Chapter 3 Prison Overcrowding and Human Rights

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 Prison Overcrowding and Human Rights 3.0 Introduction This chapter deals with prison overcrowding and general living conditions of prisoners. When prison population goes beyond its authorised capacity of accommodation, it is known as Overcrowding. Overcrowding in the Prisons is an important human rights issue as it results in deterioration of the general living conditions of the prisoners. It also creates hindrances in the reformation process. Prison officers find it difficult to initiate and continue correctional measures. This chapter discusses the nature and extent of overcrowding with special reference to Amritsar Central Jail. It also looks at causes and consequences of overcrowding and suggests remedial measures. The world-wide prison population as per the International Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College, London (2006) is 94.5 lakhs as against the total world population of 665 crores. This amounts to 0.14 percent of the total population being lodged in the prisons. The total estimated prison population in India for the year 2006 is 3, 58,368 as against total population of 1,12,98,66,154. It amounts to 0.03 percent of the total Indian population being confined in the jails [BPRD, 2008] 1. The percentage figure is much below the world average. However it is because of population explosion in India. The number of prisoners is very high keeping in view the prison capacity in India. Overcrowding is prevalent in almost every country in one form or the other. Besides developing and under-developed countries of Africa and Asia, developed countries like United States of America, Japan and United Kingdom are also facing this problem. One of America's biggest problems today is the overcrowding of prisons. This began when the population of inmates started to soar in the 1980's. With the increase of rapists, murderers, and drug dealers skyrocketing, there are obvious reasons to this overpopulation. The nation responds to this by building more prisons at a fast pace. But the construction has not kept pace with the soaring population of 1 Bureau of Police Research & Development, India: Agenda Points, All India Conference of Ministers, Secretaries and Director/Inspectors General In-charge of Prisons, April 2008 (p.7) 45

2 inmates. 2 We can see examples of overcrowded prisons all over the U.S.A. and even out of the U.S.A. California's prison system, originally designed for 100,000 inmates houses 173,000 (December 2006). And thus percentage of overcrowding is 173. [ According to the Justice Ministry of Japan, there were 70,737 detainees in prisons and detention houses till July 2006, the highest in more than 50 years. However, existing facilities could hold only 60,794 and were operating at percent capacity (News Nerve, 2006) 3. At the end of August 2005, 81 of the 142 prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded. Nearly two-thirds of Britain's prisoners are being held in overcrowded jails, according to the findings of a new study. The Howard League for Penal Reform says that 52,500 people are in jails running above capacity. In some instances, prisons are holding almost double the number of recommended inmates. Worst is HMP Preston (185 percent) with 661 prisoners as against the capacity of 356 as reported by the BBC Prison Overcrowding: Indian Perspective As on , the total prison population in all the 1328 prisons in India was 3,58,368 against the authorised capacity of 2,46,497 prisoners. The growth rate of prison population in Indian prisons during 2005 over 2001 is found to be percent which shows an average annual growth rate of 3.56 percent. In absolute number it translates into 11,183 additional prisoners per year. The overcrowding in Indian prisons as on is found to be percent which is much higher than in the UK (112.2 percent) and USA (107.9 percent). However, it is certainly lower than the one prevailing in the neighbouring countries like Bangladesh (188.5 percent) and Pakistan (147 percent) News Nerve magazine dated 17 September Supra Note 1 46

3 Reformation and correctional measures have not gathered momentum in India due to immense pressure of overcrowding. According to Upneet Lalli (2000) 6, an important aspect in prison administration is the population that the authorities have to handle in the prisons. A major problem being faced in most of the Indian prisons is overcrowding of prisoners which leads to inadequate infrastructural facilities and lack of essential services to the prison inmates. Inflation of the Prison Population poses a challenge to policymakers and governments in many parts of the country. As per Prison Snapshot , Jharkhand reported the highest overcrowding of prisons (300.9 percent) followed by Delhi (249.7 percent) while the least occupancy was reported from Daman & Diu (22.5 percent). Other most affected states are Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Tripura, Haryana and Punjab. The extent of overcrowding in India is highlighted in Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1. At the end of the year 2005, the highest number of 56,718 inmates was reported from Uttar Pradesh followed by Bihar 45,818. Jharkhand reported the highest overcrowding of prisons (318.2 percent) followed by Gujarat (200.5 percent) and Delhi (197.1 percent) while the least occupancy was reported from Lakshadweep (10.0 percent) 8. Table 3.1 Percentage of Overcrowding 9 along with Authorised Capacity and Actual Prison Population in India from 2001 to 2006 Year Authorised Capacity Prison Population Percentage of Overcrowding ,29,713 3,13, percent ,29,874 3,22, percent ,33,543 3,26, percent , 35,012 3,31, percent , ,58, percent ,63,911 3,73, percent Source: NCRB, New Delhi 6 Lalli, Upneet: Problem of Overcrowding in Indian Prisons A study of undertrials as one of the factors, Institute of Correctional Administration, Chandigarh, Prison Statistics 2004, NCRB, India 8 Prison Statistics, 2005, NCRB, India 9 Percentage of overcrowding = (Total Population/Prison Capacity)x

4 The highest number of 66,669 inmates were reported from Uttar Pradesh (17.9 percent) followed by Bihar 44,281 at the end of the year Delhi reported the highest overcrowding of prisons (214.4 percent) followed by Gujarat (206.9 percent) and Chhattisgarh (195.5 percent). 10 It shows that Jharkhand maintained highest percentage of overcrowding in 2004 and 2005 while Delhi topped the list again in Figure 3.1 Overcrowding situation in India from 2001 to 2006 In Tihar Jail, New Delhi, inmates were lodged against total capacity of 6250 in October And thus the percentage of overcrowding comes as 220 percent. 3.2 Overcrowding in Amritsar Central Jail The problem of overcrowding is prevalent in almost all the jails of Punjab more or less corresponding to Indian pattern. The total population of prisoners was as against authorized accommodation of 9854 as on 31 March Thus the rate of overcrowding in Punjab is 142 percent. At the end of 2006, the jails of Punjab accommodated inmates against total capacity of having percentage overcrowding percent. 12 It implies that overcrowding percentage increased in comparison with 2005 despite increase in the total capacity by Prison Statistics, 2006, NCRB, India 11 Office of the office of DIG, Tihar Jails, New Delhi 12 Office of IG Prisons, Punjab, Chandigarh 48

5 Thus we can see that the problem of overcrowding in Punjab is almost at par with the national percentage. Of all the seven Central Jails in Punjab, Amritsar is the most important and sensitive one. Data have been collected from Amritsar Central Jail in terms of total capacity and actual population from 2003 to For 2008, data have been collected twice-- January and September. This has been tabulated and percentage overcrowding has been calculated as given in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Year-wise Overcrowding Percentage in Amritsar Central Jail from 2003 to 2008 Year* Capacity Population overcrowding percentage ** *Indicates average data of January each year ** Data of September 2008 Source: Office of the Superintendent, Amritsar Central Jail Figure 3.2 Overcrowding in Amritsar Central Jail from 2003 to 2008 ** Data of September

6 It is evident from the data mentioned in the Table 3.2 that the authorised capacity of Amritsar Central Jail is However, the number of inmates in January 2003 is 1793 which went upto 2316 in January It further increased upto 2550 in September Thus we see a steep increase in the prison population over the time. From 2004 onwards, overcrowding remains more than 200 percent which becomes an alarming situation. In September 2008 it went up to 255 percent which is all time high not in Amritsar but in the entire Punjab. It is far more than the average Punjab percentage. Prison Authorities here find it very difficult to manage the day-to-day affairs of the Prison as a result of this problem. Shortage of staff and prisoner-staff ratio results in mismanagement of the prison leading to various other problems like inadequate provision of basic amenities and sanitation. 3.3 Barrack-wise Scenario of Overcrowding Amritsar Central Jail has two types of accommodation Barracks as well as Cells. Both are highly crowded when we analyse the situation Barrack-wise or Cellwise. Central Jail Amritsar has only eight barracks including one for female inmates. Every barrack has four rooms and each room has accommodation for 25 inmates. Thus, every barrack can accommodate 100 inmates. Besides, there are some cells which can accommodate not more than 200 inmates. Though all the barracks and cells are overcrowded, the situation of overcrowding is not equally prevalent in all the barracks and cells. There are some barracks and cells which are very overcrowded. To assess the exact position, some of the barracks were visited and data were collected. Room-wise detail of barrack no. 2 and 7 has been as shown in Table 3.3 and 3.4. Table 3.3 Room-wise Actual Number of Prisoners and Capacity in Barrack 2 Room No Capacity Actual number of inmates I II III IV Total Source: Office of the Superintendent, Amritsar Central Jail 50

7 In Barrack no. 2 on 25 August 2006, 437 inmates were lodged against the actual capacity of hundred. Similarly in the barrack no. 7, 314 prisoners were lodged on 25 August 2006 against authorised capacity of 100. Thus percentage overcrowding in barrack number 2 and 7 is 437 and 314 percent respectively far more than prison percentage in 2006 which is Table 3.4 Room-wise Actual Number of Prisoners and Capacity in Barrack 7 Room No Capacity Actual number of inmates I II III IV Total Source: Office of the Superintendent, Amritsar Central Jail The situation in the cells is almost similar. In one cell 61 prisoners were lodged against the capacity of 30. In another cell 40 prisoners were lodged against the capacity of 10. In this cell normally newcomers are accommodated. However, there is no overcrowding in the women s barrack as it accommodates around 100 prisoners against the capacity of 100. However, women prisoners are facing many other problems which will be discussed later. The situation of overcrowding will go worst if the provisions of segregation and separation are implemented in letter and spirit. Punjab Jail Manual 13 provides for classification of prisoners for the purpose of separation. Prisoners for purpose of separation, as far as possible may be classified and kept separate as follows: i) Men and women shall be kept in separate institutions or separate part of institution/annexes. ii) Better class prisoners should be kept separate from ordinary prisoners. 13 Manual for the Superintendence and Management of the Prisons in Punjab, 1996, Para

8 iii) Condemned prisoners, prisoners convicted to rigorous or simple imprisonment, civil prisoners, and undertrial prisoners. iv) Adult prisoners from adolescents. v) Habitual prisoners from non-habitual prisoners. vi) Prisoners under TADA and COFEPOSA be kept separate from other prisoners. vii)inmates suspected to be suffering from mental disorders. viii) Homosexuals. ix) Sex perverts. x) Drug addicts and traffickers in narcotics. xi) Inmates having suicidal tendencies. xii)inmates exhibiting violent and aggressive tendencies. xiii) Inmates having escape or discipline risks. xiv) Known bad characters The abovementioned classification is required for the purpose of reformation and rehabilitation projects. If these provisions are implemented, the percentage of overcrowding will increase approximately by double. 3.4 Causes of Overcrowding The overcrowding in the prisons can partly be attributed to delay in the disposal of undertrial cases in the courts and partly to inadequate capacity of prisons in India to accommodate all the persons required to be sent to prisons. Further the policy of granting Probation, Parole, Remission and Commutation of sentence has not been implemented in letter and spirit. 14 Lalli (2000) has treated the increasing number of undertrial prisoners as a major cause of overcrowding in the Indian Prisons especially in the context of Punjab and Haryana. She further observed that undertrial prisoners mostly belong to the weaker section of society. 15 National Human Rights Commission of India states that unnecessary and unjustified arrests made by the Police and slow judicial process causing congestion of 14 Draft National Policy on Prison Reforms and Correctional Administration, Bureau of Police Research and Development, New Delhi, 2007, p Supra Note 6 52

9 undertrial prisoners are the main causes of overcrowding in jails 16. However if we rely on the data analysed by the BPR&D, Indian Courts are very liberal to grant bail and only 2.87 percent of total arrestees were lodged as undertrials in A total of 75,66,500 persons were arrested in India during 2004 in both Bailable and Non- Bailable offences. Out of this large number of arrestees, only 2,17,130 were lodged in the prisons. Similarly in the year 2005, the percentage of imprisoned undertrials to the total arrests was found to be 3.6 percent. Thus over 96 percent of the persons arrested in connection with their involvement in committing crime are able to get bail, signifying Bail not Jail as the underlying guiding factor in the Indian Criminal Justice System. 17 On the basis of above-mentioned facts, the following major factors are responsible for overcrowding in the Prisons: 1. Shortage of adequate accommodation; 2. Increasing number of undertrial prisoners; and 3. Lack of uniform and adequate policy of probation, parole, remission and commutation of sentence Shortage of Adequate Accommodation Shortage of barracks and cells is a major factor leading to overcrowding in the prisons. The population of India is increasing day by day and thus coupled with rise in the crime; the number of prisoners is also increasing fast. In 2006, Indian prisons had the capacity to accommodate only 2,63,911 inmates. However total prison population was 3,73,271 in that year. Thus a shortage of 1,09,360 was noticed. The trend in Indian prisons during the period 2001 to 2005 shows an increase in overcrowding in spite of addition of fresh capacity under the Modernisation of Prison Scheme launched by the Ministry of Home Affairs, India jointly with the States from the financial year Annual Report , NHRC, New Delhi 17 Supra Note 1, p.7 53

10 In the context of Amritsar Central Jail, there has been no addition of accommodation during the period 2003 to The capacity of the prison remains The only addition noticed was one barrack for the women inmates having two rooms. Out of this, one room is utilised for vocational training of women inmates and the other room has been assigned for living accommodation, in which 25 wooden cots have been provided with community support. The number of prisoners increased from 1793 in January 2003 to 2550 in September 2008 against the total capacity of 1000 resulting in an urgent need to construct new barracks and cells to accommodate the inmates. At least 15 new barracks having capacity of 100 each are required to be constructed to provide accommodation to all the inmates Increasing Number of Undertrial Prisoners Undertrials form a major part of prison population in Indian Jails. However, the percentage of undertrials is more than the convicts. Around 65 percent undertrials are lodged in various jails of India. Increasing number of undertrials is one of the major factors responsible for overcrowding of jails. Table 3.5 and Figure 3.3 show that the distribution of undertrials in the Prison Population of India from 2001 to 2006 as per National Crime Records Bureau. 18 Year Table 3.5 Distribution of Undertrial Prisoners from 2001 to 2006 in India Prison Number of Percentage of Population undertrials undertrials ,13,635 2,20, ,22,357 2,23, ,26,519 2,17, ,31,391 2,17, ,58,368 2,37, ,73,271 2,45, Prison Statistics India , National Crime Records Bureau, New Delhi 54

11 Figure 3.3 Distribution of Undertrial Prisoners from 2001 to 2006 in India It shows that from 2001 to 2006, the population of undertrials in Indian Jails remained very high ranging from 65 percent to 70 percent. In the year 2006 it was 65.7 percent. This is far more than the one in other countries. The percentage of undertrials in the UK was only 17.5 percent and in the USA percent in 2004 (BPR&D, 2007). As per the Draft National Policy on Prison Reforms (BPR&D, 2007), the composition of prisoners in India, with 65.5 percent of undertrial population is the cause of concern because it necessitates custody of a very high number of persons who ultimately get acquitted. The conviction rate in India has been hovering around 40 percent for the last several years. It means that out of around 60.5 percent prison population falling into the undertrial category, as many as 1,30,270 prisoners i.e. equal to the prevailing 60 percent (acquittal rate) should not have been languishing in jails. Delay in trial is the main cause for the large number of undertrials in the jails. In Amritsar Central Jail, the undertrial population in the years 2003 to 2008 ranged from 65.9 percent to 67.7 percent (See Table 3.6). In 2003, undertrials were 65.9 percent of the total population which went down between 58 to 61 percent till However, it went up to 67.7 percent in In September 2008, the undertrial prisoners constituted 67.7 percent (1570) of the total prison population (2316). The situation is more or less similar to that of national as seen from Table 3.5. It is evident 55

12 from the data stated above that the number of undertrial prisoners only is one and a half times more than the authorised capacity of Central Jail Amritsar i.e Table 3.6 Distribution of Undertrial Prisoners from 2003 to 2008 in Amritsar Central Jail Year Prison Population Number of undertrials Percentage of undertrials Source: Office of the Superintendent, Amritsar Central Jail Now the data will be compared with that of Tihar Prison, New Delhi. As shown in Table 3.7, Delhi s Tihar Prison is worse affected with the problem of overcrowding because of increasing number of undertrials. In 2006, total prisoners were lodged in Tihar Prison as against the authorised capacity of 6250 and thus overcrowding was percent. Out of theses prison inmates, were undertrials constituting 81 percent of the total population. Table 3.7 Distribution of Undertrials Population in Tihar Prison as on Jail No. Capacity UT TOTAL ' (Female) D.J. (Rohini) Grand Total Source: Office of the DIG, Tihar Jail, New Delhi 56

13 Thus increasing number of undertrials is a serious problem and is responsible for overcrowding to a great extent Lack of impartial and independent mechanism for the grant of Probation, Parole, Remission and Commutation of sentence and other form of Pre-mature release In the Indian Jails, there are certain class of convicted prisoners who should not be kept in the custody if the Administration adopts an impartial and independent mechanism of probation, parole, remission and commutation of sentence and other forms of pre-mature release. Since the number of such convicts is very large, it is one of the basic reasons for overcrowding. If a mechanism is put in place it would greatly help in providing relief to the convicts and also resulting in reducing the problem of overcrowding. The National Human Rights Commission of India has observed many discrepancies and shortcomings in the process of pre-mature release of convicted prisoners. In an important decision, The NHRC observes, The Commission has been receiving complaints from and on behalf of convicts undergoing life imprisonment about the non-consideration of their cases for premature release even after they have undergone long periods of sentence ranging from 10 to 20 years with or without remissions. Pursuant to the information received and closer study of the issues involved in this important issue impinging upon the human rights of a large number of convicts undergoing life imprisonment in the prisons throughout the length and breadth of the country, the Commission is surprised to note that although the said power of premature release is to be exercised by the State Government under the Provisions of Section 432 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the procedure and practice followed by the State Governments to exercise the said power is not uniform. 19 The Commission further observes several instances have come to the notice of the Commission where certain inmates were not released nor their cases considered even after they had undergone the imprisonment for over 20 years. The Commission has, therefore, shown its concern and is of the view that it is high time that a uniform 19 NHRC, New Delhi, Case No. : 233/10/97-98, Date of decision: 20 October,

14 system of premature release of the prisoners is evolved for adoption by the State Governments. 20 Section 360 of the Cr.P.C 1973 deals with the powers of the court to release certain convicted offenders on probation of good conduct instead of sentencing them to imprisonment. However, this facility is not extended uniformly and impartially. Remission is a concession which can be granted to prisoners by the State Government or by the Head of the Prison Department and Superintendent of Prisons. Remission is intended to be an incentive for good behaviour and work. 21 The relevant provisions in regard to the suspension and remission of sentence are contained in Section 432 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which reads as follows: Power to suspend or remit sentences- (1) When any person has been sentenced to punishment for an offence, the appropriate Government may, at any time, without conditions or upon any conditions which the person sentenced accepts, suspend the execution of his sentence or remit the whole or any part of the punishment to which he has been sentenced. The provisions of remissions are also arbitrary in nature and do not serve any purpose in the absence of uniform procedure throughout the country. There are very few cases in which the accused are released on parole after conviction as per the Probation of the Offender's Act. Premature release has become highly politicized and this privilege is given mainly to persons close to politicians or their relatives. 22 In Amritsar Central Jail also, the situation is not satisfactory. The inmates have genuine grievances about their cases not being sent for premature release on time and even pendency of such requests with the competent authority without any reason. The same has been cross-checked by records and opinion given by the prison officers. Hundred convicted prisoners were interviewed by the researcher. It was observed that 95 percent of the convicted prisoners are not satisfied with the procedure of remission and premature release. Out of the hundred convict respondents, only 5 percent were 20 Ibid. 21 Bureau of Police Research and Development, Model Prison Manual, 2003, (Para 16.02) 22 Hiremath Vijay, Combat Law, Vol 7 Issue 2, March - April

15 satisfied with this process. Corruption in the system and biased approach of the jail officers are also responsible for aggravating this problem. Only 49 percent of the respondents have availed of the facility of remission. Thus unnecessary burden of jails can be reduced if a uniform and impartial system of remission and premature release is made functional. 3.5 Consequences of Overcrowding The consequences of overcrowding are manifold. The overcrowding has very severe, harmful and dehumanizing impact on the prisoners as also the institutional environment. It creates problems in the management of prisons. This has deleterious effect on the health of prisoners. Overcrowding at times has even led to riots taking place inside the prison, like rioting in Jalandhar Jail of Punjab in January As reported in The Tribune, Prisoners took over the overcrowded Central Jail located near Basti Adda Chowk Jalandhar and did not allow anyone to come near them for a couple of hours today. The prisoners also tried to blow up the boundary wall of the 19th century jail of the British time. The jail police resorted to fire several rounds in the air and fired teargas shells to thwart their attempt to flee. 23 Amritsar Central Jail has also witnessed incidents of violence from time to time. An inmate was killed by two fellow inmates in October 2008 in the Amritsar Central Jail. Prison overcrowding has many negative effects upon inmates. Research has demonstrated that prison overcrowding creates competition for limited resources, aggression, higher rates of illness, increased likelihood of recidivism and higher suicide rates. 24 Overcrowding happens to be the single most important obstacle to improving the quality of services in the prisons. Since the primary task of prison is reformation 23 The Tribune, Chandigarh, January 09, John Howard Society: Prison Overcrowding, Alberta,

16 and social rehabilitation, it implies that the prisoners must have some activity to do. The undertrials spend the whole day locked in a cell or sitting idly. 25 On the basis of interviews with the prisoners as well as prison authorities, the following consequences of overcrowding are enumerated: 1. Overcrowding adversely affects the health and hygiene of the prisoners. 2. Prisoners do not get adequate space in the sleeping barrack as required for a normal human being. 3. Overcrowding badly affects the quality of food being provided to the prisoners. 4. Overcrowding increases the problem of sanitation. 5. It hampers reformation process and prison officers find it difficult to manage the daily affairs of the jails. 6. It leads to further criminalisation and dominance of hardened criminals. 7. It poses serious threat to surveillance and security of the prisons leading to riots and indiscipline. 8. Due to overcrowding especially because of increasing number of undertrials, it is difficult to arrange adequate Escort for production in the courts. 9. Overcrowding leads to adverse Inmate official ratio. The Indian prisons had a strength of 39,687 Jail Officials to take care of 3,73,271 inmates which amounts to 1 Jail Official per 9 inmates(year 2006). The highest number of inmates per jail official was reported from Bihar (25) followed by Jharkhand (24) and Gujarat (17) 26. In Amritsar Jail, around 250 prison officers are posted against total prison population of 2550 (in 2008) amounting inmates per official. 25 Supra Note 6, p Supra Note 9 60

17 3.6 Conclusion Overcrowding is prevalent in the prisons of India and it has rising trend over the years. It is one of the important factors which have far reaching implications on basic human rights of prisoners. The growth rate of prison population in Indian prisons during 2005 over 2001 is found to be percent which shows an average annual growth rate of 3.56 percent. In absolute number, it translates into 11,183 additional prisoners per year. The overcrowding in Indian prisons as on 1 January 2006 is found to be percent which is much higher than in the UK (112.2 percent) and USA (107.9 percent). The total prison population in India is 3, 58,368 against the authorised capacity of 2, 46,497 prisoners as on 1 January Around 0.03 percent of the total Indian population is confined in the jails in As regards Amritsar Central Jail, overcrowding remains more than 200 percent from 2004 onwards which is an alarming situation. It went up to 255 percent in September 2008 which is much higher than the national percentage. In one barrack overcrowding was estimated as 314 percent whereas it was 437 in the other barrack. In 2008, more than 2550 inmates were accommodated in Amritsar Central Jail against the capacity of The main causes of overcrowding can be enumerated as follows: a. Shortage of adequate accommodation: The trend of overcrowding in Indian prisons during the period 2001 to 2005 shows an increase in spite of addition of fresh capacity under the Modernisation of Prison Scheme launched by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India jointly with the States from the financial year The sleeping berths to provide space to sleep are in broken shape because of overcrowding which shows on the quality of life in the prisons. There is no addition in the capacity of Amritsar Central Jail in the last ten years. b. Increasing number of Undertrial prisoners: Undertrials form a major part of prison population in Indian Jails. However, the percentage of undertrials ranges from 65 to 70 percent from 2001 to Increasing trend of undertrials population is one of the major factors responsible for overcrowding 61

18 of the prisons. Lalli (2000) has also pointed out that undertrials population is one of the key factors responsible for overcrowding of the prisons. c. Lack of uniform and adequate policy of probation, parole, remission and premature release: There are certain class of convicted prisoners in the Indian Jails who should have been released from the custody if the Administration adopts an impartial and independent mechanism of Probation, Parole, Remission and Commutation of sentence and other forms of Pre-mature release. Since the number of such convicts is very large, it is one of the basic reasons for overcrowding. Overcrowding adversely affects health and hygiene of prisoners and overall living conditions including quality of food. It also leads to indiscipline and recidivism and thus hampers the process of reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners. 3.7 Suggestions to Reduce Overcrowding The following measures are suggested to reduce overcrowding in the prisons: 1. Construction of new prisons and increase the capacity of existing prisons: It is urgent need to construct new prisons to accommodate the prison population. The Government of India has already initiated Modernization of Prison Scheme from the financial year for this purpose. Since prison is a state subject in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, it is the responsibility of the states to coordinate with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India to get maximum benefit of this scheme for the construction of new prisons as well modernisation of existing prisons. 2. To reduce the number of undertrial prisoners: The following steps should be taken to reduce the number of undertrials: a. By expeditious disposal of undertrial cases by giving priority to the cases of persons on remand over the cases of accused already on bail; b. By holding Special Courts and Special Lok Adalats in prisons; 62

19 c. Implementation of the provisions of Plea bargaining under section 265 A to 265 L of the Criminal Procedure Code 1973 which have been inserted by Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment ) Act 2005; d. Utilization of provisions for grant of bail in terms of newly enacted section 436A of Cr.P.C brought into existence by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act 2005; e. By extending Video- Conferencing facilities for conducting trial in courts 3. It is also suggested to adopt uniform and adequate policy of parole, probation, remission and premature release