TUESDAY, 29 APRIL 9.00 AM AM

Transcription

1 X236/11/01 NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS 2014 TUESDAY, 29 APRIL 9.00 AM AM MODERN STUDIES INTERMEDIATE 2 This Examination Paper consists of 3 Sections. Within each Section there is a choice of Study Themes. There is one question for each Study Theme. Section A Political Issues in the United Kingdom (answer one question) Question 1 Study Theme 1A Government and Decision Making in Scotland Pages 3 7 Question 2 Study Theme 1B Government and Decision Making in Central Government Pages 9 13 Section B Social Issues in the United Kingdom (answer one question) Question 3 Study Theme 2A Equality in Society: Wealth and Health in the United Kingdom Pages Question 4 Study Theme 2B Crime and the Law in Society Pages Section C International Issues (answer one question) Question 5 Study Theme 3A The Republic of South Africa Pages Question 6 Study Theme 3B The People s Republic of China Pages Question 7 Study Theme 3C The United States of America Pages Question 8 Study Theme 3D The European Union Pages Question 9 Study Theme 3E Development in Brazil Pages Total Marks 70 1 Read the questions carefully. 2 You must answer one question from each of Section A, Section B and Section C. 3 You must answer all parts of the questions you choose. Questions in Section A each have four parts; Questions in Sections B and C each have three parts. 4 You should spend approximately 40 minutes on each Section. 5 If you cannot do a question or part of a question, move on and try again later. 6 Write your answers in the book provided. Indicate clearly, in the left hand margin, the question and part of question being answered. Do not write in the right hand margin. SA *X236/11/01*

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3 SECTION A POLITICAL ISSUES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Answer ONE Question only: Question 1 Study Theme 1A Government and Decision Making in Scotland on pages 3 7 OR Question 2 Study Theme 1B Government and Decision Making in Central Government on pages 9 13 STUDY THEME 1A: GOVERNMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN SCOTLAND [You should answer all four parts of this question.] Question 1 (a) Local councils raise the money they need to pay for services. Describe, in detail, two ways local councils raise the money they need to pay for services. (4 marks) (b) Some methods used by pressure groups can be successful. Explain, in detail, the ways in which some methods used by pressure groups can be successful. (6 marks) [Turn over Page three

4 Question 1 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Women in Scottish Politics In the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections, the percentage of female candidates fell from 36 1% in 2007 to 29 5%, leading to fears that there would be a significant fall in women elected. While there was a drop in the number of constituency MSPs where only 20 women (27 4%) were elected, the effect was reduced by the higher number of women elected on regional lists 25 women (44 6%). In the new parliament, the SNP has a number of high-profile women, including deputy leader Nicola Sturgeon, Labour elected Johann Lamont as its leader in Scotland and the Conservatives chose Ruth Davidson as their leader in parliament. Tricia Marwick was elected by the MSPs as the first female Presiding Officer. In 2007, there was a dramatic drop in the number of women candidates at local council level. This was disappointing given that a proportional voting system was introduced to try to make local government more representative. In 2012, there was a slight increase in the proportion of female candidates. After the local election results were announced there was an overall increase of 34 women councillors elected in 2012 compared to 2007, however fewer than 1 in 4 Scottish councillors were female. There were significant differences between the parties in terms of their record in getting women elected at both the local level and in the Scottish Parliament. SOURCE % Percentage of women MSPs in the Scottish Parliament: Year 2011 Gender of MSPs by party: 2011 Male MSPs Female MSPs SNP Labour Conservative 9 6 Liberal Democrats 4 1 Green 1 1 Independent/ Other 1 2 Total Page four

5 Question 1 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Women candidates and women elected councillors in Scottish local council elections Women Candidates Women Elected Councillors Labour 19% 28% 18% 26% SNP 22% 24% 21% 25% Liberal Democrats 31% 28% 31% 37% Conservatives 25% 26% 24% 24% Green N/A 41% 50% 29% Independent/Other 21% 15% 21% 15% Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about women in Scottish politics? You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: women elected to the Scottish Parliament women elected to Scottish local councils women candidates standing in elections the most successful party in getting women elected. Your conclusions must be supported by evidence from the Sources. You should link information within and between Sources (8 marks) [Turn over Page five

6 Question 1 (continued) (d) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 MSPs salaries In recent years there has been much discussion about how much we should pay our elected representatives. The expenses scandal at Westminster has brought the issue of how much we pay our MSPs to the top of the political agenda. The current annual salary of a Member of the Scottish Parliament is 58,097. MSPs salaries are 87 5% of the salary payable to members of the House of Commons (MPs), who receive a basic annual salary of 66,738. Members of the National Assembly for Wales receive 53,852 and Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly receive a basic annual salary of 43,101. There are different views on how much MSPs should receive in salary. Some people believe that the vast majority of MSPs work hard, both in representing their constituents and in considering, discussing and voting on legislation in the Scottish Parliament. They say that MSPs work long hours, often in evenings and at weekends and that if we want high quality MSPs then we must be prepared to pay them a reasonable salary. Others claim that there is no shortage of people who wish to become MSPs and that if we pay them salaries well above the average of other workers in Scotland, they will be out of touch with the ordinary Scottish voter. We should not compare MSPs with occupations such as doctors, headteachers or senior nurses as these jobs need qualifications which MSPs don t require. SOURCE 2 Yearly salaries for selected occupations Occupation Salary Senior civil servant 88,000 Army colonel 85,359 Medical doctor 81,969 Head teacher 78,298 Senior police officer 72,649 NHS human relations director 63,032 Senior nurse 49,473 UK Average salary 26,664 Elected representatives salaries in selected countries Country Yearly salary in s Spain 44,618 Switzerland 51,515 France 52,028 Sweden 65,134 New Zealand 71,977 Germany 72,294 Norway 74,937 Italy 110,352 Page six

7 Question 1 (d) (continued) SOURCE 3 Public view Elected Representative s view 5% 7% 60% 2% 2% 27% 28% 69% MSPs are paid too much MSPs are paid about the right amount MSPs are paid too little Don t know MSPs should receive an increase in their salary. View of Heather Gray Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, give two reasons to support and two reasons to oppose the view of Heather Gray. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION B ON PAGE 15 Page seven

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9 STUDY THEME 1B: GOVERNMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Question 2 [You should answer all four parts of this question.] (a) People can take part in the political system in a number of ways. Describe, in detail, two ways people can take part in the political system. (4 marks) (b) Newspapers have a big influence in politics. Explain, in detail, the ways in which newspapers can influence politics. (6 marks) [Turn over Page nine

10 Question 2 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Women in UK Politics In the 2010 UK Parliament elections, the number of female candidates increased from 720 in 2005 to 861, leading to hopes that there would be a significant increase in women elected. While there was a drop in the number of Labour women MPs who were elected, there was an increase in the number of Conservative women MPs elected. In the new parliament, none of the party leaders, apart from the Green Party are women. In the Cabinet re-shuffle in 2010, the number of women in the Cabinet fell from 5 to 4 out of 31. While in the Labour shadow cabinet there are 11 women members out of 27. There has been little change in the percentage of female candidates in English local council elections in recent years. In 2012, there was a slight increase in the percentage of female candidates. After the 2012 election results were announced the percentage of women councillors in England reached a record high however just over 1 in 3 local government councillors was female. After the election there were 41 women (12 1%) leading English local councils 22 were Conservatives, 15 were Labour, and the remaining 4 were Liberal Democrats. There were significant differences between the parties in terms of their record in getting women elected at both the local level and in the UK Parliament. SOURCE 2 % Percentage of women MPs in the UK Parliament: Year 2010 Gender of MPs by party: 2010 Male MPs Female MPs Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats 50 7 SNP 5 1 Green 0 1 Independent/ Other 18 4 Total Page ten

11 Question 2 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Women candidates and women elected councillors in English local council elections Women Candidates Women Elected Councillors Labour 31% 36% 30% 40% UKIP 24% 20% N/A 20% Liberal Democrats 31% 34% 32% 34% Conservatives 25% 28% 23% 27% Green 40% 37% 35% 37% Independent/Other 18% 25% 19% 25% Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, what conclusions can be drawn about women in UK politics? You should reach conclusions about at least three of the following: women elected to the UK Parliament women elected to English local councils women candidates standing in elections the most successful party in getting women elected. Your conclusions must be supported by evidence from the Sources. You should link information within and between Sources. (8 marks) [Turn over Page eleven

12 Question 2 (continued) (d) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 MPs salaries In recent years there has been much discussion about how much we should pay our elected representatives. The expenses scandal at Westminster has brought the issue of how much we pay our Members of Parliament to the top of the political agenda. The current annual salary of a Member of Parliament is 66,738. MSPs salaries are 87 5% of the salary payable to Members of the House of Commons which is 58,097. Members of the National Assembly for Wales receive 53,852 and Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly receive a basic annual salary of 43,101. There are different views on how much MPs should receive in salary. Some people believe that the vast majority of MPs work hard, both in representing their constituents and in considering, discussing and voting on legislation in the Parliament. They say that MPs work long hours, often in evenings and at weekends and that if we want high quality MPs then we must be prepared to pay them a reasonable salary. Others claim that there is no shortage of people who wish to become MPs and that if we pay them salaries well above the average of other workers in the UK, they will be out of touch with the ordinary voter in the UK. We should not compare MPs with occupations such as doctors, headteachers or senior nurses as these jobs need qualifications which MPs don t require. SOURCE 2 Yearly salaries for selected occupations Occupation Salary Senior civil servant 88,000 Army colonel 85,359 Medical doctor 81,969 Head teacher 78,298 Senior police officer 72,649 NHS human relations director 63,032 Senior nurse 49,473 UK Average salary 26,664 Elected representatives salaries in selected countries Country Yearly salary in s Spain 44,618 Switzerland 51,515 France 52,028 Sweden 65,134 New Zealand 71,977 Germany 72,294 Norway 74,937 Italy 110,352 Page twelve

13 Question 2 (d) (continued) SOURCE 3 Results of Survey about salaries of elected representatives Public view Elected Representative s view 5% 7% 60% 2% 2% 27% 28% 69% MPs are paid too much MPs are paid about the right amount MPs are paid too little Don t know MPs should receive an increase in their salary. View of John Brown Using Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, give two reasons to support and two reasons to oppose the view of John Brown. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION B ON PAGE 15 Page thirteen

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15 SECTION B SOCIAL ISSUES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Answer ONE question only: Question 3 Study Theme 2A Equality in Society: Wealth and Health in the United Kingdom on pages OR Question 4 Study Theme 2B Crime and the Law in Society on pages STUDY THEME 2A: EQUALITY IN SOCIETY: WEALTH AND HEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Question 3 [You should answer all three parts of this question.] (a) The government has a number of policies which try to improve the health of Scottish people. Describe, in detail, government policies which try to improve the health of Scottish people. (6 marks) (b) Some people think the National Minimum Wage should be increased while others think it should not be increased. Explain, in detail, why some people think the National Minimum Wage should be increased and explain why others think the National Minimum Wage should not be increased. (8 marks) [Turn over Page fifteen

16 Question 3 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. You are an adviser to the UK Government. You have been asked to recommend whether to keep the Spare Room Subsidy ( Bedroom Tax ) or to end the Spare Room Subsidy ( Bedroom Tax ). Option 1 Keep the Spare Room Subsidy. Option 2 End the Spare Room Subsidy. SOURCE 1 Facts and Viewpoints The Spare Room Subsidy (SRS), commonly known as the Bedroom Tax aims to encourage council tenants to move into smaller properties. If tenants have one spare room, their housing benefit will be cut by 14%. If they have two or more spare rooms, the cut will be 25%. The Government says the changes will encourage people to move to smaller properties. Some families may be forced to move from their council property to rent from a private landlord. This will cost the Government more in Housing Benefit as private rents are normally higher. The SRS will help cut the 23bn annual bill for housing benefit and free up living space for overcrowded families. Over 1.8 million households are on waiting lists to find a smaller property. Some of these council tenants have been on the waiting list for years. Many people are worried that the SRS will cause a great deal of stress and worry for council tenants. The Government thinks that people who have been on unemployment benefits for a long time will be more motivated to get a job so that they can earn enough to pay the SRS. In one area, only 3,803 one and two-bedroom social housing properties are available just 4% of the homes required to rehouse the families who are affected. The Government predicts that savings to the taxpayer will amount to 505m in , and 540m in the year after. Only those of working age will see reduced payments, elderly people will not be affected. Many families will be unable to pay their rent and will end up owing the council money (rent arrears). SOURCE 2: Statistics Number affected by Spare Room Subsidy 1,320, ,000 Benefits will be cut Benefits will not be cut Waiting Lists for one bedroom properties in selected local authority areas Page sixteen Number on waiting list Actual number of properties available Aberdeen 3, Bolton 11, Bournemouth 1, Wolverhampton 6,

17 Question 3 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2: Statistics (continued) What people say they would do when the Spare Room Subsidy is introduced. % Take a lodger Ask for help to pay rent from family or friend Move to smaller property SOURCE 3 Try to earn extra money by working more Might not be able to pay rent Viewpoints Some council tenants are living in houses which are too big for them and the SRS will persuade them to move to a smaller house or flat. Concerns have been raised about pensioners being forced to leave their homes, but only people who are under 65 will be affected. Not all tenants will have to move to smaller homes because they could make extra money through getting a job or increasing their working hours. These reforms will save the taxpayer a huge amount of money over the next two years and help to ensure a better use of our housing stock. Most tenants will not have their benefits cut because of the SRS. Alice Cook, Government Spokesperson The Bedroom Tax will affect huge numbers of council tenants causing financial and emotional stress. There is a huge shortage of affordable housing in the UK and estimates show that most of those affected are unable to move because there are not enough smaller properties available. Going into debt and having rent arrears is a real possibility for many tenants. Many residents were struggling to pay for their rent soon after the policy was introduced, and some have been on a waiting list for a smaller home for two years. The cost of Housing Benefit will rise if more people move into the private rented sector as rents can be up to double the cost of council rent. Michael Robinson, Anti-Poverty Campaigner You must decide to recommend whether to keep the Spare Room Subsidy (Option 1) or end the Spare Room Subsidy (Option 2). Use Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, which option would you choose? Give reasons to support your choice. Explain why you did not make the other choice. Your answer must be based on all the Sources. (10 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE 23 Page seventeen

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19 STUDY THEME 2B: CRIME AND THE LAW IN SOCIETY [You should answer all three parts of this question.] Question 4 (a) The work of the police in Scotland is varied. Describe, in detail, the work of the police in Scotland. (6 marks) (b) Some people think the legal age for buying alcohol should be increased while others think it should stay at 18. Explain, in detail, why some people think the legal age for buying alcohol should be increased and explain why others think it should stay at 18. (8 marks) [Turn over Page nineteen

20 Question 4 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. You are an adviser to the Scottish Government. You have been asked to recommend whether the Government should increase the use of Home Detention Curfews (HDCs) or whether the Government should not increase the use of Home Detention Curfews (HDCs). Option 1 Increase the use of Home Detention Curfews. Option 2 Do not increase the use of Home Detention Curfews. SOURCE 1 Facts and Viewpoints The Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme was introduced by the Scottish Government in 2006 to allow early-release of short term prisoners back into the community whilst wearing an electronic tag. As part of their punishment offenders have to wear an electronic tag and they are subjected to electronically monitored restrictions on their movements for the remainder of their sentence. The Government does not provide any formal support or rehabilitation for offenders once they have been released on a HDC. Voluntary organisations such as SACRO and the Wise Group offer support to offenders in the community helping offenders to get a job and a place to stay. Research suggests that HDCs only reduce offending when support services are readily available in the community for offenders. Offenders are carefully selected to be released on a HDC and dangerous, violent criminals will never be chosen to take part in the scheme. Victim support groups have expressed concern that some offenders are not being punished enough for the crimes they have committed and worry that they are being released too early from prison. Police Scotland have expressed concern that monitoring and re-arresting those who have broken their HDC is costly in terms of the amount of police time it takes up. HDCs offer a much cheaper alternative than prison. The majority of HDCs are successfully completed and very few offenders are recalled to prison. Many victims don t think their opinions are taken into account when offenders are released under a HDC. SOURCE 2 Cost of a HDC compared with a prison sentence Time HDC Prison Total saved using HDC 2 weeks 954 1, weeks 1,206 2,440 1,234 8 weeks 1,710 4,880 3, weeks 3,726 14,640 10,914 Page twenty

21 Question 4 (c) (continued) SOURCE 2 (continued) Home Detention Curfews 2010 Total HDCs Broken HDCs Male Female Victim Survey Do you think your views are listened to when considering offenders for release on a HDC? 9% 52% Yes No Don t know 39% SOURCE 3 Viewpoints Voluntary organisations offer valuable support to all community-based offenders to find housing and employment opportunities. HDCs save the Government a huge amount of money each year especially if the length of the curfew is over 8 weeks. HDCs are only used for offenders serving short-term sentences for non-violent crimes so the public need not be worried about dangerous criminals being out on the streets. Make no mistake HDCs are a punishment restricting the liberty of offenders by making them stay in their homes for long periods of the day. Linda Thomson, Government spokesperson Many offenders break their HDC, which costs the justice system even more money as the police have to take time to find and arrest them and return them to prison to resume their sentence. Prisons release these offenders with no plans to support or reintegrate them back into the community. Surely HDCs can only work where proper programmes are in place. HDCs don t work for victims either some feel that offenders are being let off too lightly and that their views are not taken into consideration when offenders are released on a HDC. Sandy Denny, Victim support campaigner You must decide to recommend whether the Government should increase the use of Home Detention Curfews (Option 1) or not increase the use of Home Detention Curfews (Option 2). Use Sources 1, 2 and 3 above and opposite, which option would you choose? Give reasons to support your choice. Explain why you did not make the other choice. Your answer must be based on all the Sources (10 marks) NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE 23 Page twenty-one

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23 SECTION C INTERNATIONAL ISSUES Answer ONE question only: Question 5 Study Theme 3A The Republic of South Africa on pages OR Question 6 Study Theme 3B The People s Republic of China on pages OR Question 7 Study Theme 3C The United States of America on pages OR Question 8 Study Theme 3D The European Union on pages OR Question 9 Study Theme 3E Development in Brazil on pages STUDY THEME 3A: THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from South Africa Question 5 (a) Some ethnic groups in South Africa face inequalities. Describe, in detail, inequalities faced by some ethnic groups in South Africa. (6 marks) (b) Gun crime continues to be a problem in South Africa. Explain, in detail, why gun crime continues to be a problem in South Africa. (6 marks) [Turn over Page twenty-three

24 Question 5 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 South Africa Economic Progress South Africa is Africa s largest economy and one of the world s largest producers and exporters of gold and platinum. However, demand for gold has been in decline and the platinum sector is still recovering from a series of strikes which resulted in 34 miners being shot dead by the police in Industrial unrest in the car manufacturing and construction industries has also contributed to job losses in these sectors. Industries such as mining, manufacturing and agriculture are still important to the South African economy. South Africa has been hit harder by the global financial crisis than many other African countries as it depends more on trade outside Africa. Some economic indicators show the continuing strength of the South African economy. However, the indicators also show other African countries doing better than South Africa. South Africa, unlike other developing economies, has struggled through the recession since 2008, and economic recovery has been slow. In 2011, Government debt was 8 8% of GDP*, but has increased. The high profile strikes in some sectors of the economy have not helped the situation. Unemployment has increased as a result in recent years. Economic growth should increase in the future due to South African trade with China which is the second largest economy in the world. China is now one of South Africa s biggest customers of raw materials such as iron ore and this has been steadily increasing in recent years. As more South Africans become better off the demand for goods from China has also increased. SOURCE 2 Economic Indicators Selected African Countries South Africa Angola Nigeria Kenya GDP* Growth 2 8% 9 7% 7 1% 5 1% Inflation rate 5 7% 11 2% 12 2% 10 6% Unemployment rate 25 7% 24 2% 23 2% 40 0% Government debt as a % of GDP 40 0% 23 8% 18 3% 46 6% *GDP Gross Domestic Product: The value of goods and services produced in a country in a year Page twenty-four

25 Question 5 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 South Africa China Trade (US $ bn) (US $ bn) Year SA imports from China SA exports to China South Africa s largest imports from China: Electric and electronic equipment Machinery Footwear Clothing South Africa s largest exports to China: Iron ore and other raw materials Iron and steel Mineral fuels and oils Pearls and precious stones The South African economy is successful. View of South African Government Minister Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why the South African Government Minister is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW CHECK THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED ONE QUESTION FROM EACH OF SECTIONS A, B AND C Page twenty-five

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27 STUDY THEME 3B: THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from China Question 6 (a) Some groups in China face inequalities. Describe, in detail, inequalities faced by some groups in China. (6 marks) (b) China faces criticism for its record on freedom of speech. Explain, in detail, why China faces criticism for its record on freedom of speech. (6 marks) [Turn over Page twenty-seven

28 Question 6 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 China Economic Progress China is the second largest economy in the world after the USA and one of the largest producers and exporters of many goods. The national income of China continues to grow more than many other countries around the world. However, growth has come at a price and many people suffer health problems because of pollution. China also has one of the poorest health and safety records when it comes to accidents and even deaths of people at work. Over recent years the increase in China s production of goods and services has created more employment. The success of the Chinese economy has been a result of exporting huge quantities of manufactured goods to countries around the world. This has kept unemployment low and helped living standards for many Chinese people to rise. As people earn more, their spending rises and unemployment continues to fall. However, higher living standards also mean Chinese people buy more foreign luxury goods and travel abroad more. This can lead to an increase in external debt. Even as it grows, the Chinese economy is not without problems. Workers are protesting and striking over low wages, poor conditions and long hours of work. Compared with many developed countries, China is still poor. GDP* per person in the USA is over $50,000 and in Germany it is over $40,000. China has an ageing population which means the Government has to spend more on pensions and other costs associated with age such as health and social care. It has to cope with the costs of an ageing population before its people become rich. SOURCE 2 China: Economic indicators: GDP* per person ($US) 1,270 3,404 6,076 Unemployment Rate 4 30% 4 20% 4 10% Government spending (billion $ US) 2,272 5,023 11,270 External Debt (billion $US) Exports (billion $US) 325 1,220 1,898 *GDP Gross Domestic Product: The value of goods and services produced in a country in a year Page twenty-eight

29 Question 6 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Change in national income in selected countries: ,000 China India Russia Brazil 5,000 US$ billion 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, Years The Chinese economy is successful. View of Chen Ling Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why Chen Ling is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW CHECK THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED ONE QUESTION FROM EACH OF SECTIONS A, B AND C Page twenty-nine

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31 STUDY THEME 3C: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from the USA Question 7 (a) Some ethnic groups in the USA face inequalities. Describe, in detail, inequalities faced by some ethnic groups in the USA. (6 marks) (b) Many people wish to come to the USA to live. Explain, in detail, why many people wish to come to the USA to live. (6 marks) [Turn over Page thirty-one

32 Question 7 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Guns in America Concern about the high level of gun ownership and crime in the USA has grown in recent years following a series of horrific mass shootings and a high level of deaths caused by guns. The gun control lobby blame the large number of murders on the high level of gun ownership in the USA. The pro-gun lobby claim that there is no link between the murder rate and the level of gun ownership. The number of firearms possessed by United States civilians has grown in recent years. The rate of gun ownership in the USA has roughly doubled since It is estimated that millions of firearms are owned by private citizens in the USA. Civilians in the United States own more firearms both in total and per person than those in any other nation. With less than 5 per cent of the world s population, the United States is home to approximately 40% of the world s civilian-owned guns. A high level of gun ownership also leads to a large number of accidental deaths caused by guns. Research has found that the USA has a higher murder rate using guns than most developed nations, although it is not the highest in the world. The rate of murders by gun has fallen in recent years. However some racial groups have a higher rate than others. Groups who wish to control gun ownership say that if guns are easily available they will fall more easily into the hands of unsuitable people. The gun lobby, led by the National Rifle Association, claims that it is people who kill, not guns and that gun ownership protects people from murderers. SOURCE 2 Rate of murders caused by guns; by race/ethnicity, in USA, Per 100,000 people White Hispanic Year Black Page thirty-two

33 Question 7 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Gun ownership and murders in selected countries Country Guns per 100 people Total number of murders by guns per year Murders by guns per 100,000 people Canada England and Wales Germany South Africa , Sweden Switzerland USA , The high level of gun ownership in the USA is a problem. View of Pete Anderson Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why Pete Anderson is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW CHECK THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED ONE QUESTION FROM EACH OF SECTIONS A, B AND C Page thirty-three

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35 STUDY THEME 3D: THE EUROPEAN UNION [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from European Union member states Question 8 (a) Some EU member states benefit from the Common Agricultural Policy. Describe, in detail, ways in which some member states benefit from the Common Agricultural Policy. (6 marks) (b) Enlargement of the EU may cause problems for existing member states. Explain, in detail, the problems enlargement of the EU may cause existing member states. (6 marks) [Turn over Page thirty-five

36 Question 8 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 European Integration and the recession An important aim of the European Union is to bring the economies of the member states closer together so they can all become better off. This aim has been tested during the economic recession which began in All countries have been affected by the recession but some have been affected more than others. Some believe that membership of the EU has helped countries to deal with the recession while others believe it has made its impact worse as unemployment is very high in some countries. The free movement of labour in the EU gives people made unemployed by the recession the chance to move to countries where there are more jobs available. This has not always been popular with these countries as they may suffer from the greater demand for housing and other social services. Being part of an economic union like the EU can help protect weaker economies as the stronger countries, like Germany, can help support the weaker ones, such as Spain and Greece. However, people in the stronger countries have a more favourable view of the EU when it comes to helping when there is a recession. The weaker countries are not so positive. There are mixed views across Europe about the impact of EU membership on the economies of individual countries. Many people believe that EU membership has made the economic problems of individual countries worse and more difficult to deal with and they are not happy being part of the Euro. However, many people across Europe still have a positive view of their membership of the EU and want to continue to be part of the Euro. SOURCE 2 Results of Survey: Are you in favour of staying in the Euro or going back to your own currency? (%) Greece Spain Go back to your own currency Stay in the Euro % Unemployment rate in selected countries of the EU (%) Germany Italy France Greece Spain Germany Italy France Page thirty-six

37 Question 8 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Views of the European Union Country Percentage of people who believe being part of the EU has helped to reduce the effects of the recession Percentage of people who have a favourable view of the EU Greece 18% 11% 37% 33% Spain 46% 37% 60% 46% Germany 59% 54% 68% 60% Italy 22% 11% 59% 58% France 36% 22% 60% 41% Most people believe that membership of the EU has helped their country s economy. View of Angela Solberg Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why Angela Solberg is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW CHECK THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED ONE QUESTION FROM EACH OF SECTIONS A, B AND C Page thirty-seven

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39 STUDY THEME 3E: DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL [You should answer all three parts of this question.] In your answers to parts (a) and (b) you should give examples from Brazil Question 9 (a) Some groups in Brazil face inequalities. Describe, in detail, inequalities faced by some groups in Brazil. (6 marks) (b) Gun crime continues to be a problem in Brazil. Explain, in detail, why gun crime continues to be a problem in Brazil. (6 marks) [Turn over Page thirty-nine

40 Question 9 (continued) (c) Study Sources 1, 2 and 3 below and opposite, then answer the question which follows. SOURCE 1 Brazil Economic Progress Brazil is South America s largest economy and still enjoys near-full employment. Brazil s annual national income has steadily increased. Certain areas of the economy such as offshore oil and construction are likely to keep growing and Brazil is a major exporter of oil and other raw materials as well as manufactured goods. However, in recent years growth in national income has slowed to around 3% and looks likely to continue to fall in the future. Compared to some other developing countries Brazil is doing less well in national income. For many years Brazil s balance of trade had been good but in recent years it has decreased with exports of gold and other metals, alongside soybeans and sugar, declining. Reasons for this include the global financial crisis and the decline in international trade. There is good news for the Brazilian workforce: the average income of workers has been increasing. This has led to an increase in living standards which allows more people to buy items such as mobile phones and new clothes. This can only continue if national income rises. Rising spending can also lead to an increase in imports further weakening the balance of trade. A rising population also needs a growing national income in order to provide for greater numbers of people. A sign of Brazil s success is the Government s public building programmes, which include projects related to the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics. However, large scale projects like these will increase the level of national debt and increase imports. SOURCE 2 Brazil s exports and imports (US $ bn) US ($ billion) Year Exports Imports Brazil s main exports: transport equipment iron ore soybeans crude oil coffee Brazil s main imports: machinery electrical equipment chemical products refined oil auto parts Page forty

41 Question 9 (c) (continued) SOURCE 3 Change in national income in selected developing countries: ,000 China India Russia Brazil 5,000 4,000 US$ billion 3,000 2,000 1, Years Brazil s economy is successful. View of Brazilian Finance Minister Using Sources 1, 2 and 3, explain why the Brazilian Finance Minister is being selective in the use of facts. Your answer must be based entirely on the Sources above and opposite. You must use information from each Source in your answer. (8 marks) NOW CHECK THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED ONE QUESTION FROM EACH OF SECTIONS A, B AND C [END OF QUESTION PAPER] Page forty-one

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