These materials were made for International Workshop on National Migration Statistics System. Please do not use for quotation without permission of

Transcription

1 These materials were made for International Workshop on National Migration Statistics System. Please do not use for quotation without permission of the author. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the IOM MRTC or any other Korean authorities.

2 MIGRATION MANAGEMENT AND POLICY MAKING: REVISITING TRADITIONAL DATA SOURCES AND IN SEARCH FOR NEW ONES Marina Manke, Ph.D. IOM

3 OUTLINE I. Evolving Needs II. III. a. Migration management and policy making b. Mainstreaming migration into other policies Implications for Data Collection Systems Possible Solutions and Ways Forward

4 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: MANAGEMENT AND POLICY Migration Management Regulation Compliance vs. Non-compliance Facilitation Criminal groups, smugglers CATEGORISATION Visitors Traffickers in human beings Irregular migrants (overstayers, irregularly crossing borders, marriages of convenience) Victims of trafficking Short-term vs. Long-term migrants Purpose: work (seasonal, lowskilled, highly skilled), family unification, students Naturalisation, second generation

5 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: MIGRATION FACILITATION Pre-Departure Autonomous (ESTA) Visas Invitations Border Crossing Passport readers Visa readers Border systems in line with IBM Arrival Registration Migration cards Registration at police Residence Registration Temporary Permanent Purpose-based Departure Naturalisation National passport Employment Registration Employment services Employers Tax registers Work Permit Registration Migrants Employers Stock of citizens

6 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: MIGRATION FACILITATION Labour migration Family unification Student migration Remittances Integration Diaspora

7 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: MIGRATION REGULATION Pre- Departure Autonomous (ESTA) Visas Invitations Border Crossing Passport readers Visa readers Border systems in line with IBM Immigration Control Labour inspection reports Aliens registers (apprehension, return orders) Temporary Custody Law Enforcement Databases Enforced returns Re-entry bans

8 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: DEFINING IRREGULAR MIGRATION Overstaying a visa Avoiding tax payments Illegal crossing of a border Employment without proper documentation Abusing asylum to secure residence Trafficking in human beings Faking documents or identity Non-registering at the police Inability to present identity documents Illegal border crossing facilitation

9 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: MANAGING IRREGULAR MIGRATION Immigr. control, law enforcement Regularization Monitoring and analysis Enforcing irregular migrants return Administrati ve vs. criminal Preventing entry of unwanted Systems of detection upon entry

10 CASE ONE: READMISSION DATA Readmission in the Russian Federation in 2010 Received applications Positive decistions Arranged airport meetings Met in airports Surveyed Arrived to place of residence Readmission in the Russian Federation in 2010 Source: Source: Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation. Accessed on 15 December 2010 at fms.gov.ru

11 I. EVOLVING NEEDS: MIGRATION MAINSTREAMING Migration and Development Migration and Labour Market Balance Migration and Security Circular Migration Return of Highly-Qualified Nationals Remittances Matching Labour Market Demand and Supply Impact on Skills Quality Cross-border Transnational Crime Identity and Document Security

12 CASE TWO: MIGRATION AND LABOUR MARKET Foreign Citizens as Income Tax Payers in Germany in , , , , , , , , ,000 50,000 0 Men Women Source: Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Beschäftigungsstatistik. Sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigte nach Nationalitäten. Stichtag: 30 Juni 2009

13 II. IMPLICATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS Enable effective, efficient and fast case-management of key migration processes Allow for storing and processing info in accordance with international and national norms and frameworks Allow for generating statistics to verify the performance of the case management system and its operators Serve as a source of migration statistics and intelligence

14 II. IMPLICATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS Increasing usage of modern IT and communication means Adding biometrics Portable devices Internet and local networks Need for elaborated legal framework, inter alia for data protection purposes Tendency for integrating different databases and sources into a single data system, ensuring their intersearchability! Key to success coordination between national agencies for better data to manage migration

15 II. IMPLICATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS Unifiers of Data Systems : Personal identification numbers but also: Harmonized coding of data entries on Legal status Background Origin Duration of Stay Reasons

16 II. IMPLICATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS Legal status: Demography and background: Origin: Duration of stay: Reasons Citizenship, residence, permission to work, asylum Sex, Age, Marital status, Education level, Skills and qualifications, Language Previous country of residence, Country of birth, Parents citizenship or country of birth, Ethnicity Up to 3 months (visitor), 3-12 months (shortterm), longer than 12 months (long-term), intended vs. actual duration of stay Visit or tourism, Medical treatment, Employment, Business, Family unification, Asylum, Retirement

17 CASE THREE: BEFORE/UPON ENTRY - AUSTRALIA Multi-layer Border Management System: Universal visa system (with immigration alert checking) Airline liaison officers network Advanced Passenger Processing system (APP) at check-in overseas Processing at Australian airports and seaports on arrival

18 III. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND WAYS FORWARD Quality of migration data improves over time To ensure its applicability for policy making need to remember about statistical goals Integrating administrative databases and developing report generating features for easy use Involving statistical experts for ensuring data reliability and compliance with international frameworks (UN, regional priorities)

19 III. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND WAYS FORWARD Prioritize the categories in synergy with international approaches Explore all possible sources where information on these characteristics can be found Move towards amending sources of migration data to enable collecting information on the prioritized categories, e.g. If migration cards, to include intended duration of stay If residence permits, differentiate between first time and extension If work permits compare with employers reports on the actually employed If border statistics ensure there is a way to clean data in terms of counting persons and not events If surveys ensure sustainability of methodology across time If census stick to core characteristics as recommended by UN Make the most of the emerging opportunities related to modern information and communication technologies (integrated databases, ease of report generation)

20 III. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND WAYS FORWARD Good data does not emerge by itself but needs investment and time Statistical offices are key but by themselves will not be able to produce needed data Needs for migration data are varied, hence importance for prioritization Data is valuable if compared across time, but also among countries Understanding migration data and correctly interpreting requires some knowledge need to carry out capacity building Work to improve data within a country needs a coordinated approach Radical improvement is possible with the introduction of powerful IT platforms, but gradual approach is as important, National efforts should be complementary and in synergy with the international approaches

21 Thank you!

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24 Migration trend in Korea

25 Percentage of International Marriage Korean Male Korean Female Source: Statistics Korea

26 Migrant Population by residence status 41,417 (4%) 32,308 (3%) 107,689 (10%) Foreign workers 외국인근로자 Marriage migrants 결혼이민자 43,703 (4%) 103,115 (9%) 77,322 (7%) 575,657 (52%) Students 유학생 Korean descendents 재외동포 Other foreigners 기타외국인 Naturalized by Marriage 혼인귀화자 125,673 (11%) Other naturalized 기타사유국적취득자 Children of Marriage migrants 외국인주민자녀 Source: Ministry of Public Administration and Security 1

27 6 Population structure of Korea 남성 여성 90-94세 80-84세 70-74세 60-64세 50-54세 40-44세 30-34세 20-24세 10-14세 0-4세 -3,000,000-2,000,000-1,000, ,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000

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29 Korean immigration system records almost 100% of foreigners in-out data Korean immigration statistics provide accurate figure of foreign population in Korea Korean government have great human resources in each domain of statistics Korea have excellent human resources and outstanding IT infrastructure 1

30 Foreigners Immigrants Foreign residents Emigrants/ Returnees Immigration Office Diplomatic offices Immigration checkpoint Immigration office Immigration checkpoint

31 Every Foreigners who want to enter into Korea Immigrant Foreigners in Korea (have visa permits staying Korea longer than 90 days) Diplomatic Offices Immigration Checkpoint MRP 1) Read Immigration Official MRP 1) Read 1) Machine Readable Passport 1 1

32 Weak connectivity between data sources Not sufficient variables for research & policy support No Dataware house to integrate migration data from different sources Does not support time series analysis about individual level 1

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35 Needs of information on changes in individual status such as - departure - overs taying (irregularization) - naturalization - employer - changes in visa status - demands on welfare (health insurance, policy support )

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37 Release interval Input agent Content Details Annual/ Quarterly/ Monthly Immigration office Immigration (In-out) statistics Foreign residents statistics Visa issuance statistics Transnational marriage statistics Nationality acquisition statistics Overseas Korean statistics Refugees statistics Illegal aliens statistics Immigration law offenders statistics Limited information (Nationality, Age, Gender) Aggregated data only, not individual data Difficult to acquire snapshot data of certain points Immigration information system does not have separate database to support OLAP 1) transaction Immigration related forms do not have sufficient information such as job, salary 1) Online Analytical Processing

38 Division Release interval Input agent Content Annual Details Local government Foreign residents statistics Foreigners children Foreign workers Foreign students Nationality acquisition statistics Nationalization by Transnational marriage Foreigners support organization statistics Nationality, Age, Gender Aggregated data only, not individual data Inaccurate Difficult to acquire individual data by visit No systemic linkage with other data source

39 Division Release interval Input agent Survey data Details Lack of statistics related to welfare demand (history) Do not represent entire multi-cultural families characteristics Content Various questions Survey data Sampled based on voluntary reporting

40 Division Details Release interval Input agent Content Monthly Job center Foreigners Employed under Employment Permit System(EPS) Number of Foreigners Number of Foreigners by Industry Foreign students Do not have departure data, irregular stay, working environment related data such as pay Limitedly cover migrants of visiting work No linkage to immigration data

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44 Stepwise Approach based on Long-Term Plan Interdepartmental Collaboration Institutional Strategy Improvement of Data Linkage Analysis on Experiences in Other Countries International Networks