The Global Economic Crisis Sectoral coverage

Transcription

1 Working Paper No. 271 The Global Economic Crisis Sectoral coverage Trends in Employment and Working Conditions by Economic Activity Statistical Update Third quarter 2009 Sectoral Activities Department

2 Sectoral activities in the ILO The Sectoral Activities Programme is managed by the Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR) in the Social Dialogue Sector of the ILO. Its objective is to promote social dialogue at the sectoral level and to facilitate the exchange of information among the ILO s constituents on labour and social developments concerning particular economic and social sectors. One of its means of action is practically oriented research on topical sectoral issues. This publication is an outcome of that research. The particular characteristics of the various primary, manufacturing and service sectors account for the different form taken in them by issues such as globalization, flexible work organization, industrial relations, the implications of structural and technological change, trends in the number and nature of jobs, and the situation of special groups such as children and women workers. The Sectoral Activities Programme constitutes the principal ILO interface with its constituents at the sectoral level. Continuing attention is given to eight groupings of major primary, industrial and service sectors: Agriculture and forestry; Education and research; Energy and mining; Infrastructure, construction and related industries; Manufacturing; Private sector services; Public services and utilities; and Transport. The groupings include the following sectors: Agriculture, plantations, other rural sectors; Basic metal production; Chemical industries; Commerce; Construction; Education; Financial services, professional services; Food, drink, tobacco; Forestry, wood, pulp and paper; Health services; Hotels, tourism, catering; Mechanical and electrical engineering; Media, culture, graphical; Mining (coal, other mining); Oil and gas production, oil refining; Postal and telecommunications services; Public service; Shipping, ports, fisheries, inland waterways; Textiles, clothing, leather, footwear; Transport (including civil aviation, railways, road transport); Transport equipment manufacturing; Utilities (water, gas, electricity). These sectors are vital in virtually all national economies. Issues concerning other sectors or subsectors within groupings are addressed on an ad hoc basis. The principal activities of the Sectoral Activities Programme are a mix of the development and undertaking of constituent-driven practical action programmes in various sectors in a number of countries, and the holding of international sectoral meetings that provide a forum for discussion and an exchange of views on current issues in the sector concerned. These activities are generally tripartite, with equal participation by governments, employers and workers. Where the government is the predominant employer, however, participation reflects this. From time to time, specialized meetings of experts are held. An outcome of most meetings is agreed conclusions that serve as guidelines for policies and measures for dealing with the issues and problems at the national level and by the ILO. The Programme undertakes follow-up activities to these meetings and provides various forms of technical assistance, including the promotion of tripartite sectoral dialogue on priority labour issues at national level, and the provision of advisory services on sectoral labour issues. It also collects, analyses and disseminates technical sectoral information and carries out studies, such as this one, on issues of concern to particular sectors or groups of sectors.

3 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION Sectoral Activities Department Sectoral Coverage of the Global Economic Crisis Trends in Employment and Working Conditions by Economic Activity Statistical Update Third Quarter 2009 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENEVA i

4 Copyright International Labour Organization [2010] First published [2010] Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit to find the reproduction rights organization in your country (print) (web pdf) ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by pubvente@ilo.org Visit our web site: Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland ii

5 Contents I. Introduction 1 II. Methodological notes 2 III. Employment Trends by Economic Activities 3 IV. Employment Trends by Major Activities in Developed and Developing / Emerging Economies 6 V. Regional Employment Trends by Major Activities 9 VI. Average Weekly Working Hours by Major Activities 16 VII. Employment and Working Conditions by Activity 19 i. Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 20 ii. Mining 22 iii. Manufacturing 24 iv. Utilities 26 v. Construction 28 vi. Wholesale & Retail Trade 30 vii. Hotels & Restaurants 32 viii. Transportation, Storage & Communication 34 ix. Financial Intermediation 36 x. Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 38 xi. Public Administration 40 xii. Education 42 xiii. Health 44 iii

6 Tables Table 1: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) 5 Table 2: Employment Level and Change by Major Economic Activities in Developed and Developing / Emerging Economies (*selected economies, in thousands) 8 Table 3.1: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities in Asia and the Pacific (*selected economies, in thousands) 11 Table 3.2: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities in the Americas (*selected economies, in thousands) 13 Table 3.3: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities in Europe (*selected economies, in thousands) 15 Table 4: Average Actual Weekly Working Hours in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies) 18 Table 5.1: Employment in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 21 Table 5.2: Average Monthly Earnings in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (*selected economies) 21 Table 6.1: Employment in Mining by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 21 Table 6.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Mining (*selected economies) 23 Table 6.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Mining (*selected economies) 23 Table 7.1: Employment in Manufacturing by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 25 Table 7.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Manufacturing (*selected economies) 25 Table 7.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Manufacturing (*selected economies) 25 Table 8.1: Employment in Utilities by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 27 Table 8.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Utilities (*selected economies) 27 Table 8.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Utilities (*selected economies) 27 Table 9.1: Employment in Construction by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 29 Table 9.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Construction (*selected economies) 29 Table 9.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Construction (*selected economies) 29 Table 10.1: Employment in Wholesale & Retail Trade by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 31 Table 10.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Wholesale & Retail Trade (*selected economies) 31 iv

7 Table 10.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Wholesale & Retail Trade (*selected economies) 31 Table 11.1: Employment in Hotels & Restaurants by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 33 Table 11.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Hotels & Restaurants (*selected economies) 33 Table 11.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Hotels & Restaurants (*selected economies) 33 Table 12.1: Employment in Transportation, Storage & Communication by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 35 Table 12.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Transportation, Storage & Communication (*selected economies) 35 Table 12.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Transportation, Storage & Communication (*selected economies) 35 Table 13.1: Employment in Financial Intermediation by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 37 Table 13.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Financial Intermediation (*selected economies) 37 Table 13.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Financial Intermediation (*selected economies) 37 Table 14.1: Employment in Real Estate, Renting & Business Services by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 39 Table 14.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Real Estate, Renting & Business Services (*selected economies) 39 Table 14.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Real Estate, Renting & Business Services (*selected economies) 39 Table 15.1: Employment in Public Administration by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 41 Table 15.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Public Administration (*selected economies) 41 Table 15.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Public Administration (*selected economies) 41 Table 16.1: Employment in Education by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 43 Table 16.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Education (*selected economies) 43 Table 16.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Education (*selected economies) 43 Table 17.1: Employment in Health by Sex and Region, Level and Change (*selected economies, in thousands) 45 v

8 Table 17.2: Average Weekly Earnings in Health (*selected economies) 45 Table 17.3: Average Monthly Earnings in Health (*selected economies) 45 vi

9 Figures Figure 1: Employment Change from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) 4 Figure 2: Average Employment Change in Developed and Developing / Emerging Economies from Q1:Q to Q1:Q by Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) 7 Figure 3: Employment Change in Asia and the Pacific from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) 10 Figure 4: Employment Change in the Americas from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) 12 Figure 5: Employment Change in Europe from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) 14 Figure 6: Change in Average Actual Weekly Working Hours from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies) 17 Figure 7.1: Employment ('000s) & Average Weekly Hours of Work in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (*selected economies) 20 Figure 7.2: Employment by Sex in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (*selected economies, in thousands) 20 Figure 7.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing (*selected economies) 20 Figure 8.1: Employment ('000s) & Average Weekly Hours of Work in Mining (*selected economies) 22 Figure 8.2: Employment by Sex in Mining (*selected economies, in thousands) 22 Figure 8.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Mining (*selected economies) 22 Figure 9.1: Employment ('000s) & Average Weekly Hours of Work in Manufacturing (*selected economies) 24 Figure 9.2: Employment by Sex in Manufacturing (*selected economies, in thousands) 24 Figure 9.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Manufacturing (*selected economies) 24 Figure 10.1: Employment ('000s) & Average Weekly Hours of Work in Utilities (*selected economies) 26 Figure 10.2: Employment by Sex in Utilities (*selected economies, in thousands) 26 Figure 10.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Utilities (*selected economies) 26 Figure 11.1: Employment ('000s) & Average Weekly Hours of Work in Construction (*selected economies) 28 Figure 11.2: Employment by Sex in Construction (*selected economies, in thousands) 28 Figure 11.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Construction (*selected economies) 28 Figure 12.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Wholesale & Retail Trade (*selected economies) 30 vii

10 Figure 12.2: Employment by Sex in Wholesale & Retail Trade (*selected economies, in thousands) 30 Figure 12.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Wholesale & Retail Trade (*selected economies) 30 Figure 13.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Hotels & Restaurants (*selected economies) 32 Figure 13.2: Employment by Sex in Hotels & Restaurants (*selected economies, in thousands) 32 Figure 13.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Hotels & Restaurants (*selected economies) 32 Figure 14.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Transportation, Storage & Communication (*selected economies) 34 Figure 14.2: Employment by Sex in Transportation, Storage & Communication (*selected economies, in thousands) 34 Figure 14.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Transportation, Storage & Communication (*selected economies) 34 Figure 15.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Financial Intermediation (*selected economies) 36 Figure 15.2: Employment by Sex in Financial Intermediation (*selected economies, in thousands) 36 Figure 15.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Financial Intermediation (*selected economies) 36 Figure 16.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Real Estate, Renting & Business Services (*selected economies) 38 Figure 16.2: Employment by Sex in Real Estate, Renting & Business Services (*selected economies, in thousands) 38 Figure 16.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Real Estate, Renting & Business Services (*selected economies) 38 Figure 17.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Public Administration (*selected economies) 40 Figure 17.2: Employment by Sex in Public Administration (*selected economies, in thousands) 40 Figure 17.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Public Administration (*selected economies) 40 Figure 18.1: Employment ('000s) and Average Weekly Hours of Work in Education (*selected economies) 42 Figure 18.2: Employment by Sex in Education (*selected economies, in thousands) 42 Figure 18.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Education (*selected economies) 42 Figure 19.1: Employment ('000s) & Average Weekly Hours of Work in Health (*selected economies) 44 Figure 19.2: Employment by Sex in Health (*selected economies, in thousands) 44 Figure 19.3: Percent Change in Average Wage (Q1:Q to 2009) in Health (*selected economies) 44 viii

11

12 I. Introduction After months of severe contraction, global economic activity has, in the second half of 2009, gradually returned to growth in major emerging markets and in a number of advanced economies. A combination of more stable financial market conditions, significant macroeconomic stimulus measures, improved consumer spending, resumption of industrial production and world trade seems to be contributing to the recovery from the global economic downturn. Nonetheless, these changes have hardly been translated into jobs. Conditions in the labour market continued to deteriorate across most activities of the economy in the third and fourth quarters of 2009, albeit at a slower pace. Employment declined even in sectors where the effects of the crisis were not immediate such as public services. The repercussions of unprecedented fiscal deficits and government debt levels, as well as some measures to reduce public expenditure may further affect labour market conditions in The information contained in this report provides elements for understanding further the causes behind these trends. It expands the previous statistical update (June 2009), to the third quarter of 2009, as part of a continuing effort between the Sectoral Activities Department and the ILO Department of Statistics to assist ILO s constituents with reliable and actualized information for monitoring recent and short term changes in a number of labour market indicators at the sector-specific level, both in developing and developed economies. It is intended to continue to provide this type of information on a quarterly basis in 2010,as the global economic recovery evolves and data are released by official national sources. Elizabeth Tinoco Director, Sectoral Activities Department 1

13 II. Methodological notes This report was prepared with information available to the ILO in February The data gathered correspond to a total of 56 countries, of which 30 are developed economies, and 26 emerging and developing countries. This sample represents 85% of the countries that produce monthly or quarterly labour force surveys worldwide. However, given the gap in data from large developing countries, in particular China and India; the aggregate figures should be interpreted with caution. The data were collected from National Labour Force Surveys and official estimates of each country. Data for EU countries were collected from EUROSTAT. Data are based on national definitions and have not been adjusted or altered by the ILO in any way. The information presented in the report has been obtained, as far as possible, from identical sources. The selection and definition of economic activities follows the UN International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 3. The data presented herein cover major divisions or categories of economic activity only. The labour market indicators included in the report have been selected for their ability to reflect recent and short term changes both in employment and working conditions. These mainly are: employment (total and/or paid), average hours of work, and average wages. Total employment covers all status groups, that is, not only employees (wage earners and salaried employees), including paid family workers, but also employers, own-account workers, members of producers cooperatives, contributing family workers and workers not classifiable by status. The data generally relate to employment during a specified brief period, either one week or one day. Usually, no distinction is made between persons employed full time and those working less than full time. Paid employment relates solely to employees (wage earners and salaried employees) in employment. Data on paid employment may in some cases have different worker coverage. This report presents data collected for total employment in countries where this information is available. Data for the United States represents paid employment. Employment data included in this report is also displayed according to regional breakdowns and disaggregated by sex, where the information is available. Of the 56 countries included in the sample, 47 report data disaggregated by sex. Hours of work is defined as any period of time spent by persons in the performance of activities which contribute to the production of goods and services within the general production boundary. Statistics of hours of work usually show the average number of hours of work per week, or in some cases per day or month. For this report the data provided corresponds to the average number of hours of work per week, as reported by countries. The data on wages usually relate to average gross money wages per wage earner expressed as average earnings. It covers cash payments received from employers (before deduction of taxes and social security contributions payable by workers), such as remuneration for normal working hours, overtime pay, incentive pay, earnings of piece-workers; remuneration for time not worked (annual vacation, public holidays, sick leave and other paid leave); bonuses and gratuities. It should be noted that figures on wages do not reflect workers disposable or net earnings, since they generally represent gross wages, before deductions such as those for taxes or social security contributions. The report presents data on monthly or weekly wages, as reported by countries and is expressed in national currency. 2

14 III. Employment Trends by Economic Activities 3

15 Figure 1: Employment Change from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Mining Manufacturing Utilities Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transportation, Storage & Communication Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting & Business Services Public Administration Education Change Q1 Change Q2 Change Q3 Health 13-10,000-8,000-6,000-4,000-2, ,000 Source: ILO Based on National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each coutnry. Data for European Union Countries are provided by Eurostat. *Selected Economies Include: Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong (China), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rep. of Korea, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. 1 Does not include Brazil, Canada, Hong Kong (China), Macau (China), Singapore, Switzerland and United States. 2 Does not include Barbados, Brazil, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 3 Does not include Brazil and Ireland. 4 Does not include Estonia, Ireland, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 5 Does not include Barbados, Rep. of Korea and Sri Lanka. 6 Does not include Colombia, Rep. of Korea, Turkey and Venezuela. 7 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep. of Korea, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 8 Does not include Brazil and Rep. of Korea. 9 Does not include Brazil, Rep. of Korea, Sri Lanka and Turkey. 10 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Venezuela. 11 Does not include Brazil, Colombia, Hong Kong (China), Rep. of Korea, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 12 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 13 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 4

16 Table 1: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 60, , , , , , , (0.2%) (-0.2%) (-0.7%) Mining 2 3, , , , , , , (-2.3%) (-5.1%) (-4.9%) Manufacturing 3 111, , , , , , , , , ,025.9 (-5.5%) (-7.4 %) (-8.1%) Utilities 4 9, , , , , , , (1.6 %) (-0.5%) (0.7%) Construction 5 52, , , , , , , , , ,376.5 (-3.8%) (-5.4%) (-6.5%) Wholesale & Retail Trade 6 107, , , , , , , , , ,122.3 (-1.6%) (-2.1%) (-2.0%) Hotels & Restaurants 7 35, , , , , , , (-0.5%) (0.2%) (0.8%) Transportation, Storage & Communication 8 45, , , , , , , (-0.1%) (-1.2%) (-1.9%) Financial Intermediation 9 24, , , , , , , (-0.1%) (-0.4%) (-1.0%) Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 10 30, , , , , , , (2.0%) (1.5%) (1.4%) Public Administration 11 43, , , , , , , (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.1%) Education 12 44, , , , , , , (1.2%) (1.4%) (1.1%) Health 13 53, , , , , , , , , ,621.7 (2.9%) (2.9%) (3.0%) Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. European Data are provided by Eurostat. *Selected Economies Include: Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong (China), Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rep. of Korea, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan (China), Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela. 1 Does not include Brazil, Canada, Hong Kong (China), Macau (China), Singapore, Switzerland and United States. 2 Does not include Barbados, Brazil, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 3 Does not include Brazil and Ireland. 4 Does not include Estonia, Ireland, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 5 Does not include Barbados, Rep. of Korea and Sri Lanka. 6 Does not include Colombia, Rep. of Korea, Turkey and Venezuela. 7 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep. of Korea, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 8 Does not include Brazil and Rep. of Korea. 9 Does not include Brazil, Rep. of Korea, Sri Lanka and Turkey. 10 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Venezuela. 11 Does not include Brazil, Colombia, Hong Kong (China), Rep. of Korea, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 12 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 13 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 5

17 IV. Employment Trends by Major Activities in Developed and Developing / Emerging Economies 6

18 Figure 2: Average Employment Change in Developed and Developing / Emerging Economies from Q1:Q to Q1:Q by Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Mining Manufacturing Utilities Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transportation, Storage & Communication Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting & Business Services Public Administration Education Developed Developing/ Emerging Health 13-6,000-5,000-4,000-3,000-2,000-1, ,000 2,000 Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. European Data are provided by Eurostat. * Developed Economies include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rep. of Korea, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. Developing / Emerging Economies Include: Barbados, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hong Kong (China), Hungary, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Macau (China), Malaysia, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (China) Thailand and Venezuela. Note: 1 Does not include Brazil, Canada, Hong Kong (China), Macau (China), Singapore, Switzerland and United States. 2 Does not include Barbados, Brazil, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 3 Does not include Brazil and Ireland. 4 Does not include Estonia, Ireland, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 5 Does not include Barbados, Rep. of Korea and Sri Lanka. 6 Does not include Colombia, Rep. of Korea, Turkey and Venezuela. 7 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep. of Korea, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 8 Does not include Brazil and Rep. of Korea. 9 Does not include Brazil, Rep. of Korea, Sri Lanka and Turkey. 10 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Venezuela. 11 Does not include Brazil, Colombia, Hong Kong (China), Rep. of Korea, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 12 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 13 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 7

19 Table 2: Employment Level & Change by Major Economic Activities in Developed and Developing / Emerging Economies (*selected economies, in thousands) Change Q1 Change Q2 Change Q to to to 2009 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 Developing/ Emerging 38, , , , , , , (0.8%) (0.8%) (-1.5%) Developed 22, , , , , , , (-0.7%) (-1.8%) (0.8%) Mining 2 Developing/ Emerging 2, , , , , , , (-3.4%) (-3.3%) (-0.2%) Developed 1, , , , , , , (-1.0%) (-7.1%) (-10.0%) Manufacturing 3 Developing/ Emerging 35, , , , , , , , , ,024.1 (-4.8%) (-5.6%) (-5.8%) Developed 76, , , , , , , , , ,001.8 (-5.9%) (-8.2%) (-9.2%) Utilities 4 Developing /Emerging 6, , , , , , , (-0.6%) (-3.1%) (-1.2%) Developed 3, , , , , , , (5.8%) (4.6%) (4.5%) Construction 5 Developing/ Emerging 15, , , , , , , (-0.2%) (-1.7%) (-3.1%) Developed 36, , , , , , , , , ,886.1 (-5.4%) (-6.9%) (-7.9%) Wholesale & Retail Trade 6 Developing / Emerging 32, , , , , , , (1.8%) (-0.6%) (0.3%) Developed 75, , , , , , , , , ,226.9 (-3.1%) (-2.8%) (-3.0%) Hotels & Restaurants 7 Developing/ Emerging 6, , , , , , , (2.7%) (2.9%) (5.0%) Developing/ Emerging 29, , , , , , , (-1.2%) (-0.4%) (-0.1%) Transportation, Storage & Communication 8 Developing/ Emerging 15, , , , , , , (-0.3%) (-0.1%) (-0.2%) Developed 30, , , , , , , (-0.0%) (-1.8%) (-2.7%) Financial Intermediation 9 Developing/Emerging 6, , , , , , , (3.1%) (0.8%) (-0.4%) Developed 17, , , , , , , (-1.3%) (-0.8%) (-1.3%) Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 10 Developing/ Emerging 8, , , , , , , (1.3%) (1.1%) (0.1%) Developed 21, , , , , , , (2.2%) (1.7%) (2.0%) Public Administration 11 Developing/ Emerging 11, , , , , , , (4.2%) (4.0%) (3.6%) Developed 31, , , , , , , (0.7%) (0.7%) (0.2%) Education 12 Developing / Emerging 12, , , , , , , (-0.0%) (1.8%) (1.6%) Developed 32, , , , , , , (1.6%) (1.3%) (0.9%) Health 13 Developing/ Emerging 8, , , , , , , (2.0%) (1.7%) (1.7%) Developed 45, , , , , , , , , ,482.1 (3.0%) (3.2%) (3.2%) Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. European Data are provided by Eurostat. * Developed Economies include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rep. of Korea, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. Developing / Emerging Economies Include: Barbados, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hong Kong (China), Hungary, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Macau (China), Malaysia, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (China) Thailand and Venezuela. Note: 1 Does not include Brazil, Canada, Hong Kong (China), Macau (China), Singapore, Switzerland and United States. 2 Does not include Barbados, Brazil, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 3 Does not include Brazil and Ireland. 4 Does not include Estonia, Ireland, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 5 Does not include Barbados, Rep. of Korea and Sri Lanka. 6 Does not include Colombia, Rep. of Korea, Turkey and Venezuela. 7 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep. of Korea, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 8 Does not include Brazil and Rep. of Korea. 9 Does not include Brazil, Rep. of Korea, Sri Lanka and Turkey. 10 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Rep. of Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Venezuela. 11 Does not include Brazil, Colombia, Hong Kong (China), Rep. of Korea, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 12 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 13 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Rep of Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela. 8

20 V. Regional Employment Trends by Major Activities 9

21 Figure 3: Employment Change in Asia and the Pacific from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Mining 1 2 Manufacturing Utilities Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transportation, Storage & Communication Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting & Business Services Public Administration Education 7 8 Change Q1 Change Q2 Change Q3 Health 5-2,000-1,500-1, ,000 Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. *Selected Economies Include: Australia, Hong Kong (China), Japan, Rep. of Korea, Macau (China), Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (China), and Thailand. 1 Does not include Hong Kong (China) and Macau (China). 2 Does not include Japan, Rep. of Korea, Macau (China), Singapore and Sri Lanka. 3 Does not include Japan, Rep. of Korea, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 4 Does not include Rep. of Korea and Sri Lanka. 5 Does not include Rep. of Korea. 6 Does not include Japan, Rep. of Korea, and Sri Lanka 7 Does not include Hong Kong (China), Rep. of Korea, and Singapore. 8 Does not include Rep. of Korea and Singapore. 10

22 Table 3.1: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities in Asia and the Pacific (*selected economies, in thousands) Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 31, , , , , , , (2.1%) (-0.2%) (-2.0%) Mining (18.1%) (3.0%) (-1.8%) Manufacturing 32, , , , , , , , , ,134.0 (-3.8%) (-5.5%) (-3.6%) Utilities (8.7%) (-2.4%) (9.5%) Construction 4 13, , , , , , , (0.1%) (-1.2%) (-1.8%) Wholesale & Retail Trade 5 30, , , , , , , (-0.2%) (-0.4%) (0.2%) Hotels & Restaurants 5 10, , , , , , , (2.8%) (4.9%) (4.7%) Transportation, Storage & Communication 5 7, , , , , , , (4.1%) (2.2%) (3.8%) Financial Intermediation 4 3, , , , , , , (-0.6%) (3.5%) (-1.3%) Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 6 5, , , , , , , (1.8%) (2.0%) (3.2%) Public Administration 7 7, , , , , , , (4.7%) (3.9%) (3.4%) Education 8 7, , , , , , , (3.0%) (3.8%) (3.6%) Health 5 9, , , , , , , (3.3%) (4.5%) (6.2%) Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. *Selected Economies Include: Australia, Hong Kong (China), Japan, Rep. of Korea, Macau (China), Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (China), and Thailand. 1 Does not include Hong Kong (China) and Macau (China). 2 Does not include Japan, Rep. of Korea, Macau (China), Singapore and Sri Lanka. 3 Does not include Japan, Rep. of Korea, Singapore and Sri Lanka. 4 Does not include Rep. of Korea and Sri Lanka. 5 Does not include Rep. of Korea. 6 Does not include Japan, Rep. of Korea, and Sri Lanka 7 Does not include Hong Kong (China), Rep. of Korea, and Singapore. 8 Does not include Rep. of Korea and Singapore. 11

23 Figure 4: Employment Change in the Americas from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 Mining 2 Manufacturing 3 Utilities 4 Construction 5 Wholesale & Retail Trade 6 Hotels & Restaurants 7 Transportation, Storage & Communication 3 Financial Intermediation 3 Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 8 Public Administration Education 9 10 Change Q1 Change Q2 Change Q3 Health 10-2,800-2,300-1,800-1, Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. *Selected Economies Include: Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, Venezuela, and United States. 1 Does not include Brazil, Canada and United States. 2 Does not include Barbados, Brazil and, Mexico. 3 Does not include Brazil. 4 Does not include Mexico. 5 Does not includ: Barbados. 6 Does not include Colombia and Venezuela. 7 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela.. 8 Does not include Brazil, Chile and Venezuela. 9 Does not include Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. 10 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela. 12

24 Table 3.2: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities in the Americas (*selected economies, in thousands) Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 10, , , , , , , (-1.0%) (1.3%) (3.8%) Mining 2 1, , , , , , , (-4.6%) (-4.5%) (-1.1%) Manufacturing 3 26, , , , , , , , , ,178.3 (-6.8%) (-8.7%) (-8.2%) Utilities 4 4, , , , , , , (-0.2%) (-3.8%) (-2.4%) Construction 5 16, , , , , , , , ,294.1 (-6.1%) (-7.4%) (-8.2%) Wholesale & Retail Trade 6 38, , , , , , , , , (-2.9%) (-2.8%) (-2.4%) Hotels & Restaurants 7 15, , , , , , , (-1.6%) (-2.8%) (-2.2%) Transportation, Storage & Communication 3 11, , , , , , , (-0.7%) (-2.0%) (-2.1%) Financial Intermediation 3 10, , , , , , , (-1.8%) (-2.3%) (-1.8%) Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 8 1, , , , , , , (6.6%) (5.7%) (2.2%) Public Administration 9 16, , , , , , , (1.4%) (1.4%) (0.8%) Education 10 14, , , , , , , (1.2%) (0.5%) (-0.5%) Health 10 17, , , , , , , (2.6%) (2.5%) (2.3%) Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. *Selected Economies Include: Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, Venezuela, and United States. 1 Does not include Brazil, Canada and United States. 2 Does not include Barbados, Brazil and, Mexico. 3 Does not include: Brazil. 4 Does not include Mexico. 5 Does not include Barbados. 6 Does not include Colombia and Venezuela. 7 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela. 8 Does not include Brazil, Chile and Venezuela. 9 Does not include Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. 10 Does not include Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela. 13

25 Figure 5: Employment Change in Europe from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies, in thousands) Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 Mining Manufacturing 2 3 Utilities 4 Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants 5 5 Transportation, Storage & Communication Financial Intermediation 5 Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 6 Public Administration Education 5 5 Change Q1 Change Q2 Change Q3 Health 5-6,000-5,000-4,000-3,000-2,000-1, ,000 Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. European Data are provided by Eurostat. *Selected Economies Include: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. 1 Does not include Switzerland. 2 Does not include Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Malta. 3 Does not include Ireland. 4 Does not include Estonia, Ireland, Luxembourg and Malta. 5 Does not include Turkey. 6 Does not include Luxembourg, Malta and Turkey. 14

26 Table 3.3: Employment Level and Change in Major Economic Activities in Europe (*selected economies, in thousands) Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing 1 17, , , , , , , (-2.1%) (-0.6%) (-0.2%) Mining 2 1, , , , , , , (-5.3%) (-6.8%) (-8.1%) Manufacturing 3 50, , , , , , , , , ,486.8 (-6.0%) (-8.0%) (-10.8%) Utilities 4 4, , , , , , , (2.3%) (2.6%) (2.7%) Construction 21, , , , , , , , , ,800.8 (-4.8%) (-6.5%) (-8.0%) Wholesale & Retail Trade 5 34, , , , , , , (-1.2%) (-2.8%) (-2.8%) Hotels & Restaurants 5 9, , , , , , , (-2.0%) (0.1%) (1.5%) Transportation, Storage & Communication 22, , , , , , , ,010.7 (-1.5%) (-2.7%) (-4.4%) Financial Intermediation 5 7, , , , , , , (1.3%) (-0.2%) (-0.7%) Real Estate, Renting & Business Services 6 23, , , , , , , (1.8%) (1.2%) (0.9%) Public Administration 5 19, , , , , , , (0.7%) (0.8%) (0.5%) Education 5 22, , , , , , , (0.6%) (1.2%) (1.2%) Health 5 26, , , , , , , (2.9%) (2.7%) (2.3%) Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. European Data are provided by Eurostat. *Selected Economies Include: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. 1 Does not include Switzerland. 2 Does not include Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Malta. 3 Does not include Ireland. 4 Does not include Estonia, Ireland, Luxembourg and Malta. 5 Does not include Turkey. 6 Does not include Luxembourg, Malta and Turkey. 15

27 VI. Average Weekly Working Hours by Major Activities 16

28 Figure 6: Change in Average Actual Weekly Working Hours from 2008 to 2009 in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies) Change Q1 Change Q2 Change Q3 Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. European Data are provided by Eurostat. *Selected Economies Include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States. 1 Does not include Canada, Japan, Macau (China) and United States. 2 Does not include Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Iceland, Israel, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China) and Malta. 3 Does not include Canada, Iceland and Luxembourg. 4 Does not include Canada and Japan. 5 Does not include Japan and United States. 6 Does not include United States. 17

29 Table 4: Average Actual Weekly Working Hours in Major Economic Activities (*selected economies) Change Q to 2009 Change Q to 2009 Change Q to Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Mining Manufacturing Utilities Construction Wholesale & Retail Trade Hotels & Restaurants Transportation, Storage & Communication Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting & Business Services Public Administration Education Health Source: National Labour Force Surveys and Official Estimates of each country. Data for European Union Countries are provided by Eurostat. *Selected Economies Include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China), Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and United States. 1 Does not include Canada, Japan, Macau (China) and United States. 2 Does not include Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Iceland, Israel, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau (China) and Malta. 3 Does not include Canada, Iceland and Luxembourg. 4 Does not include Canada and Japan. 5 Does not include Japan and United States. 6 Does not include United States. 18