Key figures for 2012 In brief % 13% Survey 1/4

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1 April 2014 Executive Summary SPACE I 2012 Marcelo F. Aebi, Natalia Delgrande Project SPACE at University of Lausanne, Switzerland Council for Penological Co-operation (PC-CP) of Council of Europe, France In brief Between and 2012, number of inmates held in European penal institutions decreased by approximately 90,000 persons. On 1 September 2011 re were 1,825,356 inmates held in penal institution across Europe and in re were 1,737,061 inmates. In spite of decrease of raw number of inmates, median European Prison Population Rate [PPR] slightly increased between 2011 and 2012: +2.7%. In 2011 PPR was 122 inmates per 100,0000 inhabitants and in 2012, this value raised until 126 inmates per 100,0000 inhabitants. The median density in penal institutions was 98 inmates per 100 places, which is one inmate less than in when it was 99 per 100. In 2012, problem of overcrowding remained acute for 22 European Prison Administrations [PA] compared to 23 PA in of se PA were same as in The most overcrowded penal institutions are still in same countries: Belgium (2012: 132; 2011: 127 ), Hungary (2012: 139; 2011: 139 =), Cyprus (2012: 140; 2011: 138 ), Italy (2012: 145; 2011: 147 ), and Serbia (2012: 160; 2011: 158 ). During year 2011, average expenses for detention in penal institutions of 1 inmate/day were 103. The range of expenses goes from 3 /day in Bulgaria to 620 /day in Sweden. Very short custodial sentences are often used across Europe. Yet, re was observed a slight decrease. On 1 September 2012, on average 20% (median=15%) of total number of sentenced prisoners were serving sentences of less than 1 year. In 2011, average indicator was equal to 22% (median=19%). On or hand, personss sentenced to more than 10 years represented 11.7%. The level of this type of inmate remained same as in 2011 (11.4%). The most common offences for which prisoners were held in custody in 2012 were: ft (20%) and drug offences (17%). Sentenced prisoners for homicide represented 13%. 43 countries represented by 47 PA answered SPACE I 2012 questionnaire, which corresponds to 90% of total number of PA within Council of Europe. Key figures for is total number of inmates in Europe Prison Population Rate [PPR]: a) Considering Europe as a single country, re would be 212 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants; b) Average PPR in European countries was 150 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants; c) Median PPR in European countries was 126 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants. Evolution of PPR (mediann values) slight increase (+2.7%): a) b) Biggest decrease: Montenegro-8% Biggest increase: Romania+14% 22 (out of 47) countries with prison overcrowding 13% %: median % of foreigners in total prison population: Survey a) b) Highest: Switzerland=74% Lowest: Romania=1% Number of countries 47 Prison Adm. 90% Number of items Main: 17 Detail: >200 Number of inputs Main: 120 Detail: > 3,500 Number of SPACE conferences 1 (Nov. 2013) 40 countries Length (in months) Collect: 5 Report: 0.5 SPACE: Database, Website & Report 1/4 of all inmates were without a final sentence: a) b) Highest: Nerlands=49% Lowest: Poland=8% Page 1 of 10

2 Prison Population Rates In 2012, number of inmates per 100,000 inhabitants in European countries (see Map 1) was distributed in relatively same way as in The highest prison population rates can be observed mainly in Central and Eastern European countries. ISL UK:NIR IRL UK:SCO UK:ENG&WAL BEL NLD LUX DNK NOR DEU SWE CZE POL SVK FIN EST LTU LVA BLR MDA UKR RUS PRISON POPULATION PER 100,000 INHABITANTS 1ST SEPTEMBER 2012 Less than 100 From 100 to less than 150 From 150 to less than 200 From 200 to less than and over Data not supplied Not a CoE Member State Inmates characteristics (median values) Juveniles: 1% Young adults (18 to less than 21 years): 6% Median age: 33 years Females: 5% Foreigners: 13% Dangerous offenders: 0.6% The most often sentenced for ft: 17% The most common length of sentences: from 1 to less than 3 years: 25% FRA CHE LIE AUT SVN HRV HUN ROU GEO ARM AZE Custodial Features PRT ESP AND MCO SMR ITA BIH SRB MNE MKD ALB GRC BGR TUR Overcrowding: European prisons are full (98% of ir capacities were used). MLT Map 1: Prison population rates on 1 st Sept Even if prison population rates have remained high in Central and Eastern European countries, a positive evolution has been noted since 2003 (see Figure 1). Over last 10 years, six Central and Eastern European countries have seen decreases in ir prison populations, and anor two have only seen slight increases. On or hand, re are some countries (mostly in Sourn or Western parts of Europe) that have revealed a linear increase in prison population rates. 300 % 250 % 200 % 150 % 100 % 50 % 0 % -50 % -100 % MDA -37 % EST -27 % ROU -24 % NLD -22 % UKR -20 % RUS -15 % LVA -13 % DEU -12 % FIN -10 % SWE -10 % PRT -6 % DNK 3 % POL 3 % HUN 6 % AUT 8 % UK: E&W 10 % ESP 11 % NOR 11 % ITA 12 % LUX 13 % BGR 14 % AZE 14 % CHE 15 % LTU 16 % BH: RS 17 % UK: SCO 17 % SVN 22 % ISL 23 % SVK 25 % IRL 25 % FRA 26 % CZE 29 % BEL 32 % ARM 35 % UK: NIR 40 % MKD 56 % BH: Fed 63 % TUR 75 % HRV 90 % CYP 117 % Figure 1: Evolution of prison population rates between 2003 and 2012 CYP GEO 251 % Turnover Ratio* during 2011: 58% (re are 1/3 more people entering prisons than people who are released from prisons annually). * a low turnover ratio may lead to furr overcrowding Mortality in 2011: 26 deaths per 10,000 inmates ( compared to 2011: 25) Suicidarity in 2011: 7 suicides per 10,000 inmates (23% of all deaths) Average amount spent in 2011: 42 per inmate/day (median) or 103 per inmate/day (average) Escapes: 2 escapes per 10,000 inmates in In 2012: 3 inmates per one custodian (median) & 16 inmates per or member of staff (e.g. medical staff, teachers, psychologists, social workers). 95% of all staff employed by Prison Administrations work inside penal institutions. Page 2 of 10

3 Special groups of inmates The main categories of special custodial populations studied in SPACE I are: females (Table 3 in SPACE I 2012 report), foreigners (Tables 4 & 4.a, SPACE I 2012) and juvenile offenders (Table 2.2, SPACE I 2012). Females in 2012 Males vs. Females: Evol : Pre-trial females : Foreign females: (5%) = 5% 25% 11% (5%) Generally, females constitute a relatively small part of prison populations. Neverless, re are several countries (Cyprus, Finland, Hungary, Iceland, Russia, and Spain) wheree female inmates are overrepresented (more than 7% of whole prison population). Foreigners in 2012 Nationals vs. Foreigners: Evol : Pre-trials among foreigners : EU cit. among foreigners: (11%) (40%) (34%) 13% (13%) In majority of Central and Eastern European countries, proportion of foreign inmates does not exceed 10%, while in Sourn and Western Europe y are overrepresented and ir percentages vary roughly from 30 to 75% of total prison population (see Figure 2). For last 10 years, proportion of foreign inmates in European prison populations has been growing (mostly in Sourn and Western European countries). Foreign inmates 40% are pretrials 34% are EU citizens % 32 % 32 % 36 % 38 % 43 % 45 % 47 % 53 % 63 % 69 % 74 % 5% are Asylum seekers or administrative aliens As a rule, definition of foreigner corresponds to a person without nationality of country where he/she is imprisoned. This includes both persons who do not have ir legal residence in that country and persons who have a regular permanent resident permit. Juvenile offenders in Figure 2: Highest % of foreign inmates in total prison population on 1 st Sept Many countries have separate administrations that deal with juvenilee inmates (i.e. people aged less than 18). This means that latter are not includedd in total prison population. In those administrations that include m, y represented in 2012 less than 1% of prison population. Page 3 of 10

4 Main characteristics of custodial sentences Inmates with final sentenced represent about 75% of total European prison population. Type of offences in 2012 Between 2011 and 2012, percentagee of prisoners sentenced for ft and drug offences remained stable among persons serving final custodial sentences. However, when comparisons are based on rates per 100,000 inhabitants, it should be stressed that median rate of drug offenders decreasedd from 15.0 to 12.5 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants between 2011 and The rate of inmates sentenced for ft did not change (14.1 in 2011 & 14.8 in 2012). Length of sentences Figure 3: Breakdown (%) of sentenced inmates by main types of offences On 1 Sept. 2012, ft was main type of offence for which largest part of prisoners (17.1%) was serving ir final custodial sentences (see Figure 3). The second biggest group consisted of drug offences (16.7%) and compared to 2011 it still represents same proportion of sentenced inmates in custody. Robbery (12.5%) and homicide (11.6%) are last two largest groups of offences. Concerning group or, it can be said that it generally includes fine-defaulters, and or less serious forms of persons sentenced for misdemeanors criminal offences as well as administrative offences. In 2012, highest proportions of those sentenced for ft (more than 20%) are found mainly in Central and Eastern European countries (see below) ): Figure 4: Breakdown (%) of sentenced prisoners by length of sentences On 1 Sept. 2012, 25% (median) of inmates were serving custodial sentences from 1 year to less than 3 years. When all short sentences (i.e. less than 1 year) are cumulated, proportion of inmates who were serving such terms in 2012 is relatively high (15%). From Council of Europe perspective, se prison terms could be replaced alternatives. by non-custodial community 21 % 21 % 22 % Latvia Germany Lithuania 25 % 25 % 27 % 28 % 28 % 31 % 31 % 32 % 34 % Cyprus Poland Serbia Moldova Austria Romania Ukraine Montenegro FYRO Macedonia On or hand, in 2012, very long custodial terms (10 years and over, as well as life custody and security measures) represented 12% of all sentenced prisoners. This proportion remained same as in Page 4 of 10

5 Custodial flow of entries and releases Entries: During year 2011, 170 persons per 100,000 inhabitants entered into penal institutions. This rate is slightly lower than in 2010 (184). Releases: In 2011, a median number of 140 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants were released from custody. This indicator remained exactly same as in In order to produce a more complete picture, estimated turnover ratio (per 100 inmates likely to be released) is calculated for each country. This ratio corresponds to estimated exit rate per 100 potential exits (based on number of inmates held in custody). A low turnover ratio (i.e. less than 60%) implies longer periods of custody and could thus be seen as an early warning sign of a risk of prison overcrowding (see Map 2). Expenses per inmate In 2011, average amount spent for detention in custody of one inmate per day was 103. This figure, calculated on basis of informationn provided by 42 countries, does not take into account differences in cost of living and or economic indicators across countries (e.g. GDP, purchase power, poverty rate, exchange rate Euro vs. national currency). Countries with highest expenses per inmate and per day are generally those with lower prison population rates (see Figure 5). The slight decrease in entries did not have any influence on general prison population rates, which as mentioned before, remained similar to ones of 2010 (see Map 1). TURNOVER RATIO Figure 5: Prison population rates versus amounts spent per inmate/day IN 2011 ISL FIN Less than 20% From 20 to less than 40% From 40 to less than 60% From 60 to less than 80% 80 to 100% 55% of all countries that answered this question show low expenses per inmate (less than 50 per NOR SWE RUS Data not supplied Not a CoE Member State day). On contrary, only 5 countries spent UK:NIR IRL UK:SCO DNK EST LVA LTU BLR more than 200 per inmate/day (Nerlands, Liechtenstein, Marino). Norway, Sweden, and San UK:ENG&WAL NLD POL PRT ESP AND FRA BEL DEU LUX CHE LIE MCO UKR CZE SVK MDA AUT HUN ROU SVN HRV BIH SRB SMR BGR ITA MNE MKD ALB TUR GEO ARM AZE In sum, re are big disparities in terms of expenses per inmate across Europe, and se expenses are usually inversely proportional to prison population rates. GRC CYP MLT Map 2: Geographical distribution of custodial Turnover Ratios in 2011 [For more details on Turnover, see SPACE I 2012, Part B, pp ] Page 5 of 10

6 Synsis Tables Table 1: Characteristics of prison populations Member States Prison population on 1st September 2012 Inmates per inh. Density per 100 capacity Median age % Females % Foreigners % Detainees without final sentence(1) Rate of detainees without final sentence per 100,000 inh. Average length of imprisonment in 2011 (in months) Albania Andorra Armenia NA NA Austria Azerbaijan NA Belgium BH: BiH (st. level) BH: Fed. BiH BH: Rep. Srpska Bulgaria NA NA Croatia Cyprus Czech Rep Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary NA Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova NA Monaco Montenegro Nerlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Fed San Marino Serbia Slovak Rep Slovenia Spain (total) Spain (State Adm.) Spain (Catalonia) Sweden Switzerland NA NA FYRO Macedonia Turkey Ukraine UK: Engl. & Wales UK: North. Ireland UK: Scotland NA NA Average Median Minimum Maximum Page 6 of 10

7 Table 2: Inmates under custodial sentences Member States Less than 1 year Length of sentences (%s of final sentenced inmates) 1-less than 3 years 3-less than 10 years 10 years and more (incl. Life custody) Most common offences (%s of final sentenced inmates) Theft Drug offences Robbery Homicide (incl. attempts) Albania Andorra Armenia NA NA NA NA Austria Azerbaijan 11.4 NA Belgium BH: BiH (st. level) BH: Fed. BiH BH: Rep. Srpska Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Rep NA NA NA NA Denmark Estonia Finland France NA Georgia Germany Greece Hungary NA NA NA NA Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Nerlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Fed. San Marino Serbia Slovak Rep NA NA NA NA Slovenia Spain (total) Spain (State Adm.) Spain (Catalonia) Sweden Switzerland FYRO Macedonia Turkey NA NA NA NA Ukraine UK: Engl. & Wales UK: North. Ireland UK: Scotland 20.9 NA NA 18.3 NA NA NA NA Average Median Minimum Maximum Page 7 of 10

8 Table 3: Life in custody Member States Mortality rate per 10,000 Suicide rate per 10,000 Average daily expense (in Number of inmates per one inmates (2011) inmates (2011) /inmate) in 2011 custodian on 1 st Sept.12 Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium NA 1.8 BH: BiH (st. level) BH: Fed. BiH BH: Rep. Srpska Bulgaria Croatia NA 3.0 Cyprus Czech Rep Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Nerlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Fed. San Marino Serbia Slovak Rep Slovenia Spain (total) Spain (State Adm.) Spain (Catalonia) Sweden Switzerland NA 3.6 FYRO Macedonia Turkey Ukraine UK: Engl. & Wales UK: North. Ireland NA 1.4 UK: Scotland 29.0 NA Average Median Minimum Maximum NB: See relevant notes and comments in SPACE I 2012 report! Page 8 of 10

9 Special matic file Short prison sentences Definition: concept of very short prison sentence corresponds here to lengths of sentences imposed by judicial authorities lasting from zero to less than one year custody. Recent results: In 2012, median proportion of prisoners sentenced to very short sentences was 15% of total number of prisoners who were serving a custodial sentence on 1 September Short historical series: Between 2008 and 2012, proportion of inmates sentenced to very short prison sentences slightly fluctuated. The part of this type of prisoners reached its maximum point in 2011, when y represented 19% of total number of sentenced prisoners. Yet, in 2012 re was noted a decrease of proportion. As it can be seen on Figure 6, part of short sentenced inmates represented 15% in % of prisoners serving very short sentences 20 % 15 % 10 % 5 % 0 % 19 % 17 % 16 % 16 % 15 % Rate of prisoners serving very short sentences per 100,000 inh. Median % Median Rate Figure 6: Evolution between 2008 and 2012 of prisoners sentenced to very short custodial sentences (% & rates) Although percentages declined between 2011 and 2012, rate of short sentenced inmates per 100,000 inhabitants remained exactly same during last two years. The explanation seems to be obvious: during last years, general population in European countries continuingly increased. The raw number of inmates increased as well (re were additional 3,000 inmates in custody with very short sentences in 2012 compared to 2011). The fact that total number of sentenced inmates increased had an adverse impact on percentages. Discussion: analysis of recent trends for period lasting from 2008 to 2012 shows that raw number of inmates who served short sentences in European penal institutions has increased. Neverless, this trend did not become visible because of general increase in number of sentenced prisoners as well as of increase of total population in European countries. Page 9 of 10

10 General Summary SPACE team news During year 2013, SPACE group: Between 2011 and 2012, re were no significant changes in prison populations across Europe. The minor positive and negative changes are summarized below. Positive: (1) Slight decrease in number of inmates per one member of custodial staff; (2) Increase in amount spent per day of detention on each inmate in custody; (3) Stabilisation of averagee length of stay in custody ( 8 months); (4) Slight increase in number of inmates released before end of ir sentence (conditional release, Electronic Monitoring or or forms of community supervision) ). a. Elaborated a new system of annual modules (added to main SPACE I questionnairee on specificc topics). In 2013, 1 st module was on Custodial Staff. b. Improved quality of SPACE Website (new information on recidivism studies, most recent data on prison populations, SPACE address). c. Made three presentations at international conferences (European Society of Criminology, CoE annual Conference of Directors of Prison Administration and Meeting of European Committee on Crime Problems [CDPC]) d. Toger with Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP), CoE, we organised 1 st Meeting of national correspondents (we are very thankful to Roy Walmsley, Ilina Taneva, and Christine Coleur, as well as to our colleagues from all around Europe who every year fill in SPACE questionnaire). Negative: (1) Slight increase in suicide rates; (2) Slight increase in number of foreign inmates held in custody (mainly in pre-trial detention and those who are EU citizens); (3) No change in proportions of type of offences for which inmates were serving sentences in custody. Theft is still overrepresented. The SPACE team is extremely thankful to all national correspondents who collect, discuss, validate, and explain national figures. It is ir contribution that makes SPACE possible. 1 st Meeting of SPACE national correspondents (Strasbourg, 4-5 Nov. 2013) Page 10 of 10

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