Unit 9 Imperialism and WWI. New US Power and Diplomacy

Transcription

1 Unit 9 Imperialism and WWI New US Power and Diplomacy

2 Attitudes Toward an International Role Arguments for Expansion Economics: new markets/investment opportunities/raw materials Culture: Social Darwinism/Protestant Ministers/Josiah Strong Navel Bases/ Alfred Thayer Mahan/need for refueling stations/ protect trade Technological advancements made the US strong.

3 Arguments against expansion Morality: democracy Practicality: foreign wars/trade

4 The Spanish-American War Sympathy for Rebels Many people in U.S. felt sympathy for Cuban rebels Viewed Cuban struggle for freedom as similar to American Revolution American newspapers urged United States to enter war War Begins February 1898, U.S. battleship Maine exploded in Havana s harbor Many American s immediately assumed Spain was to blame Congress declared war; Spanish-American War began Short War War disastrous for Spain Spanish army defeated in Cuba, navy fleets destroyed in Philippines, Cuba U.S. won war within three months

5 Peace Treaty Treaty ending Spanish-American War United States received Puerto Rico, Guam Agreed to purchase Philippines for twenty million dollars Spain agreed to give up Cuba, but U.S. did not want Cuba to have full independence U.S. made Cuba a protectorate by forcing it to include Platt Amendment as part of new constitution Platt Amendment allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuba, approve foreign treaties, lease land at Guantánamo Bay for naval base

6 The Panama Canal U.S. gained control over more territory with building of Panama Canal 1880s, French company had tried unsuccessfully to build canal across Isthmus of Panama, then part of Colombia 1903, U.S. bought French property, equipment Colombia refused to allow U.S. to build canal Panama Canal Zone U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt sent warships to support uprising against Colombia Panama declared independent, signed treaty granting land to build canal; became Panama Canal Zone, ruled directly by U.S. Building the Canal , Panama Canal built Major medical advances required to control effects of yellow fever, malaria on canal workers Shortened sea voyage from San Francisco to New York City by about 8,000 miles

7 A Warning to Europeans Monroe Doctrine 1823, Monroe Doctrine declared Americas off limits to European imperialism, except for colonies that already existed Seen as idle threat by U.S. until end of Spanish-American War Considerable Financial Interests Late 1800s, Europe and U.S. had considerable financial interests in Latin America; many nations there were deeply indebted to foreign creditors 1904, European creditors threatened force to collect in Dominican Republic Roosevelt Corollary To protect U.S. interests, maintain stability, Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine The U.S. vowed to use military might to keep Europeans out of the Americas

8 Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Big Stick Diplomacy American military intervention in LA Force LA countries to pay debts Stop invasion by Europeans Dominican Republic

9 Taft s Dollar Diplomacy Protect US business interests Force LA to pay debts Nicaragua 1912 Banana Republics

10 Increasing U.S. Power United States sent troops to several nations in early 1900s U.S. forces entered Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Cuba to restore civil order United States took control of finances in those countries Claimed need to prevent financial chaos Reality: U.S. used Roosevelt Corollary to become even more involved in political affairs of Latin American countries

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12 U.S. Empire Established From Spain in 1898: Puerto Rico Guam Philippines Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (Spain sells other island territories in the Pacific to the German Empire in 1899.) Formerly Independent: Hawaii (Annexed 1898) Wake Island American Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago)

13 American Pacific Territories Coaling Stations for Ships

14 Panama Canal Panamanian Revolution against Colombia Engineered and influenced by U.S. Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. Construction of the canal begins in Completed in Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea. Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.

15 The Open Door U.S. Open Door policy in China: Policy has two aspects. (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China. (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries. China s Boxer Rebellion U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force protecting Westerners. Counter European and Japanese attempts at spheres of influence. Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce.

16 The Rise of Japanese Sea Power

17 Opening and Modernization Commodore M.C. Perry Treaty of Kanagawa European powers quickly follow U.S. lead. Meiji Restoration End of Tokugawa Shogunate s feudal system. Emperor restored to power. Increased trade with the West. Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces. Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands. Japanese Navy From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern Age. Skips entirely the Age of Sail.

18 Taking Control of Hawaii British explorer James Cook first visited Hawaii in Hawaii was ideally located for coaling stations and bases for ships trading between the U.S. and Asia. American missionaries and others came to Hawaii and raised crops, particularly sugarcane. The sugar industry grew and gained influence and control. King Kalakaua negotiated a treaty that made Hawaiian sugar cheap to import to the United States. Sugar planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani with the help of the U.S. marines. Sugar tycoon Sanford Dole became president of the Republic of Hawaii. Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.

19 The United States in Puerto Rico President McKinley also set up a military government on this island. The United States governed Puerto Rico as a territory. Foraker Act of 1900 established that the U.S. would appoint a governor and upper house of legislature. Puerto Rican voters elected the lower house. A 1917 law granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and ability to elect all legislative representatives. In 1952, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth, with power over most of its domestic affairs. The U.S. still controls interstate trade, immigration, and military affairs.

20 Diplomacy and naval superiority help the U.S. gain influence in Japan. Japan was isolated and unindustrialized until the mid-1800s. Commodore Matthew Perry brought four steamships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 to pressure Japan to open its ports to trade. Japan quickly became an industrial and military power to compete with the West.

21 The Open Door Policy gives the United States an equal footing in China. European powers gained spheres of influence in China. The United States feared it would be shut out of the valuable China trade. Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy, giving all nations equal trading rights in China. Increased foreign presence in China led to the Boxer Rebellion. Western nations cooperated to quell the rebellion and continue exploitation of Chinese trade.

22 The First World War McIntyre Boys and Girls! War Savings Stamps Poster by James Montgomery Flagg

23 The First World War: What? When? War involving nearly all the nations of the world

24 World War I Causes Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Immediate Cause: Assassination of Francis Ferdinand

25 The First World War: Who? Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Allies: Russia France Great Britain Italy Japan United States (1917) 25

26 Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war? America was isolationist Why should I get involved in someone else s problems 26

27 What did it take to get the US involved? 2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare 1917 Germany announced unlimited submarine warfare in the war zone Why? Otherwise their blockade would not be successful 27

28 What did it take to get the US involved? 3. Zimmerman Note US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico, It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance 28

29 What did it take to get the US involved? Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war 29

30 Convincing the American People Posters - Gee!! How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea? 30

31 Convincing the American People Idealism: 2 Goals For War: 1. War to End All Wars 2. Making the World Safe for Democracy 31

32 How did the War Affect the US? Women Women filled factory jobs May have led 19th Ammendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote) African Americans Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units Great Migration - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories 32

33 Neutrality and Preparedness 1914 Proclamation of Neutrality Sinking of Merchant Ships Sinking of Lusitania Preparedness: Council of National Defense American Businesses make loans to Allies (money and supplies)

34 Why does the US enter WWI? Cultural ties Economic ties Propaganda Submarine warfare Zimmermann Telegram US brings FRESH manpower and new technology to war effort

35 The War at Home Draft Issue: Selective Service Act May Espionage (1917)and Sedition Acts (1918) IMPOSED Heavy fines and Prison sentences for the following acts: Spying and aiding the enemy Interfering with recruitment Speaking against the selling of war bonds Urging resistance to American laws. Using disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language about the government, flag, or military. US Post Office was empowered to remove anti war materials from the mail.

36 Schenck v. United States Free speech Clear and Present danger.

37 Mobilizing the economy Income tax Selling war bonds Women African Americans Mexicans

38 Life After the War Wilson proposes 14points and a League of Nations Treaty of Versailles ends WWI US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles US signs separate treaty with Germany US becomes World Banker for reparations and war debts Dawes Plan. Steps taken toward international arms control Washington Naval Conference Kellog Briand Pact Women s International League for Peace and Freedom.

39 Convincing the American People Idealism: Fourteen Points What? President Wilson s Plan for after the war Fourteen promises, including freedom of the seas & a League of Nations to work for peace 39 President Woodrow Wilson

40 14 Points End secret treaties Freedom of the seas End alliances Reduction of weapons Self determination/democracy League of Nations Mandates/colonies

41 Impacts of the War Russian Revolution causes a RED SCARE 19 Amendment African Americans and other minorities remain 2 nd class citizens Desire to a return to normalcy

42 How did WWI impact the United States Americans profit from the war because they lent large sums of money to the British and French Post WWI agricultural production increased to help feed the Europeans. Buy land/ borrow money to pay for it/ demand by Europeans eventually decreases leaving farmers with excess crops/ leads to lower prices/ leads to the Great Depression because of over production. World Power rise of the peace movement Arms control and arms reduction treaties to avoid another costly. (Kellog Briand Pact) High American tariffs Red Scare

43 Effects on the World League of Nations Versailles treaty that leads to WWII Reparations paid Germany The Great Depression Peace Movement in Europe Tariffs in response to American tariffs making more difficult for the Europeans to pay their war debts to Americans. Rise of Hitler and Mussolini

44 Outline Essays List the reasons for American imperialism. Create a chart: Column one: territory acquired by the US; Column two: advantage of this acquisition; Column Three disadvantage of this acquisition. Column 4 Why did the US acquire the territory.