HILLMUN 2018 Hillmun.org JCC NATO BACKGROUND GUIDE. Warsaw vs. NATO

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1 JCC NATO BACKGROUND GUIDE Warsaw vs. NATO

2 Chairs: Cheyanne Deopersaud Iqra Noor HillMUN 2018 November 17 Jamaica

3 HILLCREST HIGH SCHOOL NOVEMBER 17TH Latoya Reynolds Secretary-General Tamim Wadud Under Secretary-General Aisha Abid Conference Director Alicia Persaud JCC director Anthony Garcia Trevis Pilgrim Chiefs of external relations Matthew Jackson Faculty Adviser

4 INTRODUCTION The North Atlantic Trade Organization was created by the United States, Great Britain, France, and other members of the allied powers. The organization was formed to maintain peace for trade and other international affairs. After WWII, Great Britain, France,and The United States wanted to prevent further problems from occurring regarding political issues. Thus NATO was born, NATO focuses on maintaining political and military peace within nations in the treaty; the members of NATO agree to maintain peaceful relations with one another and support each other in times of political corruption or lack of power. Topic History The conflict between western nations includes the United States, and its allied countries such as Great Britain, France and the Communist Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union which began almost as soon as World War II ended in 1945 which marked the beginning of the Cold War. The Soviet Union wanted communist governments in areas taken from the Nazis during the war. In response, the U.S. and its allies looked for ways to prevent further expansion of communist ideology. In 1947, U.S. leaders introduced the Marshall Plan, an initiative that provided aid to friendly nations to help them rebuild their war-damaged infrastructures and economies, if they were maintaining independence from communism. In February 1948, the Soviet Union overthrew the democratic government of Czechoslovakia and brought that nation into the Communist camp. A few days later the U.S leaders met with their European allies to form a joint security agreement. At this point, the world was divided between the two opposing ideologies of communism and democracy. The United States, a democratic capitalist nation, and the Soviet Union, a

5 dictatorship/communist nation. This led to the creation of NATO funded by the United States and 11 other Western countries. The United States has a capitalist economy, a system where almost everything is privately owned and run for profit. In other words, individuals are allowed to pursue profit for personal gain. Capitalism is an economic system, but it can also be characterized as a cultural system as an idea was focused on the increase of wealth by innovation and investment. The US was a democracy, and it was their primary goal to spread and support democracy and capitalism while preventing the spread of communism and dictatorship. NATO s primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western allies military response to a possible invasion of the west of Europe by the soviet union and its Warsaw Pact allies. NATO is made up of ambassadors from the 15 countries involved and not the military. The Soviet Union was a communist system which was a one-party dictatorship, the communist party. All economic activity is directed from the state no private property was allowed, and people are not allowed to pursue individual profit. The Soviet Union s form of government was a dictatorship, while the U.S. was a democracy. The Soviet Union s primary goal was to spread the idea of communism and totalitarianism to neighboring countries such as China. During the Cold War, information was very vital. It was essential to know what the enemy was up to but without the modern technology, so they relied on spies. Spies are people who try to discover information while trying not to be detected. This was also called Espionage, which was around from before the cold war, and it is still used currently today. The spies were intersecting incoming messages to get information about other countries. The Cold War was all about gaining

6 the upper hand of the report. Especially on weaponry. The Cold War had military tension led by the NATO and Warsaw Pact. Both NATO and Warsaw were continually preparing for a war, not just any war but a nuclear one. Spies were used to get insight into the knowledge of how far their enemies were advancing, and this was important to both NATO and Warsaw. The espionage in the Cold War was directed not only towards missile programs, but also the advancements of each country. A good example was the development of the Space Race between Soviet Russia and the United States to be the first to land a man on the moon. The idea was to appear more technologically advanced and superior, and both countries put millions into their space programs. The space race became one of the most important of the competition of the Cold War. The Soviet Union wanted to prove to the world that the communist system was capable of achieving technological developments because during WWII because they were behind from the rest of the world technologically. The Soviet Space program was something that was kept secret until they launched Sputnik. Sputnik had an impact on most Americans because this caused anxiety about the Soviet military threat. After the launch of Sputnik, the United States government wanted to create something of an equal level. Explorer 1 was the first successful satellite launch by the United States. The Explorer 1 satellite first launch on December 6, 1957, but failed. The second launch on January 31, 1958, using the rocket Juno, which was a success. The start of the United States' Explorer 1 was more of a competitive response. The most significant influence of the Space Race had on the Cold War was the development and creation of the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile or ICBM

7 which was created by the Soviet Union. The production of the ICBM was a turning point in the Cold War. The Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade was one of the first crisis to occur during the Cold War. Nations wanted to divide Germany into four zones that would fall under the control of the United States, United Kingdom, and France (NATO), which would control the western part of Germany, while the Soviet Union controlled the eastern region. During this time the Soviet Union controlled the eastern part of Germany, and they blocked Nato s railways, roads, and canal access. The Soviets gave an offer to drop the blockade if NATO took away the Deutsche mark which was the currency of West Germany. In response, the Western Allies (NATO) organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin. They flew 200,000 flights giving West Berline up to about 9,000 tons of necessities thing like fuel and food. The Soviets did not do anything because they were fearful that it might lead to conflict. On May 12, 1949, the Warsaw pact lifted the blockade of West Berlin. Korean War At the end of World War II in 1945 Korea was freed of Japanese control and the Soviets occupied North Korea while the South held American forces by 1948 when the country was divided in half at the 38th parallel which crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean, with a capitalist South and the

8 communist north. The Soviet troops withdrew from Korea in 1948, and the United States troops withdrew in As expected North and South Korea would not accept the border between them as a permanent replacement. After North Koreans advanced across the 38th parallel in the 1950s, they defeated the Republic of Korea's army with success and captured the city of Seoul occupying all of South Korea except for Pusan. This caused a problem for the United States because President Truman wanted to contain the spread of communism. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. In July, American intervened and sent troop to enter the war for South Korea. America believed it was a war against the forces of international communism itself. Americans were fearful there would be a more significant outcome like the start of World War III. During the Korean War, 5 million soldiers and civilians were killed. The aftermath of the Korean war is still seen today. Vietnam war The Vietnam War started on November 1, 1955, and lasted until April 30, Since there was no actual declaration of war the dates are not exact, but it continued on for 180 days to be precise. It was a fight between the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam with the help of the United States which had a democratic government. The conflict increased by the Cold War. About 3 million people were killed including Vietnamese civilians. President Nixon ordered that all U.S. forces return. In 1975 Warsaw ended the war by taking control of South Vietnam, and the country was brought together as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Cuba

9 November of 1961 Operation Mongoose was in place; it was a secret plan aimed at rebels in Cuba that the United States supported. While Operation Mongoose was being planned, Nikita Khrushchev who was part of the Soviet Union gave nuclear missiles to Cuba. So when Kennedy heard, he took 18 advisers to try to find a solution. Some advisers wanted an airstrike to take out the missiles and destroy the Cuban air force followed by a U.S. invasion of Cuba. While other people wanted to go a safer route and just wanted to send a warning. On October 22, Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba. He had written and sent a letter to Khrushchev who was a Soviet statesman asking him to remove the missiles. On October 26, the Cubans shot down a U.S. plane. Kennedy responded on October 27, to a letters sent by Khrushchev on October 26 proposing some solution of the crisis. Kennedy had accepted the Soviet offer that they would take back the missiles from Cuba only if the U.S. ended the quarantine and if they promised not to invade Cuba. Months after the weapons were removed, the United States withdrew its missiles from Turkey because the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba. On November 20, the Soviet Union decided to remove the Il-28 bombers it introduced into Cuba. Ethiopia The Ogaden War was during July 1977 and March 1978 over Ogaden, a region in Ethiopia. It started when the Somali Democratic Republic's invaded Ethiopia. The Soviet Union did not like the invasion and showed support for Ethiopians. On the other hand, the United States expressed its support for Somalia. The war ended when the Americans broke a ceasefire.

10 Ethiopia was faced with significant defeat and a loss of territory because of a massive airlift of military supplies. After defeats by Cuba/Ethiopia reinforcements, the Somali Army retreated. Human Rights Violation: Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that everyone is entitled to, regardless of their age, sex, and or race. These characteristics shouldn t determine whether a person deserves human rights because after all, we are all are humans and should be treated equally. These rights include life, liberty, equality, and a fair trial, freedom from slavery and torture, and freedom of thought and expression. By the end of the cold war, movements relating to human rights were gaining attention in many countries. According to the beliefs of John Locke, all persons are by nature free and equal from the day they are born. All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights was stated in the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights written in This statement shows that rights are entitled to every human, but in the era of WARSAW and NATO, human rights violations were continuously being committed. The 1950 s was the time of the civil rights movement, while this might have been known as a golden age for many workers, this was not the case for African Americans. Segregation was imposed throughout the country in relations to jobs, employment, and schooling for children and adults. They weren't offered the same opportunities as the white population. For clarification, there were two types of segregation practiced against African Americans in the North and South which was known as De jure and De facto, De jure segregation which was used in the North, had the use of laws to enforce segregation policies. While in the South where De Facto

11 segregation was taken place, the code was not used to implement segregation policies but separation still blatantly existed. Moreover, The United States participated heavily in child labor; child labor is the employment of children less than an age that was legally specified. When there was rapid growth in larger scale manufacturing in industrial work. In the United States, children began to work in hazardous factories, farms, and shops. Children of young ages were employed.another example of this would be human rights violations in Australia. Although Australia has been on the overall positive side education and has been respected around the world for human rights, since the British settlement in Australia, the aboriginal people has had all of their rights violated. These people have no rights to freedom, education, speech, work and little things that some people take for granted such as education. With the cold war ending, threats of nuclear warfare from the two superpowers and their blocks faded away. Instead, it became common that smaller conflicts started to rise which was just as threatening for nations. Another concern was the uprising spread of nuclear weapons, among groups known as terrorist groups, other threats such as environmental ones and massive human rights violations lead to refugees have become an issue for international and national societies. Missiles: In April of 1949, the United States and Canada along with ten other western European nations signed the treaty of the West to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which states that all parties agree that an armed attack on all or one of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.

12 To recap; after World War Two the former allies including The United States and the Soviet Union dismantled and along came the era known as the cold war, where ideology and politics divided the world into East and West. World War Warfare in the form of the atomic bomb of 1950 saw a massive amount of nuclear testing with the U.S. and the Soviet Union continually demonstrating how powerful they were. Cuba began to make moves with the Soviet Union, while still being allies with the United States. The Soviet leader at the time Nikita Khrushchev spawned the idea to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to stop or prevent any future invasions, which was widely similar to the Jupiter missiles that the United States had put in Turkey and Italy in case of a Soviet Union attack. The rockets were secretly shipped to Cuba and Fidel commence work on them. On October 14th, an American aircraft noticed the missiles and notified the president as soon as possible. This missile was highly dangerous and was able to reach considerable lengths, and the president concluded that an invasion of Cuba was the only way to solve this. The outcome would mean the Soviets would fight back which could lead to nuclear fallout or the end of the world. During the conference, there will be a focus on missiles and nukes because of their primary role. Formation of NATO: NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which was an alliance between North America and European countries. This was a military and political alliance due to World war II and was in effect in It was formed to push back any aggression that would have occurred in the future from the Soviet Union.

13 Formation of Warsaw In 1955, the Soviet Union and seven other European countries signed the Warsaw Pact. It was an important date in history because this became the point at which the world's largest superpowers started to go against one another. As communism spread across Central Europe, this pact clarified that military support would be in action for Soviet satellite states. Current Status To say that tensions between the members of NATO and the Warsaw pact have escalated would be an understatement. Across the globe, many economies are suffering. And as a result of this, struggling nations have turned their heads towards communism, which promises an equal distribution of wealth and economic equality for all citizens. This is especially true for both South America and Africa. In Brazil, specifically insurgent groups have been taking control of the favelas (group) in the Southern half the country. The most popular amongst them being Los Hijos. As seen in the past, the split of West Berlin and East Berlin during the cold war, as a symbolized the division of ideologies. Now, Brazil has been split up into two parts; East Brazil and West Brazil. The Eastern Democrats were stopped and prohibited from coming into the western fascists land or else they would be killed. The Fascist governments even went as far as to put shock wire on the wall to prevent any foul play from the democratic people's, if they tried. Another reason for taking these drastic measures was to make sure that events like the one on November 9th, 1989 would not occur again. Which was when the Eastern German regime announced that its citizens had the right to cross the border when they pleased. But in recent years the people have tried to break down the wall once again, and the Western fascists of Berlin

14 have taken the revolters and made them work days and nights in the mill factories and starved them as punishment. All the citizens who obeyed orders lived peacefully and happily. A modern example is the Berlin wall 15-21% of the East German population had left to the west which is why the western side of Brazil had enforced the rule that nobody could go, or else execution would be forced onto those who did if they were ever found trying to do so. But then people had escaped from Brazil successfully and lived to tell the story of how they did. Two weeks later 6 of the people who had fled from western Brazil had been kidnaped and assassinated; the dead body was found washed up ashore. On the other hand, life was proposed to be all good on the democratic eastern side. As the people were posed as free and they didn't have as many restrictions as in Western Brazil, the people had to work hash hours and struggled because the economy was struggling. One day the United States ambassador grew frustrated and decided enough was enough. He demanded that his people be free to go wherever they please, because it was their natural born human right, so he proposed to have a meeting with the soviet union leader but did this in secret, because he didn't want to give his people false hope as yet. The only people who knew of his meeting with the soviet union dictator were the people in office. Committee mission Today is November 17th, 1992, the Berlin wall still stands. The Warsaw Pact seems to be as strong as ever. We need to know that since the start of the Cold War the bloodshed has been devastating. The death toll is an estimated to be about 6 million people. Human rights violation is at an all-time high. The world still divided between the ideology of communism and democracy. They still use spies to get insight into the knowledge of how far their enemies are advancing.

15 Everything became a competition, like the space race which was a competition between Soviet Russia and the United States to achieve the most in space travel. Besides the game and spying the proxy wars played a huge role in where we stand now and will play a role in the conference. This issue is as much as the world s as it for the U.S. and Soviet Union Our committee mission is to model the sequence of events following the Cold War, in a new, or historically accurate way. Because the Soviet Union would had never fallen, and global affairs will be significantly different. Delegates will have to simulate a precise representation of their country and political stance in the period, while taking into account Cold War tensions. They are expected to navigate multiple crises which will hold a sway over the state of the issue and eventually come to a resolution of either peace or war, leading to prosperity or utter destruction. Block Position NATO or the North Atlantic Trade Organization began in 1949 with 12 founding members including Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. United States of America Harry Truman was the first American president to take part in the Cold War. During WWII, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, but that soon changed after towards the end of the war. The United States started to get suspicious of Stalin and his communist government. The US ceased aiding the Soviet Union when they needed it the most. As a result, the Soviets began to blame the deaths of civilians and soldiers on the United States delayed

16 response. The United States saw the communist government of the Soviet Union as a threat to the United States and its allies. In 1949, the United States joined eleven other countries in an alliance that would protect the members from a military attack by an outside force. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially formed to protect the European countries against the threat of the Soviets. Canada For Canadians, the Cold War was critical. Moscow s brutal policies started to growing concerns. Canada soon found themselves living under the path for bombers and missiles from the Soviet Union. At the same time, the allies that Canada fought to liberate: Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands Italy, were threatened by expansionist Soviet Communism. These economic concerns led to Canada being a supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty. United Kingdom As the Cold War began, Great Britain felt it too should have a nuclear force. And in January 1947, began to develop a British nuclear weapon. Britain's first atomic reactor went off on July 3, Britain found to test weapons on a place off the west coast of Australia. Britain first nuclear device was code-named "Hurricane." Britain then decided to go ahead with hydrogen bomb development. Britain's first successful hydrogen bomb detonated on November 8, 1957, over the Island in the Pacific. France In the 1980s, President Charles de Gaulle s foreign policy was built around a principle of national strategic autonomy, As part of NATO, France took advantage of the security privileges of NATO without sacrificing any of its guarded sovereignty. Citizens were prepared to

17 honor national defense commitments in the face of a Warsaw Pact attack. France used whatever means required to defend its national interests. Since the early 1960s, French ambassadors could not be sent on overseas operations without the approval of the National Assembly. Guiding Questions: What is my nations stand? How has my nation affected? What can my country provide? What type of weapons does my country use? WORK CITED What Is NATO? NATO, The Berlin Airlift and NATO. Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, NATO. Building the Berlin Wall. NATO, What Is a Proxy War? The Vietnam War, 5 May 2016, thevietnamwar.info/proxy-war/. History.com Staff. NATO. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, NATO. Espionage. NATO, History.com Staff. The Space Race. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, History.com Staff. Cold War History. History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, History: Cold War. BBC, BBC, Haglund, David G. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1 Feb. 2018,

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