The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on 10 May 1990, the following members being present:

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1 AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF Application No /90 by H.S. and H.Y. against the Netherlands The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on 10 May 1990, the following members being present: MM. C.A. NØRGAARD, President S. TRECHSEL G. SPERDUTI E. BUSUTTIL G. JÖRUNDSSON A. WEITZEL J.-C. SOYER H.G. SCHERMERS H. DANELIUS G. BATLINER H. VANDENBERGHE Mrs. G.H. THUNE Sir Basil HALL Mr. F. MARTINEZ Mrs. J. LIDDY Mr. L. LOUCAIDES Mr. H.C. KRÜGER, Secretary to the Commission Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; Having regard to the application introduced on 2 April 1990 by H.S. and H.Y. against the Netherlands and registered on 4 April 1990 under file No /90; Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 40 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission; THE FACTS Having deliberated; Decides as follows: The applicants are Lebanese citizens, born in 1965 and 1968, respectively. They are at present detained in the special detention centre at Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. In the procedure before the Commission they are represented by Mr. Th. Spijkerboer, a lawyer practising in Zaandam. 1. The first applicant left Beirut on 10 February 1990 and flew to Cyprus. The next day he flew to Amsterdam via Vienna, Austria. In Amsterdam he immediately requested asylum. On 21 February 1990 he was interviewed by an official from the Ministry of Justice. As reasons for his asylum request he stated,

2 inter alia, that the war and the generally dangerous situation were causing problems for him, in particular in his trade in gas-tanks. He denied ever having been a member of a political party or militia and stated that he had never taken part in the conflict and did not wish to seek protection by joining one or another group. On his departure, he had paid security guards at Beirut airport 150 US dollars to leave him alone. On 22 February 1990, the Deputy Minister of Justice rejected the first applicant's asylum request and also refused to grant him a residence permit. The first applicant's request of 5 March 1990 for a review of this decision was apparently denied suspensive effect for his deportation. He, therefore, with the assistance of counsel, instituted summary proceedings (kort geding) with the President of the Regional Court (Arrondissementsrechtbank) of Haarlem demanding the right to remain in the Netherlands pending his appeals on his asylum request. In his request for review and in his summary proceedings he stated, inter alia, that he lived in an Amal-militia controlled area, and that he has been active for them in a minor fashion. He has done guard-duty and occasionally participated in the fighting. His brother is a high-ranking Amal official who has had to flee Beirut in 1988, following an interrogation by Syrian Security Police. The first applicant himself has been detained by the Syrians and has been arrested and ill-treated by Hezbollah-militia people. On the last such occasion, just before he went to the Netherlands, he recognised several ex-amal people among his interrogators and he now fears he is presumed to be active for Amal. He submitted that his deportation to Lebanon would be contrary to Article 3 of the Convention. On 6 April 1990, the President of the Regional Court rejected the first applicant's injunction request. The President stated, inter alia, that the first applicant has relied on the general situation in Lebanon to support his asylum request, but that his personal situation is much the same as that of many young Lebanese. Nor can the first applicant's desire not to participate in the conflict be equated to a political standpoint which would attract persecution. As to Article 3 of the Convention, the President stated that the individual circumstances of the first applicant's case could not lead to the conclusion that he faced a "real risk" of treatment contrary to this Article if returned to Lebanon. 2. The second applicant also left Beirut on 10 February 1990, and flew via Cyprus and Austria to Amsterdam, where he requested political asylum. On 21 February 1990 he was interviewed by an official from the Ministry of Justice. As reasons for his asylum request he stated, inter alia, that he was fleeing the war situation and the lack of freedom in which he lived. He lived in a Hezbollah-militia controlled area and had to conform to their opinions and was subjected to pressure to join. He denied ever having been a member of a political party or militia, and stated that he had never taken part in the conflict. He had never personally suffered any particular difficulties due to the conflict, other than that his employer had had

3 to close his business recently due to militias forcing him to take on unpaid work, thereby leaving the second applicant without an income. On his departure, he had refused to pay Beirut airport security guards money which they requested to leave him alone, but he was nevertheless not hindered by them. On 22 February 1990, the Deputy Minister of Justice rejected the second applicant's asylum request and also refused to grant him a residence permit. The second applicant's request of 5 March 1990 for a review of this decision was apparently denied suspensive effect for his deportation. He, therefore, with the assistance of counsel, instituted summary proceedings (kort geding) with the President of the Regional Court of Haarlem demanding the right to remain in the Netherlands pending his appeals on his asylum request. In his request for review and in his summary proceedings he stated, inter alia, that his entire family has been under pressure from Hezbollah since late 1988 when his father was shot in the legs because he was suspected of being an informer for General Aoun of Amal. The second applicant fled, first to another district of Beirut, and later to the south of Lebanon. There he also had to move from place to place, and he attracted the attention of the South Lebanese Army, which wished him to join them. He returned to Beirut in late He stated that he could not safely go to any part of the country. He submitted that his deportation to Lebanon would be contrary to Article 3 of the Convention. On 6 April 1990, the President of the Regional Court rejected the second applicant's injunction request. The President stated, inter alia, that the second applicant has relied on the general situation in Lebanon to support his asylum request, but that his personal situation is much the same as that of many young Lebanese. Nor can the second applicant's desire not to participate in the conflict be equated to a political standpoint which would attract persecution. As to Article 3 of the Convention, the President stated that the individual circumstances of the second applicant's case could not lead to the conclusion that he faced a "real risk" of treatment contrary to this Article if returned to Lebanon. COMPLAINTS The applicants complain that if deported to Lebanon they face a real risk of suffering treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention by: a. becoming the victims of random violence; b. being forced to participate in the fighting; c. being subjected to reprisals for trying to avoid induction into a militia; d. being subjected to ill-treatment at the hands of rival militias. Furthermore, the applicants submit that what is of primary importance in assessing this risk is what happened to them in Lebanon, and not what they told the officials of the Ministry of Justice when

4 interviewed on their asylum request. In this respect, the applicants point out that at these interviews they do not have recourse to legal assistance, their statements are first interpreted into Dutch and then into a written form, and there is no way of subsequently checking what they did or did not say as there is no audio recording of the interview. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION The application was introduced on 2 April 1990 and registered on 4 April On 5 April 1990, the Commission decided, under Rule 36 of its Rules of Procedure, to indicate to the respondent Government that it was desirable in the interest of the parties and the proper conduct of the proceedings before the Commission not to deport the applicants to Lebanon until the Commission had had an opportunity to examine the application. The parties were also invited to submit further relevant factual information before 4 May On 2, 6 and 17 April 1990 the applicants submitted further documents in support of the application. THE LAW The applicants complain that if deported to Lebanon they face a real risk of suffering inhuman or degrading treatment at the hands of militias or in the course of the general civil war situation, either as innocent bystanders or through being coerced into participating in the fighting. They invoke Article 3 (Art. 3) of the Convention. This provision reads as follows: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." The Commission recalls that the extradition of a person may give rise to an issue under Article 3 (Art. 3) of the Convention, and hence engage the responsibility of the extraditing State under the Convention, where substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if extradited, faces a real risk of being subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the country of destination (cf. Eur. Court H.R., Soering judgment of 7 July 1989, Series A no. 161, para. 91 p. 35). This also applies, mutatis mutandis, to expulsion. In the present case, the Commission notes that the applicants' original statements to officials of the Ministry of Justice referred to the general situation in Lebanon. Subsequent to the refusal of asylum, they revised their stories to include specific details of personal and family difficulties caused by militias or the war situation. In their appeals in summary proceedings the applicants also relied on Article 3 (Art. 3) of the Convention. The Commission notes that the President of the Regional Court examined this argument,

5 also in the light of the aforementioned Soering judgment, and considered that it could not be concluded that there was a "real risk" of the applicants being exposed to treatment referred to in Article 3 (Art. 3) of the Convention, if returned to Lebanon. Furthermore, the Commission notes that, according to their own statements, the applicants have only to a minor degree been involved in political activities in Lebanon. The first applicant has allegedly been active for Amal in a minor fashion while the second has not been active at all but only refers to vague pressures from certain groups. Their situation would not appear to be different from that of large numbers of Lebanese. In these circumstances the Commission considers that the grounds which the applicants present in support of their complaint are not sufficient to substantiate the conclusion that they face a real risk of being subjected to treatment as referred to in Article 3 (Art. 3) of the Convention, if returned to Lebanon. Therefore, the Commission finds that the application is manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention. For these reasons, the Commission DECLARES THE APPLICATION INADMISSIBLE Secretary to the Commission President of the Commission (H.C. KRÜGER) (C.A. NØRGAARD)

AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY. The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on 2 December 1986, the following members being present:

AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY. The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on 2 December 1986, the following members being present: AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on 2 December 1986, the following members being present: MM. C. A. NØRGAARD E. BUSUTTIL G. JÖRUNDSSON G. TENEKIDES S.