineties: From the first multiparty elections and Declaration of independence to membership in the Council of Europe, in Slovene Studies, 1992, 14, 1, pp. 9-34, here pp Klemenčič, Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (2. del) cit., pp Id., Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (1. del) [Immigrant communities and the establishment of new states in east-central Europe: The case of the Slovenes, part I], in Zgodovinski časopis [Historical Review], 1996, 50, 3, pp , at p S. Granda, Slovenia. An historical overview, Ljubljana 2009, p P. Štih, V. Simoniti, P. Vodopivec, Slowenische Geschichte. Gesellschaft Politik Kultur, in Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Landeskommission für Steiermark, vol. 40, Zbirka zgodovinskega časopisa [Collection of Historical review], vol. 34, Graz 2008, p Klemenčič, Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (1. del) cit., p M. Klemenčič, S. Kristen, K. Munda Hirnök, M. Trebše Štolfa, J. Stergar, Viri o demokratizaciji in osamosvojitvi Slovenije, IV. Del: Slovenci v zamejstvu in po svetu, Viri št. 20 [Sources on the democratization and independence of Slovenia, part IV, The Slovenes abroad], Ljubljana 2005, pp See also in S. Gregorčič (ed.), Naša bitka za Slovenijo Avstralija [Our battle for Slovenia Australia], Melbourne 1995, p. 34.

12 Slovene Political Émigré Communities Klemenčič, Kristen, Munda Hirnök, Trebše Štolfa, Stergar, Viri o demokratizaciji in osamosvojitvi Slovenije cit., Ljubljana 2005, pp M. Klemenčič, Delovanje slovenskih izseljencev v Kanadi za neodvisno Slovenijo [The Activities of the Slovene Emigrants in Canada for Independent Slovenia], in Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje [Review of History and Ethnography], 1999, 70, 1-2, pp Klemenčič, Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (2. del) cit., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Bibliography Drnovšek M., The Standpoint of the Communist party of Slovenia towards the political emigration up to 1991, in Dve domovni [Two Homelands] 2002, 16, pp Friš D., Korespondenca Kazimirja Zakrajška [Correspondence of Kazimir Zakrajšek], O.F.M. ( ), Viri [Sources], vol. 8, Ljubljana Godeša B., Slovensko nacionalno vprašanje med drugo svetovno vojno [The Slovene national question during the World War II], Zbirka Razpoznavanja/Collection Recognitiones 2, Ljubljana 2006, pp Granda S., Slovenia: An historical overview, Ljubljana Gregorčič S. (ed.), Naša bitka za Slovenijo Avstralija [Our battle for Slovenia - Australia], Melbourne Hladnik J., Od Triglava do Andov [From Triglav to the Andes], Gorica Jurčec R., Skozi luči in sence, part I, II and III [Through light and shadow], Buenos Aires 1964, 1966, Klemenčič M., Slovenia at the Crossroads of the Nineties: From the first multiparty elections and Declaration of independence to membership in the Council of Europe, in Slovene Studies, 1992, 14, 1, pp Id., Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (1. del) [Immigrant communities and the establishment of new states in east-central Europe: The case of the Slovenes, part I], in Zgodovinski časopis [Historical Review], 1996, 50, 3, pp Id., Izseljenske skupnosti in ustanavljanje novih držav v vzhodni Srednji Evropi: primer Slovencev (2. del) [Immigrant communities and the establishment of new states in east-central Europe: The case of the Slovenes, part II], in Zgodovinski časopis [Historical Review], 1996, 50, 4, pp Id., Delovanje slovenskih izseljencev v Kanadi za neodvisno Slovenijo [The Activities of Slovene Emigrants in Canada for Independent Slovenia], in Časopis za zgodovino in narodopisje [Review of History and Ethnography], 1999, 70, 1-2, pp Id., Slovenia as Part of a United Europe in the Political Philosophy of Slovene Emigrants from Louis Adamic to Miha Krek, in I. Gantar Godina (ed.), Intelektualci v diaspori [Intellectuals in Diaspora], Ljubljana 1999, pp Klemenčič M., Žagar M., The former Yugoslavia s diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook, Santa Barbara California Klemenčič M., Kristen S., Munda Hirnök K., Trebše Štolfa M., Stergar J., Viri o demokratizaciji in osamosvojitvi Slovenije, IV. Del: Slovenci v zamejstvu in po svetu, Viri št. 20 [Sources on the democratization and independence of Slovenia, part IV, The Slovenes abroad], Ljubljana Kremžar M., Med smrtjo in življenjem [Between life and death], Ljubljana Migration

13 138 Lipušček U., Ave Wilson: ZDA in prekrajanje Slovenije v Versaillesu [Ave Wilson: The US and the partitioning of Slovenia at Versailles ], Ljubljana Luthar O. et al. (ed.), The Land Between. A History of Slovenia, Frankfurt am Main Mislej I., Državna misel pri dveh političnih emigracijah v Argentini [The Idea of Statehood of two political emigrations in Argentina], in Razprave/Dissertationes 17: Slovenci in država [Slovenes and state], Ljubljana 1995, pp Novak B., Geneza slovenske državne ideje med emigracijo [The Genesis of the Idea of the Slovene state among Slovene emigrants], in Razprave/Dissertationes 17: Slovenci in država [Slovenes and state], Ljubljana 1995, pp Prunk J., A Brief History of Slovenia, Ljubljana Rahten A., Izidor Cankar - diplomat dveh Jugoslavij [A Diplomat of Two Yugoslavias], Ljubljana Seweryn O., Identity Change as a Consequence of the Migration Experience, in Ellis S.G., Klusáková L. (eds.), Imagining Frontiers. Contesting Identities, Pisa 2007, p. 25. Štih P., Simoniti V., Vodopivec P., Slowenische Geschichte. Gesellschaft Politik Kultur in Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Landeskommission für Steiermark, vol. 40, Zbirka zgodovinskega časopisa [Historical Review Collection], vol. 34, Graz Verginella M., Meja drugih. Primorsko vprašanje in slovenski spomin [The border of others. The Slovene Littoral question and Slovene memory], Ljubljana Žebot C., Slovenija včeraj, danes in jutri [Slovenia yesterday, today and tomorrow], parts I and II, Celovec 1967, Id., Neminljiva Slovenija [Immortal Slovenia], Celovec/Klagenfurt 1988.

Slovene Ethnographic Museum - A New Member of AEMI in 2002

Slovene Ethnographic Museum - A New Member of AEMI in 2002 Slovene Ethnographic Museum - A New Member of AEMI in 2002 Daša Hribar This article presents the Slovene Ethnographic Museum which joined AEMI in 2002 It deals with the history and operation of the museum,

More information

The Return of Slovene Emigrant Literature

The Return of Slovene Emigrant Literature RETURN EMIGRATION 1 The Return of Slovene Emigrant Literature Janja Žitnik Before I begin dealing with the process of the at first gradual and then radically accelerated return of Slovene emigrant literature

More information

The Balkans: Powder Keg of Europe. by Oksana Drozdova, M.A. Lecture VI

The Balkans: Powder Keg of Europe. by Oksana Drozdova, M.A. Lecture VI The Balkans: Powder Keg of Europe by Oksana Drozdova, M.A. Lecture VI On the Eve of the Great War The Legacies In social and economic terms, wartime losses and the radical redrawing of national borders

More information

A. Pension entitlement in Slovenia B. Victims of War (Status and Rights)

A. Pension entitlement in Slovenia B. Victims of War (Status and Rights) A. Pension entitlement in Slovenia B. Victims of War (Status and Rights) A. PENSION ENTITLEMENT IN SLOVENIA After signed agreement about pensions between Slovenia and Australia, you can apply in Slov enia

More information

RETURN TO THE HOMELAND: THE BUILDING OF A STATE

RETURN TO THE HOMELAND: THE BUILDING OF A STATE Marin SOPTA Director Croatian Center for Strategic Studies, Croatia RETURN TO THE HOMELAND: THE BUILDING OF A STATE Until recently, major activities of different immigrant groups have been directed towards

More information

HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION MODERN HISTORY 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time)

HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION MODERN HISTORY 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time) N E W S O U T H W A L E S HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 1995 MODERN HISTORY 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time) DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES Attempt FOUR questions.

More information

1 Repe, Božo. The view from inside: the Slovenes, the Federation and Yugoslavia's other republics: referat

1 Repe, Božo. The view from inside: the Slovenes, the Federation and Yugoslavia's other republics: referat International recognition of Slovenia (1991-1992): Three Perspectives; The View from inside: the Slovenes, the Federation and Yugoslavia's other republics 1 After the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the

More information

EUROBAROMETER 63.4 SPRING 2005 NATIONAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SLOVENIA. Standard Eurobarometer PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

EUROBAROMETER 63.4 SPRING 2005 NATIONAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SLOVENIA. Standard Eurobarometer PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Standard Eurobarometer European Commission EUROBAROMETER 63.4 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION SPRING 2005 NATIONAL REPORT Standard Eurobarometer 63.4 / Spring 2005 TNS Opinion & Social EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

More information

Unit 3: International Relations Lesson 4: League of Nations (pp from the IB Course Companion)

Unit 3: International Relations Lesson 4: League of Nations (pp from the IB Course Companion) Unit 3: International Relations 1918-36 Lesson 4: League of Nations (pp. 52-59 from the IB Course Companion) What is the origin and purpose of the League of Nations? A. Factors leading to the creation

More information

The Falange Espanola: Spanish Fascism

The Falange Espanola: Spanish Fascism Spanish Civil War The Falange Espanola: Spanish Fascism Fascism reared its ugly head. Similar to Nazi party and Italian Fascist party. Anti-parliamentary and sought one-party rule. Not racist but attached

More information

S L O V E N I A SMALL STATE INFLUENCE IN EUROPEAN UNION AND IN THE WORLD. Miro Haček, PhD

S L O V E N I A SMALL STATE INFLUENCE IN EUROPEAN UNION AND IN THE WORLD. Miro Haček, PhD S L O V E N I A SMALL STATE INFLUENCE IN EUROPEAN UNION AND IN THE WORLD Miro Haček, PhD Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia CAPITAL CITY - LJUBLJANA GENERAL DATA Size / 20,273

More information

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement? There were many reasons why Britain adopted a policy of appeasement!

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement? There were many reasons why Britain adopted a policy of appeasement! Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement? There were many reasons why Britain adopted a policy of appeasement! Economic Reasons The economy during this period was too weak. The Great War and depression

More information

In the Aftermath of World War I, Nations Were Forever Changed

In the Aftermath of World War I, Nations Were Forever Changed In the Aftermath of World War I, Nations Were Forever Changed By ThoughtCo.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.18.17 Word Count 1,016 Level 1050L German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in

More information

AMERICA AND THE WORLD. Chapter 13 Section 1 US History

AMERICA AND THE WORLD. Chapter 13 Section 1 US History AMERICA AND THE WORLD Chapter 13 Section 1 US History AMERICA AND THE WORLD THE RISE OF DICTATORS MAIN IDEA Dictators took control of the governments of Italy, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan End

More information

Project on. TOURISM and PEACE. Final Report. February 2012 December 2014

Project on. TOURISM and PEACE. Final Report. February 2012 December 2014 Project on TOURISM and PEACE Final Report February 2012 December 2014 Executive Summary The Project Tourism and Peace, an Initiative by the World Tourism Organization and the University of Klagenfurt and

More information

Digital IWU. Illinois Wesleyan University. Bob Aaron Illinois Wesleyan University. Recommended Citation

Digital IWU. Illinois Wesleyan University. Bob Aaron Illinois Wesleyan University. Recommended Citation Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU News and Events University Communications 1999 Prime Minister of Slovenia To Keynote IWU's President's Convocation; Political Leader Likely to Discuss

More information

Canada socially, politically, and economically?

Canada socially, politically, and economically? CHAPTER 5 Canada and the Second World War Timeframe: 1939-1945 Guiding Question: How did the Second World War impact Canada socially, politically, and economically? Causes of the Second World War: (Notes

More information

The role of Big Five Winners in the settling of state borders in Prekmurje after the First World War

The role of Big Five Winners in the settling of state borders in Prekmurje after the First World War Doc.dr. Stanislav Raščan 1 The role of Big Five Winners in the settling of state borders in Prekmurje after the First World War In Slovenia there are many scientific and popular literature written on the

More information

Barica Razpotnik RETURN MIGRATION OF RECENT SLOVENIAN EMIGRANTS

Barica Razpotnik RETURN MIGRATION OF RECENT SLOVENIAN EMIGRANTS Barica Razpotnik RETURN MIGRATION OF RECENT SLOVENIAN EMIGRANTS Research Papers January 2017 Return Migration of Recent Slovenian Emigrants Author: Barica Razpotnik Published by: Statistical Office of

More information

Central and Eastern European Review

Central and Eastern European Review Geoffrey Swain, Tito: a Biography, Communist Lives Series, I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.. London, 2011. pp. 219. ISBN 978 1 84511 727 6. Reviewed by Antonia Young. From the outset, Geoffrey Swain details Tito

More information

Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 12, Section 2 For use with textbook pages 371 376 REACTION AND REVOLUTION KEY TERMS conservatism a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability (page 372) principle of intervention

More information

Italian Report / Executive Summary

Italian Report / Executive Summary EUROBAROMETER SPECIAL BUREAUX (2002) Italian Report / Executive Summary Survey carried out for the European Commission s Representation in ITALY «This document does not reflect the views of the European

More information

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Unification of Italy

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Unification of Italy Unification of Italy Objectives List the key obstacles to Italian unity. Understand the roles Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle for Italy. Describe the challenges that

More information

T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L L Y O N M O D E L U N I T E D N A T I O N S R E S E A R C H R E P O R T

T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L L Y O N M O D E L U N I T E D N A T I O N S R E S E A R C H R E P O R T NOTE: THE DATE IS THE 1 ST OF APRIL, 1936 FORUM: Historical Security Council ISSUE: The Invasion of Abyssinia STUDENT OFFICER: Helen MBA-ALLO and Sandrine PUSCH INTRODUCTION Please keep in mind that the

More information

General Assembly. United Nations A/C.3/67/L.36. Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions * * Distr.: Limited 9 November 2012

General Assembly. United Nations A/C.3/67/L.36. Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions * * Distr.: Limited 9 November 2012 United Nations A/C.3/67/L.36 General Assembly Distr.: Limited 9 November 2012 Original: English Sixty-seventh session Third Committee Agenda item 69 (b) Promotion and protection of human rights: human

More information

Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Preview Italian Unification Starting Points Map: Europe,1815 Main Idea / Reading Focus Stirrings of Nationalism Quick Facts: Elements of Nationalism The Path Toward Unity Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Preview,

More information

24.3 Nationalism. Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe

24.3 Nationalism. Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe 24.3 Nationalism Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity Two Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their

More information

THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN 21TH CENTURY EUROPE

THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN 21TH CENTURY EUROPE THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN 21TH CENTURY EUROPE A lecture by Mr Jose Manuel Calvo Editor of the Spanish Newpaper El Pais National Europe Centre Paper No. 9 Presented at the Australian National University,

More information

The United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY

The United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY The United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY FOCUS QUESTIONS: How did the American people and government respond to the international crises of the 1930s? How did war mobilization

More information

NATIONALISM CASE STUDIES: ITALY AND GERMANY

NATIONALISM CASE STUDIES: ITALY AND GERMANY NATIONALISM CASE STUDIES: ITALY AND GERMANY NATIONALISM Nationalism is the belief that one s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and

More information

What is nationalism? What impact can it have? Objective: Explain what nationalism is and what effect it can have on individuals and on society.

What is nationalism? What impact can it have? Objective: Explain what nationalism is and what effect it can have on individuals and on society. What is nationalism? What impact can it have? Objective: Explain what nationalism is and what effect it can have on individuals and on society. Introduction Directions: Examine the images and information

More information

*Agricultural Revolution Came First. Working Class Political Movement

*Agricultural Revolution Came First. Working Class Political Movement 1848-1914 *Agricultural Revolution Came First. 1. Great Britain led the Way 2. Migration from Rural to Urban (Poor Living Conditions) 3. Proletarianization of the Workforce (Poor Working Conditions) 4.

More information

Nationalism in Europe Section 1

Nationalism in Europe Section 1 Preview Italian Unification Starting Points Map: Europe,1815 Main Idea / Reading Focus Stirrings of Nationalism Quick Facts: Elements of Nationalism The Path Toward Unity Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Preview,

More information

THE COLD WAR Learning Goal 1:

THE COLD WAR Learning Goal 1: THE COLD WAR Learning Goal 1: Describe the causes and effects of the Cold War and explain how the Korean War, Vietnam War and the arms race were associated with the Cold War. RESULTS OF WWII RESULTS VE

More information

Selected characteristics of roots tourism in Slovenia

Selected characteristics of roots tourism in Slovenia Selected characteristics of roots tourism in Slovenia Abstract Although the term 'roots tourism' gained widespread academic attention, it remains relatively unknown in Slovenia despite the country's considerable

More information

Right- wing Populism on the rise: Progressive counter strategies for Europe 1 st conference

Right- wing Populism on the rise: Progressive counter strategies for Europe 1 st conference Right- wing Populism on the rise: Progressive counter strategies for Europe 1 st conference Brussels, 20 th April 2016 FEPS Activity Report Maria Freitas FEPS Policy Advisor FEPS April 2016 On the 20 th

More information

League of Nations LEAGUE OF NATIONS,

League of Nations LEAGUE OF NATIONS, League of Nations LEAGUE OF NATIONS, international alliance for the preservation of peace, with headquarters at Geneva. The league existed from 1920 to 1946. The first meeting was held in Geneva, on Nov.

More information

B. Directions: Use the words from the sentences to fill in the words in this puzzle. The letters in the box reading down name a part of nationalism.

B. Directions: Use the words from the sentences to fill in the words in this puzzle. The letters in the box reading down name a part of nationalism. Name Date Period Nationalism Puzzle Chapter 22 Activity 64 A. Directions: Write the correct word from the Word Bank to complete each sentence. 1) Customs, religion, music, beliefs, and way of life make

More information

Standard: SS6H3 Explain conflict and change in Europe.

Standard: SS6H3 Explain conflict and change in Europe. Standard: SS6H3 Explain conflict and change in Europe. Element: a. Describe the aftermath of World War I: the rise of communism, the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of Nazism, and worldwide depression.

More information

COMMENTARY: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ALPE-ADRIA COOPERATION

COMMENTARY: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ALPE-ADRIA COOPERATION Slovene Studies 1011 (1988) 15-19 COMMENTARY: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ALPE-ADRIA COOPERATION Peter Vodopivec My contribution to today' s discussion will not be a comment in the strict meaning of the

More information

Plan for the cooperation with the Polish diaspora and Poles abroad in Elaboration

Plan for the cooperation with the Polish diaspora and Poles abroad in Elaboration Plan for the cooperation with the Polish diaspora and Poles abroad in 2013. Elaboration Introduction No. 91 / 2012 26 09 12 Institute for Western Affairs Poznań Author: Michał Nowosielski Editorial Board:

More information

AP European History. -Russian politics and the liberalist movement -parallel developments in. Thursday, August 21, 2003 Page 1 of 21

AP European History. -Russian politics and the liberalist movement -parallel developments in. Thursday, August 21, 2003 Page 1 of 21 Instructional Unit Consolidation of Large Nation States -concept of a nation-state The students will be -define the concept of a -class discussion 8.1.2.A,B,C,D -Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour able to define

More information

How world events affected Australian immigration.

How world events affected Australian immigration. How world events affected Australian immigration. The scattering of a population from its traditional homeland, usually due to involuntary (forced or impelled) migration A war between organized groups

More information

Conference report. Political exile from Central and Eastern Europe. Motives, strategies, activities and perceptions of East and West

Conference report. Political exile from Central and Eastern Europe. Motives, strategies, activities and perceptions of East and West Conference report Political exile from Central and Eastern Europe. Motives, strategies, activities and perceptions of East and West 1945 1989 Nation s Memory Institute (Ústav pamäti národa, Slovakia) and

More information

EUROBAROMETER 71 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION SPRING

EUROBAROMETER 71 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION SPRING Standard Eurobarometer European Commission EUROBAROMETER 71 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION SPRING 2009 Standard Eurobarometer 71 / SPRING 2009 TNS Opinion & Social Standard Eurobarometer NATIONAL

More information

Q&A: Trending Issues on Migration. The EU Quota Ruling. What are the Reasons for the Hungarian Government s Reaction?

Q&A: Trending Issues on Migration. The EU Quota Ruling. What are the Reasons for the Hungarian Government s Reaction? PERSPECTIVE Q&A: Trending Issues on Migration The EU Quota Ruling What are the Reasons for the Hungarian Government s Reaction? TAMÁS BOROS Budapest 2017 When, after a journey through the Balkans, hundreds

More information

The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles were:

The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles were: In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage world war one had caused. Woodrow

More information

Kosovo Crisis: Lessons Learnt in Crisis Management

Kosovo Crisis: Lessons Learnt in Crisis Management Kosovo Crisis: Lessons Learnt in Crisis Management Challenges and dangers that the modern international community encounters have smaller specific weight regarding to cataclysmic scenarios from the period

More information

On Historical Necessity and Contradictions between Sovereignty and Integration of European Nations*

On Historical Necessity and Contradictions between Sovereignty and Integration of European Nations* On Historical Necessity and Contradictions between Sovereignty and Integration of European Nations* dr. Franjo Tuðman I have read with pleasure the subjects to be addressed during this Round table of Europe

More information

The Rise of Dictators

The Rise of Dictators The Rise of Dictators DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE For many European countries the end of World War I was the beginning of revolutions at home, economic depression and the rise of powerful dictators

More information

Unit 3 Chapter 10. The First World War and Beyond

Unit 3 Chapter 10. The First World War and Beyond Unit 3 Chapter 10 The First World War and Beyond Page 2 of 12 Chapter 10 Emerging Canadian Independence p. 286-287 Word Bank gold ambassadors autonomy Governor General colony Skagway, Alaska Washington,

More information

Modern Italian History CAS HI 263 E Spring 2014

Modern Italian History CAS HI 263 E Spring 2014 The Course Modern Italian History CAS HI 263 E Spring 2014 Prof. Gadi Luzzatto Voghera luzzatto@bu.edu The history of Italy in modern times is that of a young country transformed in a short range of time

More information

With regard to the outbreak of World War Two the following events are seen as being contributing factors:

With regard to the outbreak of World War Two the following events are seen as being contributing factors: World War Two began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany following Germany s invasion of Poland. The war ended in Europe on 6 th May 1945 when Germany surrendered. The war

More information

Undergraduate Student 5/16/2004 COMM/POSC Assignment #4 Presidential Radio Speech: U.S.-Russian Peacekeeping Cooperation in Bosnia

Undergraduate Student 5/16/2004 COMM/POSC Assignment #4 Presidential Radio Speech: U.S.-Russian Peacekeeping Cooperation in Bosnia Undergraduate Student 5/16/2004 COMM/POSC 444-010 Assignment #4 Presidential Radio Speech: U.S.-Russian Peacekeeping Cooperation in Bosnia President Clinton, late December 1995 Good evening. As I stand

More information

Fascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above

Fascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above 1939-1945 Fascism is a nationalistic political philosophy which is anti-democratic, anticommunist, and anti-liberal. It puts the importance of the nation above the rights of the individual. The word Fascism

More information

A Brief History of the Spanish Civil War

A Brief History of the Spanish Civil War A Brief History of the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War (1936-39), pitted the right wing Nationalists, who received support from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, against the leftist Republicans,

More information

THE HOMELAND UNION-LITHUANIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS DECLARATION WE BELIEVE IN EUROPE. 12 May 2018 Vilnius

THE HOMELAND UNION-LITHUANIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS DECLARATION WE BELIEVE IN EUROPE. 12 May 2018 Vilnius THE HOMELAND UNION-LITHUANIAN CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS DECLARATION WE BELIEVE IN EUROPE 12 May 2018 Vilnius Since its creation, the Party of Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats has been a political

More information

Policy report on the Italian minority in Slovenian Istria

Policy report on the Italian minority in Slovenian Istria EUROREG Regions, Ethnic Minorities and European Integration Policy report on the Italian minority in Slovenian Istria Funded under Sixth Framework Programme (Priority 7: Citizens and Governance in Knowledge

More information

Appeasement PEACE IN OUR TIME!

Appeasement PEACE IN OUR TIME! Appeasement PEACE IN OUR TIME! Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of Great Britain prior to the outbreak of World War II, proclaimed these words in 1939 after the Munich Conference in which he, meeting

More information

Ascent of the Dictators. Mussolini s Rise to Power

Ascent of the Dictators. Mussolini s Rise to Power Ascent of the Dictators Mussolini s Rise to Power Benito Mussolini was born in Italy in 1883. During his early life he worked as a schoolteacher, bricklayer, and chocolate factory worker. In December 1914,

More information

The citizenship of the Republic of Slovenia may be acquired in the following ways:

The citizenship of the Republic of Slovenia may be acquired in the following ways: Citizenship of the Republic of Slovenia Slovenia citizenship means a permanent legal bond between the Republic of Slovenia and its citizens, irrespective of the method by which citizenship was acquired.

More information

Lesson Central Question: What is Fascism and how might it have contributed to the outbreak of WWII?

Lesson Central Question: What is Fascism and how might it have contributed to the outbreak of WWII? Lesson Central Question: What is Fascism and how might it have contributed to the outbreak of WWII? Objectives: Students will be able to explain the political ideology of Fascism. Students will be able

More information

The Immigration Debate: Historical and Current Issues of Immigration 2003, Constitutional Rights Foundation

The Immigration Debate: Historical and Current Issues of Immigration 2003, Constitutional Rights Foundation Lesson 5: U.S. Immigration Policy and Hitler s Holocaust OBJECTIVES Students will be able to: Describe the policy of the Roosevelt administration toward Jewish refugees and the reasons behind this policy.

More information

The Right to Vote for Citizens Living Abroad: An Interview

The Right to Vote for Citizens Living Abroad: An Interview VIJESTI 295 The Right to Vote for Citizens Living Abroad: An Interview Ivan Koprić Tijana Vukojičić Tomić UDK 342.843(047.53) 314.743:342.8(047.53) 1. In most European countries citizens permanently residing

More information

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Strasbourg, 13 May 2016 Working document Compilation of Opinions of the Advisory Committee relating to Article 17

More information

Appeasement. The first 3 steps are labelled Rearmament, Rhineland and Danzig.

Appeasement. The first 3 steps are labelled Rearmament, Rhineland and Danzig. Appeasement 1. Define appeasement in your own words. 2. Give 4 specific examples of how Hitler was appeased. 3. What are the pros and cons of appeasement? Provide at least 3 of each. 4. Do you think appeasement

More information

Gender quotas in Slovenia: A short analysis of failures and hopes

Gender quotas in Slovenia: A short analysis of failures and hopes Gender quotas in Slovenia: A short analysis of failures and hopes Milica G. Antić Maruša Gortnar Department of Sociology University of Ljubljana Slovenia milica.antic-gaber@guest.arnes.si Gender quotas

More information

THE SLOVENIAN-CROATIAN BORDER QUESTION IS THE PATH TO SOLUTION THE RIGHT ONE?

THE SLOVENIAN-CROATIAN BORDER QUESTION IS THE PATH TO SOLUTION THE RIGHT ONE? The International Institute for Middle-East and Balkan Studies (IFIMES) in Ljubljana, Slovenia, regularly analyses events in the Middle East and the Balkans. Ambassador Dr. Jožef Kunič, President of the

More information

SPEECH BY DR. DANILO TÜRK ON THE OCCASION OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE HONORARY DOCTORATE OF CORVINUS UNIVERSITY, Budapest, 12 February 2015

SPEECH BY DR. DANILO TÜRK ON THE OCCASION OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE HONORARY DOCTORATE OF CORVINUS UNIVERSITY, Budapest, 12 February 2015 SPEECH BY DR. DANILO TÜRK ON THE OCCASION OF ACCEPTANCE OF THE HONORARY DOCTORATE OF CORVINUS UNIVERSITY, Budapest, 12 February 2015 Honorable Rector Magnificus, Professor Rostoványi Zsolt, Honorable Professors,

More information

Report on national migration policies and its impact on the situation of members of minorities in Slovenia

Report on national migration policies and its impact on the situation of members of minorities in Slovenia Report on national migration policies and its impact on the situation of members of minorities in Slovenia Authors: Dr. Kristiana Toplak MA Mojca Vah Jevšnik Dr. Jure Gombač Slovenian Migration Institute

More information

The Legacies of WWII

The Legacies of WWII The Cold War The Legacies of WWII WWI might have been the war to end all wars but it was WWII that shifted the psyche of humanity. The costs of total war were simply too high 55 million dead worldwide

More information

European Refugee Crisis Children on the Move

European Refugee Crisis Children on the Move European Refugee Crisis Children on the Move Questions & Answers Why are so many people on the move? What is the situation of refugees? There have never been so many displaced people in the world as there

More information

Welcome to 7 th Grade Texas History!

Welcome to 7 th Grade Texas History! Welcome to 7 th Grade Texas History! Natural Texas and People Age of Contact Spanish Colonial The Battle of San Jacinto & Texas Independence Mexican National 10/16/17 Revolution and Republic Early Statehood

More information

ireland United Nations Security Council

ireland United Nations Security Council ireland United Nations Security Council 2021 2022 Empathy / Partnership / Independence Yet while we celebrate the end of violence, the lives saved and the futures transformed, we are reminded daily of

More information

Research project Ambiguous Identities and Nation-state Building in Southeastern Europe

Research project Ambiguous Identities and Nation-state Building in Southeastern Europe Research project Ambiguous Identities and Nation-state Building in Southeastern Europe Gabriela POPA, PhD researcher Department of History and Civilization European University Institute Florence, ITALY

More information

International Migration and the Welfare State. Prof. Panu Poutvaara Ifo Institute and University of Munich

International Migration and the Welfare State. Prof. Panu Poutvaara Ifo Institute and University of Munich International Migration and the Welfare State Prof. Panu Poutvaara Ifo Institute and University of Munich 1. Introduction During the second half of 20 th century, Europe changed from being primarily origin

More information

World History since Wayne E. Sirmon HI 104 World History

World History since Wayne E. Sirmon HI 104 World History World History since 1500 Wayne E. Sirmon HI 104 World History History 104 World History since 1500 April 12 Online Quiz Chapter 25-Europe April 16 April 17 April 23 Article Four Approval Online Quiz Chapter

More information

Fascism is Alive and Well in Spain The Case of Judge Garzon

Fascism is Alive and Well in Spain The Case of Judge Garzon February 22, 2010 Fascism is Alive and Well in Spain The Case of Judge Garzon By VINCENT NAVARRO Barcelona The fascist regime led by General Franco was one of the most repressive regimes in Europe in the

More information

Manuscript Group 106 Dr. Edward Chaszar Collection. For Scholarly Use Only Last Modified July 16, 2015

Manuscript Group 106 Dr. Edward Chaszar Collection. For Scholarly Use Only Last Modified July 16, 2015 Special Collections and University Archives Manuscript Group 106 Dr. Edward Chaszar Collection For Scholarly Use Only Last Modified July 16, 2015 Indiana University of Pennsylvania 302 Stapleton Library

More information

FB/CCU U.S. HISTORY COURSE DESCRIPTION / LEARNING OBJECTIVES

FB/CCU U.S. HISTORY COURSE DESCRIPTION / LEARNING OBJECTIVES FB/CCU U.S. HISTORY COURSE DESCRIPTION / LEARNING OBJECTIVES In the pages that follow, the Focus Questions found at the beginning of each chapter in America: A Narrative History have been reformulated

More information

Quaker Peace & Legislation Committee

Quaker Peace & Legislation Committee Quaker Peace & Legislation Committee WATCHING BRIEF 17-6: 2017 FOREIGN POLICY WHITE PAPER As Quakers we seek a world without war. We seek a sustainable and just community. We have a vision of an Australia

More information

THE CROATIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA

THE CROATIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA Iseljen_knjb 11.06.14 10:10 Page 25 THE CROATIAN DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA Beverly MERCER, Ambassador of Australia to the Republic of Croatia As you will all be aware, Australia is a very multicultural society.

More information

Unit 6: A New Role in the World

Unit 6: A New Role in the World Unit 6: A New Role in the World Study online at quizlet.com/_1fnvlz 1. alliances 5. conscription An agreement between nations to aid and protect each other. 2. Allies A military draft 6. dollar diplomacy

More information

What Challenges Did President Truman Face at Home in the Postwar Years?

What Challenges Did President Truman Face at Home in the Postwar Years? What Challenges Did President Truman Face at Home in the Postwar Years? LESSON 2 SECTION 29.2 Text pp. 527 531 Read What Challenges Did President Truman Face at Home in the Postwar Years? (pp. 527-531).

More information

SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS

SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Milan Jazbec SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS IFIMES SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS ISBN 978-961-238-899-7 Milan Jazbec SECURITY AND DIPLOMACY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS MILAN JAZBEC

More information

The Right of Self-Determination of Peoples The Domestication of an Illusion

The Right of Self-Determination of Peoples The Domestication of an Illusion The Right of Self-Determination of Peoples The Domestication of an The right of self-determination of peoples holds out the promise of sovereign statehood for all peoples and a domination-free international

More information

Historical Archives for Slovenian Australians NSW

Historical Archives for Slovenian Australians NSW Historical Archives for Slovenian Australians NSW Telephone (02)9637-7147 PO Box 280, Merrylands NSW 2160 Fax (02) 9682-7692 311 Merrylands Rd, MerrylandsNSW 2160 E-mail: hasansw@optusnet.com.au ABN 92908

More information

Teacher Overview Objectives: Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy

Teacher Overview Objectives: Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy Teacher Overview Objectives: Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy NYS Social Studies Framework Alignment: Key Idea Conceptual Understanding Content Specification 10.2: ENLIGHTENMENT, REVOLUTION,

More information

Canada s Response to the War

Canada s Response to the War Canada s Response to the War Canada is isolationist Prime Minister William Lyon MacKenzie did not want Canada to get involved in another war. Canada was very divided about conscription and Canada lost

More information

Period 3: 1754 to 1800 (French and Indian War Election of Jefferson)

Period 3: 1754 to 1800 (French and Indian War Election of Jefferson) Period 3: 1754 to 1800 (French and Indian War Election of Jefferson) Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government

More information

The Conflicting Politics of History and Memory in Slovenia since Peter Vodopivec

The Conflicting Politics of History and Memory in Slovenia since Peter Vodopivec Slovene Studies 37.1 2: 45 66 The Conflicting Politics of History and Memory in Slovenia since 1990 Peter Vodopivec The break-up of Yugoslavia and gaining of independence in 1991 are in Slovenia largely

More information

% % %

% % % 1990.12.23. 88.5% 1991.5.19. 93.24% 1991.6.25. 1991.7.7. 1991.8. 1991.9.9. 74% 1991.10.8. 1991.10.15. 1991.11.17. 1991.12.16. 1991.12.19. 1991.12.20. 1991.12.23. 1992.1.11. 1992.1.15. 1992.2.14. 1992.2.17.

More information

The Law Office of Linda M. Hoffman, P.C. Visa and Immigration Options

The Law Office of Linda M. Hoffman, P.C. Visa and Immigration Options The Law Office of Linda M. Hoffman, P.C. 919 18 th Street, N.W., Suite 250 Washington, D.C. 20006 Tel: (202) 331-9450 Fax: (202) 466-8151 www.hoffmanvisalaw.com Immigrant Visa Green Card Visa and Immigration

More information

UN Doc. A/RES/181 (II)

UN Doc. A/RES/181 (II) 2003 10 20 5 6 Convention on Rights and Duties of States, December 26, 1933 Article I. The State as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population;

More information

What is NATO? Rob de Wijk

What is NATO? Rob de Wijk What is NATO? Rob de Wijk The European revolution of 1989 has had enormous consequences for NATO as a traditional collective defense organization. The threat of large-scale aggression has been effectively

More information

Focus Canada Winter 2018 Canadian public opinion about immigration and minority groups

Focus Canada Winter 2018 Canadian public opinion about immigration and minority groups Focus Canada Winter 2018 Canadian public opinion about immigration and minority groups As part of its Focus Canada public opinion research program, the Environics Institute partnered with the Canadian

More information

Write the letter of the description that does NOT match the name or term.

Write the letter of the description that does NOT match the name or term. Page 1 Write the letter of the description that does NOT match the name or term. 1. Joseph Stalin a. totalitarian b. Communist c. launched a massive drive to collectivize agriculture d. entered into a

More information

Lessons from the Cold War,

Lessons from the Cold War, Lessons from the Cold War, 1949-1989 Professor Andrea Chandler Learning in Retirement/April-May 2018 Lecture 3: Cold War Crises LIR/Chandler/Cold War 1 What is a Cold War crisis? An event which heightened

More information

GROUP 6: The President s Daily Bulletin Communist Threat in Hungary

GROUP 6: The President s Daily Bulletin Communist Threat in Hungary GROUP 6: The President s Daily Bulletin Communist Threat in Hungary WWII (1939-45) 1945 1949 Timeline Page 1 In 1940, Hungary joined Germany, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, and Japan as part of the Axis fighting

More information

Europe Faces Revolution

Europe Faces Revolution 8.2 Notes: Europe Faces Revolution World History 9 th Mr. Sanderson Europe, 1815 Napoleon was defeated ended 25 years of war in Europe Old monarchs were restored to power (with limited powers) The Congress

More information