POL 524, Public Policy and the Family. Professor Pat Boling, Fall 2013 MW 4:30-5:45, BRNG 1202

Transcription

1 POL 524, Public Policy and the Family Professor Pat Boling, Fall 2013 MW 4:30-5:45, BRNG 1202 Professor s contact information: Pat Boling Office: BRNG Hall 2256, Phone: , boling@purdue.edu Office Hours: Tues 8:30-10:00, Thursday 3:00-4:30, and Friday 10:30-11:30 *Let s try to talk about ideas, interpretations and readings in person, not by (which is fine for conveying information, but not so good for thinking together.) Course Description Many Americans might approach this course with a bit of skepticism, wondering whether public policy does or should have much to do with the family. The American approach to social welfare tends to leave much of the work of raising the young and tending the old to the private sphere of the family or market; we often hear that expensive, intrusive welfare states run counter to our core values. But whether we want a hands-off state or a generous one that mitigate work-family conflicts, nurture all children, and cares for the frail elderly, we do have a variety of family-related laws and policies in the United States, crafted in the context of fundamental historical, political and institutional forces. Our aim in this course is to understand these forces better. A theme that weaves through this course is the idea of incomplete revolutions. Indeed, two of the course books, Gerson s and Esping-Andersen s, use this metaphor in their titles, and a third (Powell et al. s Counted Out) examines changing public opinion toward same-sex families during a period of rapid social change. As we work our way through these books, we will be talking about forces that have fundamentally challenged and changed family forms: the gay rights movement; the mass movement of women into the workforce; the increase in divorce rates; the difficulty men have finding and keeping male breadwinner jobs in the postindustrial world, and changing gender norms. We will expand our purview beyond the U.S. as we consider Esping-Andersen s approach to comparative family policy, and bring some of those lessons back home to help us think about this country freshly. If change and revolution is one motif, another is historical continuity and forces that pull us in recurrent, familiar directions. Evelyn Nakano Glenn provides an historically grounded approach to understanding why some people have been forced to provide care because of status obligations based on marriage and gender, histories of forced labor, or limited work opportunities. This argument can help us understand why care work is not respected or well-paid in the U.S. At the end of the course, my goals are 1. for you to understand macroscopic social changes demographic, political, and policy changes that are changing the landscape of families in the U.S. and around the world. In wealthy countries, people are waiting later to form families, having fewer children, and both men and women commonly work for pay outside the home for most of their lives. This is producing new problems to which societies are responding to unevenly, some crafting, funding and implementing generous family support policies or recognizing same sex marriages and families, some lagging behind in terms of problem recognition and designing government or workplace policies that can help sustain families as they face new challenges. 2. Some of the issues we will study are bound to touch nerves, strike you as personal, visceral issues that you have strong reactions to and opinions about. You will probably discern that I have points of view about the issues and policies that we study, but I have no desire to teach you the gospel according to Pat. Rather, my aim is to foster wide-ranging debate and discussion out of the 1

2 recognition that diverse opinions are bound to exist among a diverse citizenry with varying experiences, political opinions, and notions of moral propriety. 3. To encourage you to think critically and realistically about the role that government and employers can and should play in recognizing and easing work-family conflicts and issues, in part by comparing the US to several other wealthy countries. 4. Along the way, you will learn a lot about policy approaches that different countries take to support working parents, and to recognize and validate nontraditional families. The content and explanations for different policy approaches are important, and there is a body of factual stuff I expect you to learn. I expect you to read and learn nuts-and-bolts, detailed information about changing families, work-family policies, unpaid care work, and the like. We cannot cover everything interesting about families and family policies in 15 weeks, so I would like you to research and write a term paper that explores questions or approaches that we do not foreground in the larger course. We ll talk in class about appropriate topics, and I ll ask you to give me 2 or 3 rough-and-ready ideas by September 13 th. There are lots of great topics out there: the politics and ethics of new reproductive technologies and surrogacy arrangements; the debate about family values ; anti-poverty policies; support policies for aged, handicapped, or chronically ill people; other families (e.g., gay, lesbian, poor, Black, immigrant) and the marginalization and discrimination they face; the politics of passing the federal Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA); the historical evolution of child care policies; the impact of child care on children; employers role in providing family friendly benefits; the kids vs. careers dilemma for women; theoretical approaches to analyzing family policy and welfare state regimes. This list is not exhaustive, and you will no doubt think of other interesting issues and problems to explore. Grads vs. undergrads: 500 level courses are a little bit of both, and this raises the issue of whether the course should be dual track or a consolidated course where all students are expected to produce the same work. I use elements of both approaches: everyone has to meet the same basic requirements, but grad students will be expected to write more sophisticated, better conceptualized exams and papers. In addition, the grad students will be expected to do a handful of readings that are optional for undergraduates: in the schedule of readings below you will notice several instances where it says report on such-and-such, TBA. On those days, a grad student will be assigned responsibility for reading an extra chapter or article and briefly (10 minutes or so) presenting it to the rest of the class. (There will be a sign up sheet for these extra readings circulating in class on Wednesday August 21 st ). Grad or undergrad, the expectations of this course are significant with respect to both reading and writing, and the class meetings will be a mixture of lecture and discussion. Good discussions are a collective good, so if you cannot devote the time needed to do the readings and be engaged in discussions, don t take the class. Books (ordered at Follett s and University bookstores, or you can buy them on line, or borrow them from course reserves). Other items on the course schedule will be available on Blackboard. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta Incomplete Revolution: Adapting Welfare States to Women's New Roles, Polity Press Gerson, Kathleen The Unfinished Revolution: Coming of Age in a New Era of Gender, Work, and Family. New York: Oxford University Press [available as an online resource] (Stone, Opting Out; Crittenden, The Price of Motherhood) Glenn, Evelyn Nakano Forced to Care: Coercion and Caregiving in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Powell, Brian, Catherine Bolzendah, Claudia Geist, and Lala Steelman Counted Out: Same-Sex Relations and Americans' Definitions of Family. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2

3 Course Requirements: 1. Class participation: First, the quality of seminars is dependent on the preparedness and creativity of the group. Much of the quality of this seminar will depend on our engagement with the texts, as a group, and bringing our own thinking and research to group discussions, so I expect you all to attend regularly and come prepared to discuss the assigned readings. (No one s perfect, and missing a couple of classes will not cause a problem. But as the saying goes, half of life is showing up, so try to miss as few classes as possible. Please let me know if you encounter serious problems with illness, work, etc.). Second, demonstrate active engagement in class discussions. Complete the assigned readings and reflect on them before you get to class, so you have a couple of ideas to rub together as we discuss topics and readings in class. I will keep track of your preparedness and your ability and willingness to venture interesting ideas (I will also take note of hot air artists). 2. Midterm: There will be an in-class exam given on Wednesday October 2nd. 3. Research Paper: I want you to write a well-conceived and well researched paper on a topic of your choosing, drawing on appropriate data and research. Two or three rough-and-ready topics must be turned in by September 13, just to get your thinking. You must come talk with me about your topic in office hours and get my approval of your topic by September 30 th so that I can advise you about your topic and appropriate sources for researching it. Rough drafts are due on November 20 th, and final drafts of your papers are due by December 10 th (turning it in earlier is better, and you are free to plan your deadlines any way you like so long as I have your paper by midnight on the 10 th ). You will give oral presentations of your findings in class on November 25, December 2 and December 4, so you will be giving your presentations while you are still working on your papers (a chance to see if your basic argument is sound or not). The papers should be substantial efforts, pages for undergrads and for grads (1 margins, double spaced, 11 or 12 point font). a. Two-three rough topics, 9/13: 2 % b. Discussion about final topic, 9/30: 8 c. Rough drafts of paper, 11/20: 10 d. Final draft of paper, 12/10: 10 e. Total percentage of final grade: 30% 4. Final Exam: this will be given during finals week at a time/place to be announced. It will focus mostly on work covered since the midterm. Grading: Regular attendance and active participation: 20% Brief paper about your family of origin/ideal family, due Sept 25: 5% Midterm due October 2: 25% Final paper (see breakdown above): 30% Final exam (during finals week) 20% My grading breakdowns follow standard cutoffs for A, A-, B+, B, B- etc: A B A B A B- and so on Class Schedule: unless otherwise indicated, readings are either from the required texts, or they are PDF files available on Blackboard. Report TBA are extra readings that graduate students will read and present briefly (in 5-10 minutes) in class. 3

4 8/19 Introduction to the course and to one another. Discuss: what is a family? What are the defining features? How expansive or flexible can we be, and still be talking about families? I. The revolution in attitudes toward same sex marriage and families 8/21 Read Powell et al., Counted Out, chapters 1 and 2 (pp. 1-36); we'll also look at and discuss the New York Times article, "Support for Same Sex Marriage," /26 Read Counted Out, chs 3-4 (pp ) 8/28 Read Counted Out, ch. 7 (pp ), plus brief reports on chapters 5 and 6 (TBA) 9/2 Labor Day - no class 9/4 Read Counted Out, ch. 8, Also read United States v. Windsor (majority opinion) 9/9 Read Roberts, Scalia and Alito dissents in US v. Windsor. Report on Hollingsworth v. Perry (TBA). 9/11 Discuss: where are we heading with respect to same sex marriage in the U.S.? What difference does it make? NB: Give me 2-3 rough ideas for paper topics by Friday September 13 th! II. The unfinished gender revolution 9/16 Report on Belkin, "The Opt-Out Generation" (TBA); read Hirshman, "America's Stay at Home Feminists" and Warner, "The Opt-Out Generation Wants Back In." 9/18 read Gerson, The Unfinished Revolution, chs 1-2 (43 pp) 9/23 read Unfinished Revolution, chs 5-6 (56 pp) Remember, you must OK your paper topics with me by September 30! 9/25 read Unfinished Revolution, ch 7 (men's resistance to equal sharing, 30 pp); short essay due on your family of origin, and your own ideal family situation (these count toward participation grade) 9/30 read Unfinished Revolution, chs 8-9 (reaching across the gender divide; finishing the gender revolution, 36 pp) 10/2 Midterm exam 10/7 October break - no class III. The devaluation of carework 10/9 Read Nakano Glenn, Forced to Care, chapters 1-2 (pp. 1-41) 10/14 Fraser and Gordon, "Genealogy of Dependency" 10/16 Read Forced to Care, chapters 4-5 (pp w/ some photos); report on ch. 3 (TBA) 10/21 Read Forced to Care, chapters 6-7 (pp ) 10/23 Read Crittenden, The Price of Motherhood, chs 2, 5, and 13 10/28 Read Murray, chapter from Losing Ground IV. Comparative social policy 10/30 Read Esping-Andersen, The Incomplete Revolution, introduction and chapter one (pp. 1-54) 11/4 Read Incomplete Revolution, chs. 2-3 (pp ) 11/6 Read Incomplete Revolution, ch. 4 ( ) and Iversen and Stephens, "3 Worlds of Human Capital Formation" 11/11 Esping-Andersen, The Incomplete Revolution, ch. 5 and Afterword ( ); report on Morel, "From Subsidiarity to 'Free Choice'" (TBA) 11/13 Read Daley and Kulish, "Germany Fights Population Drop" and Henninger et al., Demography as a Push toward Gender Equality?" 4

5 11/18 Read Boling, "Germany Enacts Change" 11/20 Read Glass, "Work-Life Policies: Future Directions for Research" (17 pp); Blau and Kahn, "Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind?" (10 pp); report on Hacker, "Policy Drift" (TBA). Your rough drafts of your research papers are due today. 11/25 Student presentations, group one 11/27 Thanksgiving break - no class 12/2 Student presentations, group two 12/4 Student presentations, group three NOTE on academic dishonesty: do not borrow sources without citing them properly, whether from books, articles, websites, or anywhere else. Put quotations in quotation marks. If you are discovered plagiarizing, you will receive an F for the assignment and I will turn you in to the head of the department or the Dean of Students. When in doubt, ask me about sources! Recommended readings: Abramovitz, Mimi and Sandra Morgen with the National Council for Research on Women (2006). Taxes Are a Woman s Issue: Reframing the Debate. New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY. Adsera, Alicia (2004). Changing fertility rates in developed countries. The impact of labor market institutions, Population Economics 17(1): Bernstein, Anya (2001). The Moderation Dilemma: Legislative Coalitions and the Politics of Family and Medical Leave. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Bettio, Francesca and Janneke Plantenga (2004). Comparing Care Regimes in Europe, Feminist Economics 10(1): Brewster, Karin L. and Ronald R. Rindfuss (2000). Fertility and Women s Employment in Industrialized Nations, Annual Review of Sociology 26(1): Brinton, Mary (2010). Lost in Translation: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Caldwell, John C. and Thomas Schindlmayr (2003). Explanations of fertility crisis in modern societies: A search for commonalities, Population Studies 57(3): Campbell, Andrea Louise (2003). How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Citizen Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Castles, Francis (2003). The world turned upside down: below replacement fertility, changing preferences and family friendly public policy in 21 OECD countries, Journal of European Social Policy 13(3): CLASP (Center for Law and Social Policy) (2011) Child Care Assistance Profile. Retrieved June 13, 2013 from Child Care Assistance Profile US.pdf Crittenden, Ann (2001). The Price of Motherhood: Why the Most Important Job in the World is Still the Least Valued. New York: Metropolitan Books. 5

6 D Addio, Anna Cristina and Marco Mira d Ercole (2005a). Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: The Role of Policies, OECD Social Employment and Migration Working Papers. Paris: OECD. D Addio, Anna Cristina and Marco Mira d Ercole (2005b). Policies, Institutions and Fertility Rates: A Panel Data Analysis for OECD countries, OECD Economic Studies No. 41. Deutsch, Francine (1999). Having it All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Ehrenreich, Barbara and Arlie R. Hochschild, eds. (2003). Global woman: Nannies, maids, and sex workers in the new economy. New York: Metropolitan Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1997). Hybrid or Unique? The Japanese Welfare State Between Europe and America, Journal of European Social Policy 7(3): Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1999). Social foundations of postindustrial economies. New York: Oxford University Press. Estevez-Abe, Margarita (2005). Gender Bias in Skills and Social Policies: The Varieties of Capitalism Perspectives on Sex Segregation, Social Politics 12(2): Estevez Abe, Margarita (2007). Gender the Varieties of Capitalism: Gender Bias in Skills and Social Policies, in Frances McCall Rosenbluth (ed.), The Political Economy of Japan s Low Fertility. Stanford: Stanford University Press, Fass, Sarah. (2009). Paid Leave in the States: A Critical Support for Low-wage Workers and Their Families. National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, NY. (March 2009.) Fleckenstein, Timo (2011). The Politics of Ideas in Welfare State Transformation: Christian Democracy and the Reform of Family Policy in Germany, Social Policy 18(4): Folbre, Nancy (2001). The Invisible Heart. Cambridge: MIT Press. Fraser, Nancy and Linda Gordon. (1997). A Genealogy of Dependency: Tracing A Keyword of the U.S. Welfare State, in Barbara Laslett et al., eds. History and Theory: Feminist Research, Debates, Contestations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Gilens, Martin (1999). Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Glass, Jennifer. (2009). Work-Life Policies: Future Directions for Research, chapter 13 of Ann C. Crouter and Alan Booth, eds., Work-Life Policies, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press Goldin, Claudia (2006). The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women s Employment, Education, and Family, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 96: Gornick, Janet C. and Marcia K. Meyers (2003). Families that Work: policies for reconciling parenthood and employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 6

7 Gornick, Janet C. and Marcia K. Meyers (2009). Institutions that Support Gender Equality in Parenthood and Employment Transforming Family Divisions of Labor, in Erik Olin Wright (ed.), The Real Utopias Project. London: Verso Gottfried, Heidi and Jacqueline O Reilly (2002). Reregulating Breadwinner Models in Socially Conservative Welfare Systems: Comparing Germany and Japan, Social Politics 9(1): Hacker, Jacob S. (2002). The Divided Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hacker, Jacob S. (2005). Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of the US Welfare State Retrenchment, in Wolfgang Streeck and Kathleen Ann Thelen (eds.), Beyond continuity: institutional change in advanced political economies. New York: Oxford University Press, Hagemann, Karin (2006). Between Ideology and Economy: The Time Politics of Child Care and Public Education in the Two Germanys, Social Politics 13(2): Hall, Peter A. and David Soskice (2001). Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press. Harris, Fred R. (2006). The baby bust: who will do the work? Who will pay the taxes? Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. Henninger, Annette, Christine Wimbauer, and Rosine Dombrowski (2008). Demography as a Push toward Gender Equality? Current Reforms of Germany Family Policy, Social Politics 15(3): Houser, Linda and Thomas P. Vartanian (2012). Policy Matters: Public Policy, Paid Leave for New Parents, and Economic Security for US Workers, Rutgers Center for Women and Work. Retrieved February 17, 2013 from, Howard, Christopher (1997). The hidden welfare state tax expenditures and social policy in the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Howard, Christopher (2007). The Welfare State Nobody Knows. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Immergut, Ellen M. (1992). Health politics: interests and institutions in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press. Immergut, Ellen M. (2000). The Theoretical core of the new institutionalism, Politics and Society 26(1): Immervoll, Herwig and David Barber (2006 January 16). Can parents afford to work? DELSA/ELSA, OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working Papers. Retrieved May 21, 2013, from Iverson, Torben and Frances McCall Rosenbluth (2010). Women, work, and politics: the political economy of gender inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press. Iverson, Torben and John D. Stephens (2008). Partisan Politics, the Welfare State, and Three Worlds of Human Capital Formation, Comparative Political Studies 41(4): Jaumotte, Florence (2003). Labour Force Participation of Women: empirical evidence on the role of policy and other determinants in OECD countries, OECD Economic Studies 37: Retrieved March 2, 2013, from 7

8 Jenson, Jane and Mariette Siineau (2001). Who Cares? Women s Work, Childcare, and Welfare State Redesign. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Kasza, Gregory J. (2002). The Illusion of Welfare Regimes, Journal of Social Policy 31(2): Kasza, Gregory J. (2006). One World of Welfare: Japan in Comparative Perspective. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Klammer, Ute and Marie Thérèse Letablier (2007). Family Policies in Germany and France: the Role of Enterprises and Social Partners, Social Policy Administration 41(6): Korpi, Walter (2000). Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class, and Patterns of Inequality in Different Types of Welfare States, Social Politics 7(2): Lambert, Priscilla A. (2007). The Political Economy of Postwar Family Policy in Japan: Economic Imperatives and Electoral Incentives, Journal of Japanese Studies 33(1): Lambert, Priscilla A. (2008). The Comparative Political Economy of Parental Leave and Child Care: Evidence from Twenty OECD Countries, Social Politics 15(3): Lewis, Jane (1998). Gender, Social Care and Welfare State Restructuring in Europe. Aldershott Hants: Ashgate. Lewis, Jane, Trudi Knijn, Claude Martin and Ilona Ostner (2008). Patterns of Development in Work/Family Reconciliation Policies for Parents in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK in the 2000s, Social Politics 15(3): Lister, Ruth (1997). Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Lovell, Vicky, Elizabeth O Neill, and Skylar Olsen (2007). Maternity Leave in the United States: Paid Parental Leave is Still Not Standard, Even Among the Best US Employers, IWPR Fact Sheet #A131. Mahon, Rianne (2002). Child Care: Toward What kind of Social Europe? Social Politics 9(3): Mandel, Hadas and Moshe Semyonov (2005). Family Policies, Wage Structures, and Gender Gaps: Sources of Earning Inequality in 20 Countries, American Sociological Review 70(6): Marshall, T.H. (1964). Class, Citizenship and Social Development : Essays by T.H. Marshall. Garden City : Anchor Books. Mätzke, Margitta and Ilona Ostner (2010a). The Role of Old Ideas in the New German Family Policy Agenda. German Policy Studies 6(3): McCaffery, Edward J Taxing Women. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McDonald, Peter (2000). Gender Equity in Theories of Fertility Transition, Population and Development Review 26(3): Mead, Lawrence. (1986). Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Free Press Michel, Sonya (1999). Children s Interests/Mothers Rights: The Shaping of America s Child Care Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8

9 Michel, Sonya and Ito Peng (2012). All in the Family? Migrants, Nationhood, and Care Regimes in Asia and North America, Journal of European Social Policy 38(10): Mink, Gwendolyn. (1995). The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Morel, Nathalie (2007). From Subsidiarity to Free Choice : Child and Elder care Policy Reforms in France, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands, Social Policy & Administration 41(6): Morgan, Kimberley J. (2006). Working Mothers and the Welfare State: Religion and the Politics of Work Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Murray, Charles. (1984). Losing Ground: American Social Policy NY: Basic Books Myles, John and Jill Quadagno (2002). Political Theories of the Welfare States, The Social Service Review 76(1): Newman, Katherine S. (2008). Ties that Bind: Cultural Interpretations of Delayed Adulthood in Western Europe and Japan, Sociological Forum 23(4): O Connor, Julia S., Anna Shola Orloff, and Sheila Shaver (1999). States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press. OECD. (2003). Babies and Bosses: Reconciling Work and Family Life, volume 2: Austria, Ireland and Japan. Paris: OECD Publication Service. Orloff, Ann Shola (1993). Gender an the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States, American Sociological Review 58(3): Orloff, Ann Shola (2009b). Should Feminists Aim for Gender Symmetry? Why a dual Earner/Dual Caregiver Society Is Not Every Feminist s Utopia, in Janet C. Gornick and Marcia K. Meyers (eds.), Gender Equality: Transforming Family Divisions of Labor. London: Verso, Ostner, Ilona (2010). Farewell to the Family as We Know it: Family Policy Change in Germany, German Policy Studies 6(1): Pedersen, Susan (1993). Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France New York: Cambridge University Press. Pierson, Paul (2001). The New Politics of the Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pierson, Paul (2004). Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Political Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rampell, Catherin (2012 December 17). The Mommy Penalty, Around the World. The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2012, from mommy penalty around the world/ Ray, Rebecca (2008). A Detailed Look at Parental Leave Policies in 21 OECD Countries, Washington DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retherford, Robert D. and Naohiro Ogawa. (2006). Japan s baby bust, in Fred Harris (ed.), The baby bust: who will do the work? Who will pay the taxes? Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield,

10 Rindfuss, Ronald R., Karen Benjamin Guzzo, and S. Philip Morgan (2003). The changing institutional context of low fertility, Population Research and Policy Review 22: Rosenbluth, Frances McCall (2007). The Political Economy of Japan s Low Fertility, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Ruhm, Christopher J. (2011). Policies to Assist Parents with Young Children, The Future of Children 21(2): Schmidt, Vivien A. (2002). Does discourse matter in the politics of welfare state adjustment? Comparative Political Studies, 35(2): Schmidt, Vivien A. (2008). Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse Annual Review of Political Science, 11: Schoppa, Leonard (2010). Exit, Voice, and Family Policy in Japan: Limited Changes Despite Broad Recognition of the Declining Fertility Problem. Journal of European Social Policy 20(5): Schoppa, Leonard J. (2006). Race for the Exits: Women, Firms, and the Unraveling of Japan s System of Social Protection. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Seelieb Kaiser, Martin and Timo Fleckenstein (2009). The Political Economy of Occupational Family Policies: Comparing Workplaces in Britain and Germany. British Journal of Industrial Relations 47(4): Seelieb Kaiser, Martin and Tuukka Toivonen (2011). Between Reforms and Birthrates: Germany, Japan and Family Policy Discourse, Social Politics 18(3): Skocpol, Theda (1992). Protecting soldiers and mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Skocpol, Theda (1995). Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Soskice, David (2005). Varieties of Capitalism and Cross National Gender Differences, Social Politics, 12(2): Steinmo, Sven (2010). The Evolution of Modern States: Sweden, Japan, and the United States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Stone, Pamela (2007). Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home. Berkeley: University of California Press. Thelen, Kathleen (2004). How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wiliarty, Sarah Elise (2011). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Williams, Fiona (1995). Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in Welfare States: A Framework for Comparative Analysis, Social Politics 2(2): Williams, Joan (2000). Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press. 10