Determinants of poverty and upward social mobility in urban slums

Transcription

1 Rita Schneider-Sliwa (Ed.) with Mihir Bhatt Recovering Slums Determinants of poverty and upward social mobility in urban slums Technical report for the funding agencies, submitted 2005 ISBN: R. Schneider-Sliwa, Department of Geography, University of Basel, with M. Bhatt, All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmedabad 2008 All rights reserved Satellite image processing / GIS base-map: Jorg Wendel Databank management: Vipal Shah, Deepesh Sinha, Jorg Wendel GIS-map assistance: Jorg Wendel, Fiona Wieland Verification of survey results: Hasmukh Sadhu Editorial assistance: Katharina Conradin, Nadezhda Sliwa, Fiona Wieland Layout: Katharina Seider, Jennifer Whitebread, Charlotte Ciprian Cover Design: Nadezhda Sliwa, Selin Ciprian This research was funded by: The National Center of Competence in Research North - South Partnerships (NCCR North-South) of the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Swiss Academy of Sciences Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries. The editors wish to thank Government authorities in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, the District of Kutch and the City of Bhuj, particularly: Government of Gujarat Labour and Employment Department, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Kutch District and Bhuj Collectorate, Bhuj Area Development Authority. B

2 Table of Contents 1 Slums, urban poverty and local strengths 1 R. Schneider-Sliwa with Mihir Bhatt 1.1 Introduction k. ^ The objectives of the project The relevance of GIS-based social science research in the process of development Application of findings in the Indian planning context Transfer of methods and results to capacity building in other regional contexts 6 2 Slums - most important form of urban living in the 21st century 7 A. Staub, P. Thum, J. Whitebread 2.1 Introduction Definition of the term "slum" Slums of hope and slums of despair Slum location Slums as global risk areas Slums in India 12 3 Urban policy in India and Gujarat 13 V. Babbar 3.1 Vision statement Overarching principles and objectives Definition of "slum" in Gujarat, India Motivation of community by mobilizing support of NGOs and CBOs Financing mechanisms Availing of national and state funds Operation and maintenance Shelter improvement Land use classification Special purpose vehicle (SPV) and its role Residents' association Transfer of titles to slum dwellers Relaxation in rules for building permission Creating of housing stock for urban poor Legal reforms 24

3 JI Table of Contents 4 Differences in slums and poverty structures 25 R. Schneider-Sliwa 4.1 The slum communities under study Religious and caste affiliation Livelihood security, incomes and poverty Ownership issues and shelter information Access to health Assistance/relief received ( Own contributions, willingness to pay for services Felt needs Summary 34 5 Income differentials - household livelihood security 45 K. Conradin, R. Schneider-Sliwa, F. Wieland 5.1 Introduction Occupation Average daily wage of household members Livelihood affected Monthly savings Amount of debts (in Rs.) Conclusion 64 6 The structure of slum housing 73 K. Conradin, F. Wieland 6.1 Introduction Type of house Post earthquake housing status Current housing status Living in the same house as before the earthquake Precautions to make the house earthquake proof Precautions have been efficient Investment to make shelter earthquake proof Conclusion 84 7 Ownership and tax bill 95 B. Lietzke, D. Michel, N. Sliwa 7.1 Introduction Ownership document Tax bill ownership Conclusion 103

4 Table of Contents III_ 8 Food security 117 K. Conradin, B. Lietzke, D. Michel, F. Wieland 8.1 Introduction Able to feed the family Ration Card Conclusion Health issues and occupational hazards 125 K. Conradin, F. Wieland ~~ 9.1 Introduction Places for health check-up Purpose of visiting the health centre Illness/death of a family member in the last year Illness Monthly expenses for medicines Conclusion Demographic determinants - child bearing and age structure 153 S. Eichenberger, M. Gysi, C. Saalfrank, N. Sliwa 10.1 Introduction Number of children Number of dependant old people Conclusion Educational achievements - occupational structure and political participation 183 A. Staub, N. Sliwa, S. Waldburger 11.1 Introduction Education Occupation Home based occupation Election Card Conclusion Problems of addiction 205 A. Cavelti, N. Sliwa, J. Whitebread 12.1 Introduction Type of addiction Expenses for addiction Conclusion 211

5 IV Table of Contents 13 Willingness to contribute towards infrastructural services 213 A. Cavelti, N. Sliwa, J. Whitebread 13.1 Introduction Type of services available at home Priority of improvements of services at home Willingness to contribute for better drinking water Conclusion L Willingness to pay for the legalization of land 285 M. Barmettler, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P. Thum 14.1 Introduction Good drinking water, drainage/sanitation, solid waste removal Affordable amount of money to legalize the land (in Rs.) Willingness to pay property tax Willingness to pay property tax (in Rs. per month) Willingness to pay water tax (in Rs. per month) Willingness to invest in house when land is legalized Priority benefit in new government scheme - compensations for loss of earnings Priority benefit in new government scheme - improving housing conditions Conclusion Willingness to relocate 319 B. Lietzke, D. Michel 15.1 Introduction Acceptance for relocation with land and services Willingness to move with own family and other families Conclusion Help received - help perceived 345 N. Sliwa, S. Wehrli 16.1 Introduction Receiving some form of relief Receiving help with the reconstruction of the house Receiving different types of help Material Cash Information Receiving relief from the government Receiving relief from AIDMI General linkages with AIDMI 359

6 Table of Contents V 16.8 Evaluation: role of relief donors Conclusion Basic infrastructure - basic problems - the case of drinking water supplies 385 F. Wieland 17.1 Introduction Used methodology { Religion?. Z.\ Caste Number of family members Case of illness or death in the last year Place for health check-up Monthly expenses for medicine Monthly income of the family Knowledge of the relation between hygiene and health Improvement of drinking water supply: most urgent need Water facilities in the house Willingness to get involved towards achieving better drinking water Water treatment Toilet facilities in the house Sewerage facility in the house Slum Type of house Analysis of water treatment methods Filtration Clorination Solar disinfection (SODIS) Conclusion GIS applications as tools in urban poverty reduction - methodological aspects 425 J. Wendel 18.1 Methodology Problems and solutions Conclusion 433 References Socially differentiated urban slums - findings, problems, options for intervention 437 R. Schneider-Sliwa 19.1 Introduction 437

7 VI Table of Contents 19.2 Major findings - determinants of poverty and upward social mobility Implications of socially differentiated urban slums What do we not know of sufficiently in terms of degrees of social differentiation, objective slum conditions and social realities? What is a matter of debate? What should be decided upon by public administration? What is being overemphasized? What is being insufficiently emphasized? T.' What are the leverages in terms of public policies? 449 List of Tables 453 List of Maps 462 List of Figures 467