The Evolution of the Mexican Narcos By Martín Paredes (martinparedes.com) Published on elpasonews.org on January 7, 2016

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The Evolution of the Mexican Narcos By Martín Paredes (martinparedes.com) Published on elpasonews.org on January 7, 2016"

Transcription

1 The Evolution of the Mexican Narcos By Martín Paredes (martinparedes.com) Published on elpasonews.org on January 7, 2016 The Mexican drug cartels evolved as a result of US domestic and foreign policy as well as a tradition of Mexican smuggling into the United States. Historically, the United States has instituted a foreign policy program focused on keeping destabilizing forces as far away as possible from its shores. The foreign policy can best be described as fighting threats to US interests in other countries, the further they are the better. Because of internal political necessities, many times, US foreign policy focuses on a specific problem preferring to deal with the unintended consequences at a later date. The evolution of the Mexican drug gangs were precipitated by three specific problems; (1) endemic drug consumption in the United States, (2) a social foundation of corruption in Mexican society, and (3) a US foreign policy of fighting external threats as far away as possible from the US homeland. Discussion and analysis of the Mexican drug cartels have traditionally misused the term cartel to identify the drug gangs. The use of the term cartel, is an offshoot of its use during the United States targeting of the Colombian Cali and Medellín cartels. Before we can discuss the rise of the Mexican drug cartels, it is important to understand that the use of the term drug cartel is a misnomer. Instead of cartels, they are drug trafficking gangs, or organizations. A cartel is an association of manufacturers or suppliers that artificially control pricing through restricting competition. For example, OPEC controls both the supply, packaging and the distribution of oil on the world market thus controlling the price of oil. The Mexican drug organizations, for the most part, do not control the manufacture or distribution of the illicit drugs but instead act as conduits from the source to the final destination. It is true that some of the Mexican drug traffickers have embarked in the cultivating or manufacture of the narcotics and have started to create alliances with end user distributers, but they do not control the entire pipelines of the cocaine, heroin, marihuana or methamphetamine markets. Understanding this distinction is important in order to understanding the evolution of the Mexican drug gangs into the criminal enterprises they are today. Instead of drug cartels, they are in fact drug gangs. Understanding them as gangs makes understanding their modus operandi into criminal enterprises beyond the illicit drug market, for example human trafficking and extortion, easier to comprehend. It also makes it easier to understand the constant evolution of the gangs as part of an ever changing loyalties among the criminals that evolved from the Guadalajara drug cartel into over 20 drug gangs and two to three drug trafficking organizations operating in Mexico today. Drug trafficking is a complex international phenomena involving the national and international politics of many countries. The evolution of the Mexican drug cartels can be traced back to two very specific nexuses. The first is that the drug cartels evolved directly from three individuals in Mexico. They are Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Don Neto, Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo and Rafael Caro Quintero. However, it is important to understand that although Félix Gallardo and Caro Quintero are considered part of the three that founded the Guadalajara cartel, it was Don Neto who actually ran the operation. The drug gangs, even today trace their lineage directly back to these three individuals because of blood relations among all of them. Although the three were called the Guadalajara cartel, because they operated out of that city, they were in fact all from Sinaloa. In addition to the three, Mexico has had

2 many drug smugglers, each controlling their own routes into the United States. Each of them ran heroin and marihuana individually through the territories they each controlled. The Mexican Federation It was the Colombian Cali cartel that organized the individual smugglers into a loose knit Mexican Federation of smugglers that allowed them to provide the Cali cartel with the necessary infrastructure to smuggle the large quantities of cocaine needed to replace the Florida route the US government was choking off. The choking off of the Florida routes was the second specific nexus that gave rise to the Mexican drug trafficking organizations. One of the Mexican smugglers, Pablo Acosta Villarreal, operating in Ojinaga, across the border from Presidio, become the most successful smuggler for the Colombian cartels. He smuggled for the Medellín cartel. Medellín was the one created by Pablo Escobar. Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Don Neto had a nephew named Amado Carrillo Fuentes who caused him a problem with Rafael Caro Quintero because both were romantically pursuing a 17 year old woman. As a result, Don Neto sent Carrillo Fuentes to Chihuahua to work with Pablo Acosta. Don Neto wanted to resolve the problem between Carrillo Fuentes and Caro Quintero and doing so saw the opportunity to increase his share of the Colombian cocaine market by having Carrillo Fuentes learn about Pablo Acosta s smuggling operation for the Medellín cartel. As a result of this action, Amado Carrillo Fuentes eventually took over Pablo Acosta s smuggling operation and made direct contacts with the Medellín cartel, He eventually founded what became known as the Juárez cartel. When Pablo Acosta was killed by a cross border operation by US officials, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo took over the Acosta operation until Amado Carrillo Fuentes killed him a few years later. Thus the Pablo Acosta smuggling operation gave Amado Carrillo Fuentes the necessary resources to build the Juárez cartel and bringing it directly under the control of the Sinaloenses. Amado Carrillo Fuentes eventually smuggled Colombian cocaine for the Cali cartel as well, making him the only smuggler to smuggle for both the Cali and Medellín cartels. Meanwhile, the Cali cartel s loose knit Mexican Federation, composed of various drug gangs each began to brand themselves into smaller drug trafficking organizations as the Colombians were disseminated by US operations in conjunction with the Colombians. They each organized themselves under the smuggling routes they each controlled. Thus the Gulf cartel, the Colima cartels, among others began to formalize into drug trafficking organizations. The Triggers As complex as the phenomena of the drug cartels in Mexico is, there are specific triggers that resulted in the evolution of the Mexican drug trafficking organizations. Although, cartel is not the appropriate terminology to describe the Mexican drug gangs, in order to maintain consistency with the rest of the body of works about Mexican drug trafficking, the word cartel will also be used herein as well. However, when you see the word cartel substitute with the word gang and the analysis will make better sense to you.

3 As you read about the triggers keep in mind that the Mexican drug cartels evolved through familial, or blood ties directly from the Guadalajara cartel, all from family members originating in Sinaloa. Mexican and US officials have historically targeted the heads of the drug gangs as trophies to showcase to their respective constituencies. Attacking the heads of each drug trafficking organization for trophies has led to the multiplier effect that has resulted in the splintering of the gangs and the rise of the violence as each new splinter fights the others for control of the hundreds of years old smuggling routes into the United States. The 1970 s As previously discussed, specific triggers show how the Mexican drug cartels evolved. The first trigger and the nexus to the Mexican drug cartels is the rapid growth of the Columbian cocaine traffic into the United States in the 1970 s. Two Columbian cartels; the Cali and Medellín, focused on cocaine smuggling, were targeted by the United States and as a result violence dramatically increased in drug smuggling operations. Prior to the Columbians, Mexican drug trafficking into the United States went through two broad periods; the opium and marihuana trade that was dominated by Mexican smugglers working independently of each other in smaller scales. Opium was introduced by Chinese immigrants in California in the late 1800 s. Opium was followed by morphine and other opiates. Morphine became popular during the US Civil War. As a result of Prohibition, marihuana consumption in the United States rose dramatically because alcohol had become too expensive. By the 1960 s, use of psychedelics, marihuana and amphetamines were in widespread use in the US. In addition to the Mexican smugglers, a cocaine market, initially legal and ultimately made illegal, originated from Bolivia and Peru. After World War II, drug trafficking organizations started to become more professional and organized. At this point in time, drug trafficking into the United States, from Mexico, was predominantly the trafficking of marihuana and opium along with heroin. Mexican smugglers used old smuggling routes between the United States and Mexico that had been created shortly after the US and Mexico formalized their respective borders. Each of the Mexican smugglers controlled their own smuggling routes. However, as early as the 1970 s, Columbian traffickers piggybacked cocaine loads on Mexican heroin and marihuana loads. These piggybacks supplemented the cocaine entering through Florida. As Florida was closed off by US officials, the piggybacks increased in size. The father of the modern day drug traffickers is Pablo Escobar. Escobar created the business model for today s violent drug trafficker. The plata o plomo, or silver or lead smuggling model allowed for only two possible outcomes, submit to the will of the smuggler and benefit from their money or die opposing them. In the 1970 s two Columbian brothers named Rodriguez Orejuela and José Santacruz Londoño moved away from petty crimes and began distributing cocaine. José Santacruz Londoño established the US distribution of cocaine in the United States, while the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers concentrated on developing cocoa processing labs in Columbia and Peru. They formed the Cali cartel, which specialized in mass distribution of Columbian cocaine. In 1975, Pablo Escobar also moved away from petty crimes and began to develop his own cocaine operation. Eventually the Pablo Escobar operation become known as the Medellín cartel. The Cali and

4 Medellín cartels were organized as businesses, compartmentalized but with a centralized management at the top. Unlike the Cali cartel, that invested in the Cali economy, Pablo Escobar horded his money. The Cali cartel bought off Columbian officials and the community while Pablo Escobar put bounties on those who interfered in his business operations. Both Columbian cartels used routes through Florida to smuggle drugs into the United States. US foreign policy ignored the Columbian cartels until they became a threat to US foreign interests. Because of the rise in terror, by the Pablo Escobar s Medellín cartel, the Columbian government began to target both cartels at the behest of the United States. Although Mexican drug smugglers were operating at this time, they were nothing more than small time operators trafficking individually in marihuana, opium, heroin and some cocaine. They were disorganized and predominantly focused on opium and marihuana. Nonetheless, Richard Nixon declared a war on drugs in Although the commission he created under Raymond Shafer unanimously recommended decriminalizing the possession of personal use marihuana, Nixon ignored the recommendation and kept marihuana as a prohibited drug. Opium plantations, mainly in the Sinaloa region and marihuana in Durango, Guerrero and Chihuahua were dominated by small growers in the three areas. In the mid 1970 s, Mexico launched a coordinated military operation against the drug growers in four Mexican states. The operation became known as Operación Condor. The military operation focused on eradicating marihuana and poppy fields. This was the first time Mexico recognized drug trafficking as a national security problem and the Mexican military was tasked with eradicating the problem. The task was to eradicate the cultivating farms and ignore the smuggling operations. The thought was that if cultivating was eradicated then the smuggling operations would die off on their own. The Condor Operation was very successful. It resulted in the second trigger that gave rise to the Mexican drug cartels. Marihuana and opium farmers, left without the ability to feed their families, fled the mountains, along with the drug traffickers. This event gave rise to the Culiacán, Sinaloa traffickers. The flow of drugs continued through the smuggling routes into the United States. Mexican drug smugglers kept on smuggling by taking advantage of their small unorganized operations and a 2,000 mile border. Because of the continued pressure on the marihuana growers by government officials and the low profits, relative to cocaine, the Mexican drug smugglers were eager to work with the Columbians. They had the infrastructure and the experience that the Columbian needed as the United States chocked off the Florida routes. As a result, the Cali cartel helped the disorganized Mexicans into forming a crime federation of some of the major Mexican drug smugglers. This looseknit organization became known as the Mexican Federation. The Mexican Federation was a loose coalition of smugglers smuggling Columbian cocaine along their established routes. The Mexican Federation eventually took over the Colombians and began to create mini cartels along their respective smuggling routes. Likewise, the Medellín cartel saw the Mexican pipeline as a solution to their Florida problems. Carlos Lehder and Juan Matta Ballesteros worked through Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo to smuggle Columbian cocaine through Mexico.

5 The 1980 s The third trigger is a combination of the Mexican smugglers that evolved from smuggling marijuana to running Columbian cocaine into the United States as well as US foreign policy. One of the most prolific drug smugglers was Pablo Acosta Villarreal, El Zorro de Ojinana. Pablo Acosta operated out of Ojinaga Chihuahua. Ojinaga is a rural Mexican town across the border from Presidio Texas, also a rural community in the United States. On April 8, 1986, Ronald Reagan signed National Security Decision Directive Number 221 where he declared that the international drug trade threatens the national security of the United States by potentially destabilizing democratic allies. Reagan s national security directive was aimed at Mexico s drug smugglers and the Columbian drug cartels. Smugglers, like, Pablo Acosta in Mexico and Pablo Escobar in Columbia were the third trigger in the rise of the Mexican drug cartels. The US Anti Drug Act, besides enhancing drug penalties in trafficking and consumption also started a certifying program for countries that were involved in drug trafficking into the United States. The certifying program applied pressure on Mexico to participate in drug interdiction programs as dictated by the United States. In addition to the certification program, Mexico, like other countries including the United States were still recovering from the worldwide recession that had started in 1973 as a result of the oil embargoes. Additionally, Mexico s economy was also suffering from dwindling oil reserves. As a result, the administration of Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado began to reposition the Mexican economy under the neoliberalism economic model. By 1986, Mexico had joined GATT and had embarked on launching free trade policies that resulted in NAFTA in The opening of the Mexican economy further exasperated the plight of the Mexican farmers (campesinos) who suddenly found themselves without the ability to compete against international agribusiness conglomerates. The populations of the cities of Cd. Juárez and Tijuana exploded as a result of migrating rural populations in search of jobs in the maquila industries. Additionally, under US pressure to choke off drug smuggling routes, the administration of Miguel de la Madrid once again declared drug trafficking a national security problem and mobilized the Mexican military against drug trafficking. Ultimately this resulted in the murder of DEA agent Enrique Kiki Camarena Salazar in February of Also, the continued pressure on the Columbian traffickers forced them to look for alternate routes away from Florida through Mexico. These combinations of events, the third trigger, started the evolution of the Mexican opium and marihuana peddlers into international drug traffickers. At this point there was one Mexican drug cartel, the Guadalajara cartel led by Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo (Don Neto), Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo and Rafael Caro Quintero. Although dubbed the Guadalajara cartel because it was their base of operations, the three traffickers came from families that originated from the Golden Drug Triangle centered in Sinaloa. Pablo Acosta controlled one of the most significant plazas or pisos smuggling route into the United States.

6 Plazas or pisos (floors) are used interchangeably by drug traffickers to describe a fluid decentralized conduit operated by one of the drug gangs as a smuggling route into the United States. Plazas signify a territory controlled by a gang through intimidation and bribery of officials through which drugs enter the United States. The drug traffickers pay the plaza holders fees for transiting the drugs through the territory. Many times, multiple drug traffickers have loads in the same smuggling attempt, each paying the plaza holder for access to the route, transportation and delivery on the US side of the border. Although the plaza holders did not cultivate or package the drugs they nonetheless benefitted financially from the use of their routes. They were also not organized into cartels or associations, instead each worked independently providing service to any drug trafficker willing to pay them. The plaza holders remained relatively free from US and Mexican antidrug operations because both governments focused on eradicating cultivation instead of smuggling routes. Pablo Acosta benefited greatly from this and his conduit to Columbia s Cali cartel. With continued pressure from the United States against Pablo Escobar s Medellín and Cali cartels routes through Florida, a Columbian by the name of Hélmer Pacho Herrera, who had connections to various Mexican smugglers, helped the Cali drug traffickers to team up with Mexican smugglers to keep the cocaine flowing into the United States. On the Medellín side, José Rodriguez Gacha, also known as El Mexicano, a Columbian pig farmer established routes through Mexico for Pablo Escobar. One of the original founders of the Guadalajara cartel, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, Don Neto sent Amado Carrillo Fuentes, his nephew to Ojinaga to work with and learn about Pablo Acosta s operations. Carrillo Fuentes was sent to Ojinaga because he and Rafael Caro Quintero had an ongoing lover s quarrel over 17 year old Sara Cosío. Don Neto wanted to keep the peace with his associates. In 1987, Pablo Acosta was killed by US officials and Rafael Aguilar Guajardo took over Acosta s smuggling operations. The United States continued to demand showcase arrests of high level drug traffickers in order to show successes in the ongoing war on drugs. Thus, in 1989, Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo was arrested and incarcerated by Mexican officials. He became a significant target for US officials because of his participation in the murder of DEA Agent Kiki Camarena. The three primary traffickers, Fonseca, Félix Gallardo and Caro Quintero operated independently of each other but in cooperation through two major smuggling routes into the United States, one on the Pacific side of the country and the other on the Gulf of Mexico side s On April 12, 1993, Amado Carrillo Fuentes killed Rafael Aguilar Guajardo and thus the Juárez cartel was born. Carrillo Fuentes became known as the Lord of the Skies because of his use of aircraft to smuggle drugs into the United States. The arrest of Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo forced the drug confederacy known as the Guadalajara cartel to divide the country into sections to keep the profits rolling in and the violence in check. A meeting was held between the traffickers and the country was divided among themselves. Amado Carrillo Fuentes retained the Juárez cartel. The Tijuana cartel was given to Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo. At this point in time, Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera, also known as the El Chapo Guzman was nothing more than a street level smuggler working for the Guadalajara cartel. Héctor El Guero Palma

7 and the five Beltrán Leyva brothers were also barely above street level traffickers. El Chapo, La Palma and Ismael Zambada were given control of the Sinaloa cartel by Don Neto. This was the fourth trigger. The arrangements started to disintegrate almost immediately because Félix Gallardo was being blamed for the unwanted attention and pressure by US law enforcement because of the murder of DEA agent Enrique S. Kiki Camarena Salazar. Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo and Rafael Caro Quintero, although in agreement to kidnap Camarena did not want him killed. It was Félix Gallardo that was blamed for Enrique Camarena s murder. Camarena s death was also the impetus for Chapo s rise from an underling to the leader of the Sinaloa cartel. The Tijuana route under the Arellano Félix brothers controlled the Baja California routes. The Carrillo Fuentes family controlled the Chihuahua routes and became known as the Juárez cartel. The Sinaloa cartel controlled the smuggling routes through the Pacific side of Mexico. Infighting among the looseknit groups soon fragmented into various gangs because of continued pressure brought on by US and Mexican drug interdiction operations. Felipe Calderón s War In 2006, Felipe Calderón launched another offensive against the Mexican drug organizations. Calderón escalated the pressure against the drug smugglers and continued to focus on the leadership in an attempt to end their operations in Mexico. The drug smuggling crackdown escalated the violence in Mexico and resulted in tens of thousands of deaths. The United States worked closely with Mexican officials in this latest escalation of the drug war. As a result of this crackdown, the Mexican drug organizations, under intense pressure, further fragmented into various smaller cartels each taking advantage of the void in leadership and attacking their competitors. From this, the Zetas, the Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG also known as the Matazetas) and the Los Caballeros Templarios, Knights Templar, on offshoot of the La Familia Michoacana, among others, took control of some of the smuggling routes and criminal activities of the fragmenting drug trafficking gangs. In late 2015, Mexican officials acknowledged that the drug cartels have fragmented into various smaller cells made up of the remnants of the larger cartels. Tomas Zerón, director of the Criminal Investigation Agency of Mexico s Attorney General, argued in June of 2015, that there are only two major Mexican drug trafficking organizations left. According to Zerón, Chapo Guzmán s Sinaloa cartel and the Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG) are the only two major drug trafficking cartels in Mexico with structure and organization left. Unfortunately, the government pronouncement ignores the intelligence information that indicates that the Jalisco Nueva Generación is an armed wing of the Sinaloa cartel. The Jalisco Nueva Generación are fighting remnants of the other cartels in support of Chapo Guzmán s Sinaloa cartel. Remembering that the drug traffickers have always been gangs and that Chapo Guzmán escaped prison in the middle of 2015, it stands to reason that he is reconciling his control over the drug trafficking business in Mexico. The Jalisco Nueva Generación is likely one of his tools to bring the gangs back in line under his control. It is important to note that regardless of the number their leadership, modus operandi and organization is derived from the original Guadalajara cartel and the familial links between all of the leadership that is centered in Sinaloa.

8 Today, Mexico remains a major supplier of heroin into the United States and the largest supplier of methamphetamines and marihuana. In addition, it is estimated that over 90% of the cocaine entering the United States now transits through Mexico. Several officials agree that drug trafficking accounts for about three to four percent of Mexico s GDP and provides about half a million jobs in Mexico. The Cartels 1. Los Barrio Aztecas not a significant drug trafficking organization 2. Cártel de los Beltrán Leyva 3. Los Caballeros Templarios Guardia Michoacana 4. Cártel del Centro Narco not a significant drug trafficking organization 5. Cártel de Colima 6. La Familia Michoacana 7. Gente Nueva not a significant drug trafficking organization 8. Los Güeros not a significant drug trafficking organization 9. Cártel del Golfo or CDG 10. Cártel de Guadalajara 11. Cártel Independiente de Acapulco CIDA not a significant drug trafficking organization 12. Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación aka matazetas 13. Cártel de Juárez 14. La Linea not a significant drug trafficking organization 15. Cártel de Oaxaca or Pedro Díaz Parada or Cártel del Istmo 16. Cártel del Pacífico Sur not a significant drug trafficking organization 17. Los Pelones not a significant drug trafficking organization 18. Cártel de Tijuana 19.La Resistencia or Cárteles Unidos not a significant drug trafficking organization 20. Cártel de Sinaloa or Cártel del Pacifico 21. Cártel de los Valencia or Cártel del Milenio 22. Los Zetas Infographic Notes: (for the attached infographic) 1. Amado Carrillo Fuentes and Miguel Angel Rodríguez Orejuela eventually developed a close friendship. 2. A lover s quarrel over a 17 year old woman between Rafael Caro Quintero and Amado Carrillo Fuentes resulting in Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Don Neto to send his nephew, Amado Carrillo Fuentes, to work with Pablo Acosta Villarreal. This action eventually allowed Amado Carrillo Fuentes to create the Juárez cartel and link up with the Medellín cartel to smuggle cocaine into the United States. 3. Amado Carrillo Fuentes killed Rafael Aguilar Guajardo and took over the Pablo Acosta smuggling routes. 4. After the arrest of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Don Neto for the murder of DEA Agent Enrique Kiki Camarena Salazar in 1985, Don Neto divided his operation into three smaller drug gangs. Amado Carrillo Fuentes headed the Juárez cartel. Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo headed the Tijuana cartel. The Sinaloa cartel was reorganized under Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera El Chapo, Héctor Luis Palma Salazar El Güero Palma and Ismael Zambada García El Mayo Zambada. 5. The Colombian Cali cartel organized various Mexican drug smugglers into a loosely organized group called the Mexican Federation.

9 6. At least two high level former US federal agents and several Mexican journalists have documented that Rafael Caro Quintero was on the payroll of the CIA. It has been alleged that Caro Quintero was protected by the CIA in order to keep him from revealing secret CIA operations connected to worldwide drug trafficking and the Iran Contra affair. 7. The four Beltrán Leyva brothers worked closely with El Chapo until they blamed El Chapo for the arrest of Alfredo Beltrán Leyva. They split from the Sinaloa cartel in 2008 and formed their own cartel. 8. The Colima cartel, founded by the three Amezuca Contreras brothers originally trafficked Columbian cocaine into the United States. In 1988, they focused on methamphetamines eventually becoming known as the Methamphetamines Kings. They eventually become a branch of the Sinaloa cartel. 9. Carlos Rosales Mendoza was a close friend and associate of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén The drug lords 1. Miguel Angel Rodríguez Orejuela 2. Gilberto José Rodríguez Orejuela 3. José Santacruz Londoño 4. Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria 5. Francisco Hélmer Herrera Buitrago "Pacho" or "H7" 6. José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha "El Mexicano" 7. Juan Ramón Matta Ballesteros 8. Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas 9. Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo "Don Neto" 10. Rafael Caro Quintero 11. Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo 12. Pablo Acosta Villarreal "El Zorro de Ojinaga" 13. Amado Carrillo Fuentes "El Señor de los Cielos" 14. Rafael Aguilar Guajardo 15. Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera "El Chapo" 16. Héctor Luis Palma Salazar "El Güero Palma" 17. Ismael Zambada García "El Mayo Zambada" 18. Alfredo Beltrán Leyva "El Mochomo" 19. José de Jesús Amezcua Contreras 20. Juan García Ábrego 21. Osiel Cárdenas Guillén 22. Arturo Guzmán Decena "Z1" 23. Carlos Alberto Rosales Mendoza 24. Nazario Moreno González "El Chayo" 25. Armando Valencia Cornelio "Maradona" 26. Pedro Díaz Parada

Drugs and Crime. Class Overview. Illicit Drug Supply Chain. The Drug Supply Chain. Drugs and Money Terrorism & the International Drug Trade DRUG GANGS

Drugs and Crime. Class Overview. Illicit Drug Supply Chain. The Drug Supply Chain. Drugs and Money Terrorism & the International Drug Trade DRUG GANGS Drugs and Crime Drug Trafficking & Distribution Class Overview The Drug Supply Chain Cultivation Production Transportation Distribution Drugs and Money Terrorism & the International Drug Trade Illicit

More information

Case 1:12-cr RJL Document 67 Filed 06/19/15 Page 1 of 36 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Case 1:12-cr RJL Document 67 Filed 06/19/15 Page 1 of 36 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Case 1:12-cr-00184-RJL Document 67 Filed 06/19/15 Page 1 of 36 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CRIMINAL NO. 12-CR-184 (RJL) v. ALFREDO BELTRAN LEYVA,

More information

Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs)

Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) UNCLASSIFIED Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) UNCLASSIFIED 1 Purpose Definitions History of Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) (Formerly ~ Drug Trafficking Organizations DTO) History

More information

THE NEW MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS PROSPECTS

THE NEW MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS PROSPECTS THE NEW MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS PROSPECTS A Colloquium Co-Hosted by the George Washington University Center for Latin American Issues and the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute Thursday,

More information

(T. 21, U.S.C., 848(a), ARTURO BELTRAN-LEYVA, 848(b), 848(c), 853 (p), IGNACIO CORONEL VILLAREAL, 960(b)(1)(B)(ii) and 963;

(T. 21, U.S.C., 848(a), ARTURO BELTRAN-LEYVA, 848(b), 848(c), 853 (p), IGNACIO CORONEL VILLAREAL, 960(b)(1)(B)(ii) and 963; Case 1:09-cr-00466-SLT Document 1 Filed 07/10/09 Page 1 of 20 PageID #: 1 MLM:CP :AG F. No. 2009R01065/OCDETF # NYNYE-616 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK -X UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

More information

1. "El Chapo" Guzman is on the run for the SECOND time. How embarrassing or frustrating is it for both enforcement officers in Mexico and U.S.?

1. El Chapo Guzman is on the run for the SECOND time. How embarrassing or frustrating is it for both enforcement officers in Mexico and U.S.? DATE: July 13 TIME: 1545 EST FORMAT: LTS- Skype anthony.john.coulson EX: Tucson, Arizona GUEST: Anthony Coulson (Cool-son) SUPER: Former U.S. Drug Enforcement Agent CONTACT: (520) 904-6778 acoulson@nth-consulting.com

More information

Is the Narco-violence in Mexico an Insurgency?

Is the Narco-violence in Mexico an Insurgency? Is the Narco-violence in Mexico an Insurgency? A Monograph by CW4 Michael G. Rogan U.S. Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

More information

The Evolving Crime Threat from Mexico s TCOs

The Evolving Crime Threat from Mexico s TCOs The Evolving Crime Threat from Mexico s TCOs Homeland Security Symposium ------ UT El Paso June Beittel TCOs: Different Typologies By primary function: National Cartels Regional Cartels Toll-Collector

More information

CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web

CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RL30886 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Mexico s Counter-Narcotics Efforts under Zedillo and Fox, December 1994-March 2001 Updated March 30, 2001 K. Larry Storrs Specialist

More information

ROSMUN 2017 Rosary Sisters High School Model United Nations Committee: Security Council

ROSMUN 2017 Rosary Sisters High School Model United Nations Committee: Security Council ROSMUN 2017 Rosary Sisters High School Model United Nations Committee: Security Council Issue: Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) in Latin America and the Caribbean Hazar Handal Introduction In the past

More information

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA San Diego, California. United States Attorney Karen P. Hewitt

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA San Diego, California. United States Attorney Karen P. Hewitt NEWS RELEASE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA San Diego, California United States Attorney Karen P. Hewitt For Further Information, Contact: Assistant U. S. Attorney

More information

Methods to curb underground drug trafficking in North America

Methods to curb underground drug trafficking in North America The Dhirubhai Ambani International School Model United Nations 2017 Forum: Issue: Economic and Social Council Methods to curb underground drug trafficking in North America Student Officer: Meera Rohera

More information

Mexico Kidnap and Ransom Summary. November 2017

Mexico Kidnap and Ransom Summary. November 2017 Mexico Kidnap and Ransom Summary November 2017 Contents Overview An incomplete picture Statistics and annual comparison Gangs, specialist groups and DTOs Virtual Express Kidnapping Geographical synopsis

More information

An Outlook to Mexico s Security Strategy

An Outlook to Mexico s Security Strategy An Outlook to Mexico s Security Strategy Dr. Luis Estrada lestrada@spintcp.com Presented at the Center for Latin American Studies The George Washington University Washington, DC, December 9, 2010. Overview.

More information

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. April 1997 Grand Jury. Count 1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. April 1997 Grand Jury. Count 1 ; 1 1 1 1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff,) ) v. ) ) BENJAMIN ARELLANO-FELIX (1), ) aka "El Senor", ) aka "Min", ) RAMON ARELLANO- FELIX (), ) aka "Colores", ) EDUARDO ARELLANO-FELIX (), ) aka

More information

Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations

Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations June S. Beittel Analyst in Latin American Affairs July 3, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41576 Summary Mexican drug trafficking

More information

CULBERSON. Pecos REEVES. Fort Davis JEFF DAVIS UV 17. Alpine PRESIDIO BREWSTER MEXICO

CULBERSON. Pecos REEVES. Fort Davis JEFF DAVIS UV 17. Alpine PRESIDIO BREWSTER MEXICO Product No. 2007-R0813-032 West Texas High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis April 2007 Preface This assessment provides a strategic overview of the illicit drug situation in the West

More information

STATEMENT OF DAVID OGDEN DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BEFORE THE

STATEMENT OF DAVID OGDEN DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BEFORE THE STATEMENT OF DAVID OGDEN DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE BEFORE THE UNITED STATES SENATE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS HEARING ENTITLED SOUTHERN BORDER

More information

Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations

Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations June S. Beittel Analyst in Latin American Affairs July 3, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41576 Congressional Operations

More information

Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter- Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context Luis Astorga David A. Shirk

Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter- Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context Luis Astorga David A. Shirk Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter- Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context Luis Astorga David A. Shirk Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation April 2010 1 Brief Project Description

More information

Remittances reached US$24.77 billion in 2015, 4.8% up on the previous year

Remittances reached US$24.77 billion in 2015, 4.8% up on the previous year Migration Remittances reached US$24.77 billion in 2015, 4.8% up on the previous year Juan José Li Ng / Alfredo Salgado The total inflow of remittances to Mexico grew by 4.8% in 2015 to US$24.77 billion

More information

Beyond Merida: The Evolving Approach to Security Cooperation Eric L. Olson Christopher E. Wilson

Beyond Merida: The Evolving Approach to Security Cooperation Eric L. Olson Christopher E. Wilson Beyond Merida: The Evolving Approach to Security Cooperation Eric L. Olson Christopher E. Wilson Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation May 2010 1 Brief Project Description This Working

More information

Drug Wars: It Is Not All Quiet On The Mexican Front

Drug Wars: It Is Not All Quiet On The Mexican Front Etter: Drug Wars -- It is Not Quiet on the Mexican Front 19 Drug Wars: It Is Not All Quiet On The Mexican Front by Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., Ed.D. University of Central Missouri Abstract: This is a full

More information

As I have lived, experienced, studied, and deployed to the Latin American

As I have lived, experienced, studied, and deployed to the Latin American The Strategic Environment Chapter 1. Transnational Organized Crime, a Regional Perspective 1 Brigadier General (retired) Hector E. Pagan As I have lived, experienced, studied, and deployed to the Latin

More information

Case 3:12-cr FM Document 49 Filed 04/11/12 Page 1 of 28 CRIMINAL NO. EP-12-CR-

Case 3:12-cr FM Document 49 Filed 04/11/12 Page 1 of 28 CRIMINAL NO. EP-12-CR- Case 3:12-cr-00849-FM Document 49 Filed 04/11/12 Page 1 of 28 Judge Frank Montalvo IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff,

More information

Perspectives on the Americas

Perspectives on the Americas Perspectives on the Americas A Series of Opinion Pieces by Leading Commentators on the Region Success or Failure? Evaluating U.S.-Mexico Efforts to Address Organized Crime and Violence by Andrew Selee,

More information

Violence and organized crime in Mexico

Violence and organized crime in Mexico POLITICAL STUDIES ASSOCIATION (UK) PSA 65th Annual International Conference 30th March - 1st April 2015, Sheffield City Hall and Town Hall TITLE OF THE PAPER Violence and organized crime in Mexico José

More information

JCC: Medellin Cartel VIMUNC VI. March 1-2, 2019

JCC: Medellin Cartel VIMUNC VI. March 1-2, 2019 JCC: Medellin Cartel VIMUNC VI March 1-2, 2019 Nick Hodge Secretary-General Lauren Fahlberg Director-General Oksana Vickers Chief of Staff Kavye Vij USG of Crisis Alex Marjanovic USG of General Assemblies

More information

UNODC BACKGROUND GUIDE: COCAINE TRAFFICKING IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND NARCO- TERRORISM PREVENTION JANE PARK HYUNWOO KIM SEJIN PARK

UNODC BACKGROUND GUIDE: COCAINE TRAFFICKING IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND NARCO- TERRORISM PREVENTION JANE PARK HYUNWOO KIM SEJIN PARK UNODC BACKGROUND GUIDE: COCAINE TRAFFICKING IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND NARCO- TERRORISM PREVENTION JANE PARK HYUNWOO KIM SEJIN PARK LETTER FROM THE CHAIRS Greetings dear delegates. My name is Jane Park, a

More information

x

x Case 1:09-cr-00466-BMC Document 14 Filed 05/11/16 Page 1 of 33 PageID #: 364 t. GMP:MPR/PEN F.# 2009R01065/OCDETF# NY-NYE-616 rl UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ------------ ---

More information

Mexican Cartels: The Threat Along Our Southern Border

Mexican Cartels: The Threat Along Our Southern Border AU/ACSC/ANDERS/AY12 AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY Mexican Cartels: The Threat Along Our Southern Border by Michael T. Anders, Major, USA A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial

More information

A Predictive Study on the Likelihood of Restoring Order to Ciudad Juarez

A Predictive Study on the Likelihood of Restoring Order to Ciudad Juarez A Predictive Study on the Likelihood of Restoring Order to Ciudad Juarez By Anthony W Sprouse Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for course Analytics I (INTL504) American Military University

More information

The evolution of drug trafficking and organized crime in latin america

The evolution of drug trafficking and organized crime in latin america Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas 71 2013 SPP 71 The evolution of drug trafficking and organized crime in latin america A evolução do tráfico de drogas e do crime organizado na América Latina L évolution

More information

A Wider Security Approach Helps the Understanding of a Case Study

A Wider Security Approach Helps the Understanding of a Case Study Supervisor: Lisa Strömblom A Wider Security Approach Helps the Understanding of a Case Study A case study of the Drug War in Mexico and the challenges within the Mexican state Marcus Nilsson Supervisor:

More information

UC San Diego Evolving Democracy

UC San Diego Evolving Democracy UC San Diego Evolving Democracy Title Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter-Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j647429 Authors Astorga, Luis Shirk,

More information

Why Cartels Are Killing Mexico s Mayors

Why Cartels Are Killing Mexico s Mayors http://nyti.ms/1n5nuu9 SundayReview OPINION Why Cartels Are Killing Mexico s Mayors By IOAN GRILLO JAN. 15, 2016 Mexico City ON the morning of Jan. 2, a team of hired killers set off for the home of 33-year-old

More information

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. JORGE GUADALUPE AYALA-GERMAN, JORGE LUIS TORRES-GALVAN, aka Jose Manuel Castell-Villot, aka Choche,

More information

STRATFOR 700 Lavaca Street, Suite 900 Austin, TX Tel: MEXICO: A Security and Business-Risk Assessment

STRATFOR 700 Lavaca Street, Suite 900 Austin, TX Tel: MEXICO: A Security and Business-Risk Assessment STRATFOR 700 Lavaca Street, Suite 900 Austin, TX 78701 Tel: 1-512-744-4300 www.stratfor.com MEXICO: A Security and Business-Risk Assessment April 26, 2010 1 MEXICO: A Security and Business-Risk Assessment

More information

Information derived from several sources and searchable databases. All research conducted according to the project manual.

Information derived from several sources and searchable databases. All research conducted according to the project manual. Organization Attributes Sheet: The Texis Cartel Author: Andrew Moss Review: Phil Williams and Adrienna Jones A. When the organization was formed + brief history The group known as the Texis Cartel uses

More information

NATIONAL SOUTHWEST BORDER COUNTERNARCOTICS STRATEGY Unclassified Summary

NATIONAL SOUTHWEST BORDER COUNTERNARCOTICS STRATEGY Unclassified Summary NATIONAL SOUTHWEST BORDER COUNTERNARCOTICS STRATEGY Unclassified Summary INTRODUCTION The harsh climate, vast geography, and sparse population of the American Southwest have long posed challenges to law

More information

Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web

Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code 98-174 F Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Mexican Drug Certification Issues: U.S. Congressional Action, 1986-2002 Updated October 22, 2002 K. Larry Storrs Specialist in Latin

More information

Sneak Preview. Police and Public Security in Mexico. Included in this preview: Copyright Page Table of Contents Excerpt of Chapter 1

Sneak Preview. Police and Public Security in Mexico. Included in this preview: Copyright Page Table of Contents Excerpt of Chapter 1 Sneak Preview Police and Public Security in Mexico Edited by Robert A. Donnelly and David A. Shirk Included in this preview: Copyright Page Table of Contents Excerpt of Chapter 1 For additional information

More information

Mexico s response to the drug war

Mexico s response to the drug war Bachelor Thesis in Political Science Mexico s response to the drug war and its impact on human security Author: Magdalena Glusniewska Supervisor: Anders Persson Academic year: 2015/2016 Course code: 2SK300

More information

OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES EXPLAINING THE INTENSIFICATION OF DRUG-RELATED VIOLENCE IN MEXICO:

OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES EXPLAINING THE INTENSIFICATION OF DRUG-RELATED VIOLENCE IN MEXICO: OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES EXPLAINING THE INTENSIFICATION OF DRUG-RELATED VIOLENCE IN MEXICO: AN ANALYSIS OF LOS ZETAS, SINALOA FEDERATION, AND LA FAMILIA MICHACOANA/ THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR FROM 2006-2012 Karin

More information

Criminal Violence and Forced Internal Displacement in Mexico: Evidence, Perception and Challenges. Sebastián Albuja Steve Hege Laura Rubio Díaz Leal

Criminal Violence and Forced Internal Displacement in Mexico: Evidence, Perception and Challenges. Sebastián Albuja Steve Hege Laura Rubio Díaz Leal Criminal Violence and Forced Internal Displacement in Mexico: Evidence, Perception and Challenges Sebastián Albuja Steve Hege Laura Rubio Díaz Leal Context: Where there is violence there is internal displacement

More information

POLICE AND PUBLIC SECURITY IN MEXICO. Edited by Robert A. Donnelly and David A. Shirk

POLICE AND PUBLIC SECURITY IN MEXICO. Edited by Robert A. Donnelly and David A. Shirk POLICE AND PUBLIC SECURITY IN MEXICO Edited by Robert A. Donnelly and David A. Shirk Copyright 2010 by the Trans-Border Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced,

More information

Drug Violence in Mexico

Drug Violence in Mexico Drug Violence in Mexico Data and Analysis Through 2015 SPECIAL REPORT By Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk Justice in Mexico Department of Political Science & International

More information

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNDERSTANDING CARSI: THE IMPACT OF U.S. FOREIGN AID ON CRIME TRENDS IN CENTRAL AMERICA JEANNE ALMEIDA SPRING 2015

More information

My name is Jennifer and I m a senior at Uni. I ve been in MUN since freshman year. I first

My name is Jennifer and I m a senior at Uni. I ve been in MUN since freshman year. I first Head Chair: Jennifer Park Vice Chair: Rahan Arasteh Hello, My name is Jennifer and I m a senior at Uni. I ve been in MUN since freshman year. I first joined to practice public speaking, research, and communication,

More information

EP12 R084. Judge Frank Montalvo \ ".,.._..._...,..._._ "...

EP12 R084. Judge Frank Montalvo \ .,.._..._...,..._._ ... IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO DIVISION 11 PH Judge Frank Montalvo UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, v. Plaintiff, (1) JOAQUIN GUZMAN LOERA aka "Chapo", (2) ISMAEL

More information

JUNE The assassination of social leaders: a form of resistance to the peace process

JUNE The assassination of social leaders: a form of resistance to the peace process JUNE 2018 The assassination of social leaders: a form of resistance to the peace process June was one of the months that saw the greatest number of attacks against social leaders in Colombia this year.

More information

The Disarmament and International Security Committee

The Disarmament and International Security Committee The Disarmament and International Security Committee Chairs: Connor Yingling Joe Ciccolella Committee Topics: Topic 1: Drug Wars in Mexico Topic 2: Preventing Terror Attacks Topic 3: Kashmir Border Conflict

More information

Implications of the Debate over Border Violence Spillover. Sylvia Longmire

Implications of the Debate over Border Violence Spillover. Sylvia Longmire Implications of the Debate over Border Violence Spillover Sylvia Longmire Overview Current situation in Mexico Challenges to defining border violence spillover Crime statistics vs. anecdotal evidence Problems

More information

IN THE IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR COUNTY JUVENILE DIVISION

IN THE IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR COUNTY JUVENILE DIVISION IN THE IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR COUNTY JUVENILE DIVISION IN THE INTEREST OF ) No. ), ) COUNTRY CONDITIONS REPORT IN DOB: ) SUPPORT OF MINOR S MOTION FOR ) AN ORDER REGARDING MINOR S ) ELIGIBILITY FOR SPECIAL

More information

The Taken Country of Narcos by Rodrigo Ventura

The Taken Country of Narcos by Rodrigo Ventura The Taken Country of Narcos by Rodrigo Ventura In 'El Chapo' escape shines spotlight on corruption in Mexico," published in CNN Wire, Catherine Shoichet supports my opinion on how Mexico is a corrupt country.

More information

A SPECIAL REPRINT OCTOBER 95 U.S. C U S T O M S. Stories by MIKE GALLAGHER Photographs by RICHARD PIPES Of the Albuquerque Journal

A SPECIAL REPRINT OCTOBER 95 U.S. C U S T O M S. Stories by MIKE GALLAGHER Photographs by RICHARD PIPES Of the Albuquerque Journal A SPECIAL REPRINT OCTOBER 95 U.S. C U S T O M S B E A T E N A T T H E B O R D E R Stories by MIKE GALLAGHER Photographs by RICHARD PIPES Of the Albuquerque Journal EDITION OFSUNDAY, OCT. 22, 1995 1. INSIDE

More information

NARCO CULTURE, Part 2: Movies and Music. OLLICartelsWeek 6 Culture in the Cartel Era

NARCO CULTURE, Part 2: Movies and Music. OLLICartelsWeek 6 Culture in the Cartel Era NARCO CULTURE, Part 2: Movies and Music OLLICartelsWeek 6 Culture in the Cartel Era Approaches (some we have already seen) to explaining the era of violence: Structural changes in cartels from shipping

More information

THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL DIASPORAS IN DRUG MEXICO AND COLOMBIA TRAFFICKING: CANDIDATE NAME: LARISA VIRIDIANA LARA GUERRERO SUPERVISOR: DR AHRON BREGMAN

THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL DIASPORAS IN DRUG MEXICO AND COLOMBIA TRAFFICKING: CANDIDATE NAME: LARISA VIRIDIANA LARA GUERRERO SUPERVISOR: DR AHRON BREGMAN THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL DIASPORAS IN DRUG TRAFFICKING: MEXICO AND COLOMBIA CANDIDATE NAME: LARISA VIRIDIANA LARA GUERRERO SUPERVISOR: DR AHRON BREGMAN DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CONFLICT SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT

More information

Strategic Planning Process: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército del Pueblo (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia People s Army)

Strategic Planning Process: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército del Pueblo (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia People s Army) Nick Lind PLS 444 National Security 5/9/11 Strategic Planning Process: Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército del Pueblo (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia People s Army) The Revolutionary

More information

Delegate Research Information

Delegate Research Information MSC 63 rd Student Conference on National Affairs New World Disorder: Reconsidering America s Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships Texas A&M University Delegate Research Information Round Table Narconomics:

More information

Mexico s. Journal: The International Ciudad Juarez. Year: subscriptions.

Mexico s. Journal: The International Ciudad Juarez. Year: subscriptions. Journal: Professional Development: The International Journal of Continuing Social Work Education Article Title: Mexico s Law Enforcement Challenge: The Case Study of Ciudad Juarez Author(s): Ricardo Ainslie

More information

ORGANIZED CRIME Power : Most territory and Most Members. By Patrick Lagpacan

ORGANIZED CRIME Power : Most territory and Most Members. By Patrick Lagpacan ORGANIZED CRIME Power : Most territory and Most Members By Patrick Lagpacan The Russian Mafia The Russian Mafia has over 250,000 members from all round the world. The Russian Mafia Can be traced all the

More information

Poverty in Latin America

Poverty in Latin America Poverty in Latin America Poverty is connected to many of Latin America s problems. Many countries have a small social class of larger class of people who are extremely and a much. The poverty problem is

More information

The End of Civil War, the Rise of Narcotrafficking and the Implementation of the Merida Initiative in Central America

The End of Civil War, the Rise of Narcotrafficking and the Implementation of the Merida Initiative in Central America International Social Science Review Volume 89 Issue 1 Article 1 2014 The End of Civil War, the Rise of Narcotrafficking and the Implementation of the Merida Initiative in Central America William L. Marcy

More information

The United Mexican States

The United Mexican States The United Mexican States Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 17 th Session of the UPR Working Group Submitted 04 March 2013 Submission by CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation,

More information

The following paper documents are offered with permission of our Regional library. Postage reimbursement is not required.

The following paper documents are offered with permission of our Regional library. Postage reimbursement is not required. UW Madison Law Library Offers List #16 May 2017 Contact: Margaret Booth Government Documents Assistant 975 Bascom Mall Madison, WI 53706 Email: mlbooth@wisc.edu The following paper documents are offered

More information

Today Mexico is the reluctant host to the leadership and core infrastructures of several of

Today Mexico is the reluctant host to the leadership and core infrastructures of several of Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations: Sources of Hemispheric Instability by Steve Brackin Today Mexico is the reluctant host to the leadership and core infrastructures of several of the most powerful

More information

Case 3:97-cr LAB Document 19 Filed 11/26/02 Page 1 of 35

Case 3:97-cr LAB Document 19 Filed 11/26/02 Page 1 of 35 Case :-cr-0-lab Document Filed //0 Page of 0 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA August 0 Grand Jury UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Criminal Case No. CRK ) Plaintiff, ) l.njd. IME-NT

More information

I. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING / NATIONAL ANTI-DRUG STRATEGY

I. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING / NATIONAL ANTI-DRUG STRATEGY I. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING / NATIONAL ANTI-DRUG STRATEGY El Salvador has a National Anti-Drug Plan, which was approved on January 22, 2002, by the Central Coordinating Authority. The Plan covers demand

More information

Europol External Strategy. Business Case: Cooperation with Mexico

Europol External Strategy. Business Case: Cooperation with Mexico A EX 4 The Hague, 4 April 2012 File no. 2642-48 EDOC # 596028 v7 Europol External Strategy Business Case: Cooperation with Mexico 1. Aim The purpose of this Business Case is to provide additional information

More information

Coordinated like the Criminals: A Policy Analysis of the Current and Future. U.S. Responses to Drug Cartels. Megan Mulrooney

Coordinated like the Criminals: A Policy Analysis of the Current and Future. U.S. Responses to Drug Cartels. Megan Mulrooney Coordinated like the Criminals: A Policy Analysis of the Current and Future U.S. Responses to Drug Cartels By Megan Mulrooney A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree

More information

The General Assembly One Disarmament and International Security. The question of combatting illegal drug trade in South and Central America

The General Assembly One Disarmament and International Security. The question of combatting illegal drug trade in South and Central America Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: The General Assembly One Disarmament and International Security The question of combatting illegal drug trade in South and Central America Ye Lim YU President of

More information

Drug trafficking, violence, corruption and democracy in Mexico.

Drug trafficking, violence, corruption and democracy in Mexico. Drug trafficking, violence, corruption and democracy in Mexico. Dr. Carlos Flores cafp72@gmail.com November, 2009. Introduction. In Mexico, drug trafficking is an old issue, however, the high levels of

More information

BINATIONAL EXCHANGE - STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL AND PROSECUTORS

BINATIONAL EXCHANGE - STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL AND PROSECUTORS FEVIMTRA Special Prosecutions Against Crimes of Violence Against Women and Human Trafficking BINATIONAL EXCHANGE - STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL AND PROSECUTORS Human Trafficking Fourth National Conference for

More information

This work was originally commissioned and published by the Migration Policy Institute, which together with the Woodrow Wilson Center for

This work was originally commissioned and published by the Migration Policy Institute, which together with the Woodrow Wilson Center for Steven Dudley 2012 This work was originally commissioned and published by the Migration Policy Institute, which together with the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars has convened a three-

More information

Drug Violence in Mexico

Drug Violence in Mexico Drug Violence in Mexico Data and Analysis Through 2017 SPECIAL REPORT By Laura Calderón, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk Justice in Mexico Department of Political Science & International

More information

Understanding the Transnational Criminal Organization

Understanding the Transnational Criminal Organization Understanding the Transnational Criminal Organization Report by Captain Mitchell Gray Nexus with Hezbollah Mexican Criminal Mafia ISIS Terror Network African Jihadist Organisations Lebanon + Mexico Criminals

More information

I. INTERDICTIONS OF ILLICIT DRUGS AND FIREARMS SMUGGLING IN 2006

I. INTERDICTIONS OF ILLICIT DRUGS AND FIREARMS SMUGGLING IN 2006 I. INTERDICTIONS OF ILLICIT DRUGS AND FIREARMS SMUGGLING IN 6 1. (1) Summary A total of 78 cases of interdiction of illicit drugs were reported in 6 (111% of the previous year's level). The amount of seizure

More information

Information derived from several sources and searchable databases. All research conducted according to the project manual.

Information derived from several sources and searchable databases. All research conducted according to the project manual. Organization Attributes Sheet: Mara Salvatrucha/MS-13 Author: Andrew Moss Review: Phil Williams and Adrienna Jones A. When the organization was formed + brief history MS-13 is a criminal organization comprised

More information

'El Chapo' jailbreak is both a Mexican and an American story

'El Chapo' jailbreak is both a Mexican and an American story University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 2015 'El Chapo' jailbreak is both a Mexican and an American story Luis

More information

The Economic Consequences of Drug Trafficking Violence in Mexico

The Economic Consequences of Drug Trafficking Violence in Mexico The Economic Consequences of Drug Trafficking Violence in Mexico Robles, Gustavo grobles@stanford.edu Calderón, Gabriela gabcal@alumni.stanford.edu Magaloni, Beatriz magaloni@stanford.edu Working Paper

More information

JANUARY ELN post-ceasefire Offensive Suggests Internal Divisions over Peace Process

JANUARY ELN post-ceasefire Offensive Suggests Internal Divisions over Peace Process JANUARY 2018 ELN post-ceasefire Offensive Suggests Internal Divisions over Peace Process The ELN launched a national offensive following the end of their ceasefire with the government, attacking security

More information

CHALLENGES FACING MAQUILADORA INDUSTRY GROWTH. Enrique CASTRO SEPTIEN September 29 th, 2006

CHALLENGES FACING MAQUILADORA INDUSTRY GROWTH. Enrique CASTRO SEPTIEN September 29 th, 2006 CHALLENGES FACING MAQUILADORA INDUSTRY GROWTH Enrique CASTRO SEPTIEN September 29 th, 2006 . the Mexican Economy Outlook. We have seen. the US Economy Outlook.. the Maquiladora Industry Outlook. Today

More information

Comparative Analysis of Pan and Pri Mexican Political Parties Relating to Security Issues:

Comparative Analysis of Pan and Pri Mexican Political Parties Relating to Security Issues: Comparative Analysis of Pan and Pri Mexican Political Parties Relating to Security Issues: 1988-2012 Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Garcia, Fernanda Munoz Publisher The University of Arizona.

More information

Is the administration of President Obama (D) properly addressing drug violence in Mexico?

Is the administration of President Obama (D) properly addressing drug violence in Mexico? Issues & Controversies MEXICAN DRUG WARS Is the administration of President Obama (D) properly addressing drug violence in Mexico? Issue Date: May 22, 2009 SUPPORTERS ARGUE The administration has taken

More information

asdf Security Council Chair: Hammad Aslam Director: Erica Choi

asdf Security Council Chair: Hammad Aslam Director: Erica Choi asdf Security Council Chair: Hammad Aslam Director: Erica Choi Contents Chair s Letter.....3 Topic A: The Situation in Latin America...... 4 Topic B: The Middle Eastern Question...38 2 Chair s Letter Dear

More information

NARCO CULTURE? OLLICartelsWeek 5 Culture of the Cartel Era

NARCO CULTURE? OLLICartelsWeek 5 Culture of the Cartel Era NARCO CULTURE? OLLICartelsWeek 5 Culture of the Cartel Era Approaches (some we have already seen) to explaining the era of violence: Structural changes in cartels from shipping drugs to extortion of locals/also

More information

Refocusing U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation

Refocusing U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation June 18, 2013 Refocusing U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation Prepared statement by Shannon K. O Neil Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies Council on Foreign Relations Before the Subcommittee on Western

More information

DISCUSIÓN Inequality and minimum wage policy in Mexico: A comment

DISCUSIÓN Inequality and minimum wage policy in Mexico: A comment Investigación Económica, vol. LXXIV, núm. 293, julio-septiembre de 215, pp. 27-33. DISCUSIÓN Inequality and minimum wage policy in Mexico: A comment René Cabral* While its structure is not that of a typical

More information

United States v. Joaquin Archivaldo Guzman Loera Criminal Docket No (S-4) (BMC)

United States v. Joaquin Archivaldo Guzman Loera Criminal Docket No (S-4) (BMC) Case 1:09-cr-00466-BMC-RLM Document 444 Filed 11/14/18 Page 1 of 9 PageID #: 5565 U.S. Department of Justice United States Attorney Eastern District of New York GMP:BCR/MPR 271 Cadman Plaza East F. #2009R01065

More information

Obama Administration Not Enforcing Ban on Assault Weapons Import to US

Obama Administration Not Enforcing Ban on Assault Weapons Import to US Obama Administration Not Enforcing Ban on Assault Weapons Import to US Georgina Olson Excelsior October 24, 2010 Mexican cartels are slowly buying up Russian AK-47s at US gun shows even though their importation

More information

Latin America Public Security Index 2013

Latin America Public Security Index 2013 June 01 Latin America Security Index 01 Key 1 (Safe) (Dangerous) 1 El Salvador Honduras Haiti Mexico Dominican Republic Guatemala Venezuela Nicaragua Brazil Costa Rica Bolivia Panama Ecuador Paraguay Uruguay

More information

2011] MEXICO S DRUG CARTEL INSURGENCY 51

2011] MEXICO S DRUG CARTEL INSURGENCY 51 2011] MEXICO S DRUG CARTEL INSURGENCY 51 A NEW WAR ON AMERICA S OLD FRONTIER: MEXICO S DRUG CARTEL INSURGENCY MAJOR NAGESH CHELLURI We don t have to go overseas to see a war; there is a war on our homefront

More information

Revista de Administración Pública

Revista de Administración Pública Fernández Santillán Democracy and Civil Society in Mexico 181 Revista de Administración Pública Presentation Democracy and Civil Society in Mexico José Fernández Santillán* I will begin with an idea that

More information

AT A CROSSROADS: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State THE BECKLEY FOUNDATION DRUG POLICY PROGRAMME BRIEFING PAPER THIRTEEN NOVEMBER 2007

AT A CROSSROADS: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State THE BECKLEY FOUNDATION DRUG POLICY PROGRAMME BRIEFING PAPER THIRTEEN NOVEMBER 2007 BRIEFING PAPER THIRTEEN NOVEMBER 2007 THE BECKLEY FOUNDATION DRUG POLICY PROGRAMME AT A CROSSROADS: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State Maureen Meyer, with contributions from Coletta Youngers

More information

United Nations Perspective 1

United Nations Perspective 1 The Crime-Terrorism Nexus: How does it really work? A Conference on Organized Crime, Narcotics Trafficking, and Terrorism - March 12, 2004, Tysons Corner, VA, USA - United Nations Perspective 1 Paper by

More information

Drug Violence in Mexico

Drug Violence in Mexico Drug Violence in Mexico Data and Analysis Through 2013 SPECIAL REPORT By Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk Justice in Mexico Project Department of Political Science & International

More information

This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research

This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: The Economics of Crime: Lessons for and from Latin America Volume Author/Editor: Rafael Di Tella,

More information

CATO HANDBOOK CONGRESS FOR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE 108TH CONGRESS. Washington, D.C.

CATO HANDBOOK CONGRESS FOR POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE 108TH CONGRESS. Washington, D.C. CATO HANDBOOK FOR CONGRESS POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE 108TH CONGRESS Washington, D.C. 56. The International War on Drugs Congress should repeal the Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988 and all legislation

More information

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES (TOCS)-CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES: THE PERSPECTIVE OF LATIN AMERICA

TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES (TOCS)-CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES: THE PERSPECTIVE OF LATIN AMERICA Page308 TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES (TOCS)-CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CHALLENGES: THE PERSPECTIVE OF LATIN AMERICA Nafiu Ahmed Coventry University, UK Email: ahmedn40@uni.coventry.ac.uk Abstract The criminal

More information