No. 2 / CORE Workshop on OSCE and Political Islam

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1 NEWS Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg (IFSH) CORE Workshop on OSCE and Political Islam CORE has a new homepage. See more on page 4! CONTENTS No. 2 / 2001 On September, CORE hosted a workshop on The OSCE and Political Islam: The Case of Central Asia, Current projects sponsored by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the CORE Workshop on OSCE and time of planning, no one could have predicted the shocking events in New York and Washington two weeks earlier that Political Islam 1 made the issue of Islam and the West such a critical security International Police Forces 2 concern, and which almost certainly represent a watershed in international relations. The Refugee Dimension 2 The workshop provided a forum for some 30 participants Database Project 3 from the region (Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), academia, the OSCE and diplomatic circles, to Mission Information Packages 3 exchange views on the options for effectively combating the Conferences 4 problem. Key themes discussed included the interrelationship between Islam and the transformation and state- and nationbuilding processes in the Central Asian region, and the Publications 5 Guests 4 situation and perspectives of Islamic movements in a regional national global, and perspective. Participants also addressed Staff 6 the activities and role of the OSCE in this area and the prospects for enhancing the dialogue of cultures in the Euro-Asian region of the OSCE. While the primary intention of the workshop was to launch an important and long over-due discussion on this topic, it also produced a number of insights and guidelines to be taken into account in future activities: 1. Because of its political nature, Islam plays and will continue to play a significant role in the Central Asian region. 2. While the importance of combating extremism and terrorism is beyond question, there is also a need to establish a dialogue with representatives of more moderate Islamic movements that do not strive to impose their views on the whole state. 3. The OSCE and other international organisations can best contribute by stepping up their attempts to provide a comprehensive security structure, which can help the region to overcome the threat of terrorism and to develop democratic societies based on the rule of law. CORE plans to continue its support for this dialogue in the future, and will be organising follow-up events in Germany and the region. (RO) Contact: A.u.P.Seifert@t-online.de Homepage : core@public.uni-hamburg.de

2 PROSPECTS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL POLICE FORCE 2 The instruments and mechanisms for the preventive and when necessary repressive management of inter- and intrastate conflicts have often proven inappropriate or inadequate: during the UN- PROFOR Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina for instance, the UN blue helmets were condemned to stand by helplessly watching the worst types of human rights abuses because they lacked the essential instruments of power. On the other hand, the UNOSOM forces in Somalia contributed to the failure of the mission because of their massive and undifferentiated use of military force. It became evident in the latter case that an international police force provided with the right to enforce the law and protect legal rights through the use of arms would have been the appropriate instrument. At the same time, this force would have been bound by the very restrictive principles of proportionality (suitability, necessity, appropriateness) in its use of physical force. Since March 1999, Thorsten Stodiek M.A. has been researching this topic funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. The study's aim is to develop a prototype model for an international police force including the means and the law enforcement authority this police force would require to implement a mandate. In addition to comparative case studies on various UN and OSCE police missions all over the world, special emphasis is being given to the UN mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) because in this mission the UN Civilian Police (UNCIVPOL) have for the first time been entrusted with particularly complex tasks of armed law enforcement. The empirical findings from interviews, background talks and case studies as well as the evaluation of the questionnaires given to members of the mission in Kosovo show that much improvement is needed: This ranges from research findings indicating shortages in materials and personnel, through a lack of language skills and technical training, to cases of an attitude of indifference among policemen and of cultural differences in the treatment of men of equal or different ranks as well as in the behaviour towards the population. Sometimes these factors resulted in poor effectiveness and low acceptance by the population. In addition, due to a deficiency in well-defined orders, policemen in Kosovo applied their own national investigative procedures, which differed from local regulations, leading to a delay in combatting crime. Furthermore, the policemen were in the precarious position of not knowing which law to apply: Not only were local laws unknown to them, but in 1999 the Kosovo-Albanian judges also refused to accept the Yugoslav laws valid at that time, meaning it took months before an agreement could be reached. Based on these and many other findings, the following represent this study's most important political recommendations: First of all, the capacity to deploy police officers rapidly is of the utmost importance. To ensure this, the police roster of the United Nations Standby Arrangement System should be augmented and its police officers trained in multinational courses. Furthermore, gendarmerie-like units are necessary for special police duties such as riot control. Here again a multinational body would strengthen acceptance by the population. Secondly, special emphasis should be placed on hiring female officers: local women, possibly the victims of specific types of crimes like rape, forced prostitution and domestic violence, would be more willing to contact officers of their own sex. Last but not least, the legal situation of the police force has to be improved, perhaps through an interim UN code of police-, criminal-, and procedural law that would remain in effect until national or regional law and the necessary institutions have been established. In order to support this latter process, the UN should, at the same time, enlarge its capacity to send lawyers, prosecutors and judges who would facilitate the creation of a constitutional law system and a penal system. (TS/VL) Contact: stodiek@public.uni-hamburg.de INTEGRATING THE REFUGEE DIMENSION INTO EU EXTERNAL POLICY Over the past two decades, most European states have witnessed growing public concerns about refugee influx, illegal migration and trafficking. But domestic attempts to restrict influx whether through attempts to control entry, limit access to asylum systems or deter potential immigrants have by and large failed to reduce the numbers of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, or the level of public hostility towards them. The apparent inadequacy of domestic restriction measures and continuing public pressures to manage the problem has generated calls for policies to address the problem of displacement at its source: in other words, to find ways of tackling the root causes of refugee and migration flows. This

3 form of preventive approach appears to be emerging at the EU level. In October 1999, the Tampere European Council stated that Justice and Home Affairs considerations (which of course include immigration and asylum) should be integrated into all areas of EU external policy. This implies targeting EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) to the goal of preventing or limiting forced displacement. Arguably, this is already occurring in some areas of EU external policy. EU strategy towards the Maghreb or the Balkans could be understood as at least in part motivated by a desire to prevent further displacement. But it remains unclear how effective such integrated policies are, and how far the goal of preventing displacement is compatible with other foreign policy objectives. Drawing on the cases of Kosovo, the Maghreb and the Caucasus, this project will examine the extent to which CFSP has already been directed to the goal of preventing or containing displacement. It will assess how coherent such policies were, and whether they were consistent with other CFSP goals. The project will consider the feasibility and desirability of further targeting CFSP to address problems of displacement, and suggest policy options for developing more comprehensive strategies to prevent displacement. The two year project is being carried out by Dr Christina Boswell. Her research and her stay at CORE are being funded by the European Commission Directorate for Research, under the Marie Curie Individual Fellowship scheme for post-doctoral researchers. (CB) Contact: sa1p023@public.uni-hamburg.de 3 OSCE DATABASE PROJECT The OSCE Database Project, begun in January 2001, is a Swiss-German enterprise including the Graduate Institute of International Studies (GIIS) in Geneva, the Centre for OSCE Research (CORE) at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg (IFSH), the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the Specialized Information Network "International Relations and Area Studies in Berlin" (FIV). The project, co-ordinated by Uwe Polley (CORE) and Valérie Clerc (GIIS), is being funded by the Swiss Foreign Office. Its goal is to make a wide variety of information about the work and the development of the OSCE available to the public on the internet. Thus a website has been set up (hosted by an ISN server) that gives an overview of OSCE structures and institutions. More importantly, it allows access to numerous unabridged OSCE documents, e.g. Permanent Council decisions, reports, minutes of meetings, declarations etc. from 1995 to the present. Additionally, there will be a link to the FIV-server (IFSH/CORE has been a member of FIV since June 2000) allowing access to updated bibliographical data on nearly all OSCE topics and institutions. The GIIS and CORE will augment the OSCE Database further by posting the latest working papers and research reports on OSCE subjects at the website. Thus, the OSCE Database is being designed to fulfil the information requirements of scholars, politicians and journalists. It will be operational by early Spring (UP) Contact: uwe.polley@public.uni-hamburg.de MISSION INFORMATION PACKAGE ON KOSOVO AVAILABLE END OF 2001 The first of several Mission Information Packages (MIPs) will be accessible at the CORE website by the end of this year. The debut MIP covers Kosovo, with a Bosnia and Herzegovina Package following soon. The MIPs are designed to provide essential background information on the mission and the region in a cogent, digestible and practically relevant form. Thus they offer a compilation of pertinent information to members of the UN and OSCE missions currently being trained, as well as politicians, NGOs, officials in government agencies, academics and the interested public. Their special value lies in the organization of the information, which provides a useful tool for quick reference, and in the feedback given by practitioners, who were constantly consulted in the course of the preparation. The MIP on the Kosovo is divided into two parts. The first section offers concise information on the history of the conflict, the regional context and Kosovo's political relationship with Europe, the United States and Russia. Also included are analyses of the politics, the economy and the society of Kosovo. In the second section the focus is on the international presence in that region. After a general overview,

4 special attention is given to the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and to the OSCE Mission in Kosovo (OMIK). Each chapter is designed so that it can be read independently of the rest. In both sections, maps, organigrams and historical tables complete the description. Additionally, an extensive list of references and internet links are provided in order to enable readers to access further information. The MIP on Bosnia and Herzegovina, forthcoming at the end of the year, is being designed analogously. MIPs are being funded by the OSCE Unit in the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Further partners in co-operation are the OCSE Mission in Kosovo (OMIK), the Training and Capacity Building Unit at the OSCE Secretariat and also new members of the missions, who are in the process of giving the final touches to the Kosovo MIP Kosovo. (RO/VL) Contact: The Kosovo MIP will be available by the end of this year at: 4 CORE HAS A NEW HOMEPAGE With its new homepage CORE invites the 'OSCE Community', researchers, politicians and the interested public to take a closer look at the institute and the research offered here. Current and planned projects are presented in some detail and a wide range of resources is offered: unabridged versions of the Working Papers, special text compilations (e.g., documents on the ecological dimension), the table of contents of the English and German OSCE Yearbook, the unabridged version of the Russian OSCE Yearbook, a comprehensive bibliography on the OSCE, going back to 1995, a list of internet links which allow access to the OSCE homepage and other international institutions, governmental agencies, research institutes and NGOs, and in late autumn: Mission Information Packages. The web site can be accessed either in English or German. CORE welcomes everyone interested to visit us at: (VL) CONFERENCES Two members of CORE, Dr Randolf Oberschmidt and Claus Neukirch, participated in the International Forum on "The Republic of Moldova in the European- and Security-Policy Context" held on 18 and 19 June 2001 in Hamburg and organized by the Kyiv regional office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Dr Oberschmidt headed the section on "Transdniestria - Perspectives of Conflict Management" with the participation of members of the Moldovan government and the Transdniestrian authorities as well as a member of the OSCE Mission to Moldova. Mr. Neukirch chaired the panel on "Gagausia - a Model for Peaceful Conflict Management?". (RO/VL) From 2 to 4 May 2001, the Development and Peace Foundation, in co-operation with the Evangelische Akademie [Lutheran Evangelical Academy] in Loccum, hosted an International Workshop on "Stability and Peace in the Caucasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh. The focus of the workshop was on the topics of conflict dynamics, its causes and the reasons for its stagnation, the role of international diplomacy and the importance of supporting civil society and dialogue. In the discussion on "Elements of a Possible Peace Settlement", Dr Randolf Oberschmidt chaired the study group on "Peace-keeping" and was also appointed rapporteur. (RO/VL) GUESTS Within the framework of the Guest Programme of the Federal Republic of Germany, a delegation of parliamentarians from Armenia (Dr Arthur Baghdasaryan, Dr Viktor Dallakyan), Azerbaijan (Ali Akhmedov, Ali Kerimov) and the Republic of Georgia (Professor Nino Burdshanadse, Giorgi Dshakeli) visited the Centre for OSCE Research on 28 March They were accompanied by Hans- Joachim Friess of the Foreign Office. The focus of the visit lay on the issue of "Civic Conflict Prevention". After having been welcomed by the Deputy Head of CORE, Dr Wolfgang Zellner, and a presenta-

5 tion on "Security and Co-operation in the Southern Caucasus" by Dr Randolf Oberschmidt a very lively discussion with the members of CORE ensued on the role of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, frozen conflicts, the opportunities for the GUUAM, NGOs and the development of civil society. (AK) The First Deputy Prime Minister of Tajikistan, Khoja Akhbar Turajonzoda accepted an invitation by CORE and the German Institute for Middle East Studies in Hamburg, supported by the Verein zur Förderung des Instituts für Friedensforschung e.v. (VFIF e.v.) [Association for the Promotion of the Institute for Peace Research], and gave a lecture on 23 April 2001 at CORE. Mr. Turajonzoda has made his mark as a moderate Islamic politician and leader of the opposition in the UN-led inter-tajik talks. In his lecture he emphasized the democratic goals of the Islamic opposition in his country. The fact that the opposition accepts the secular character of the state could be exemplary in leading to a constructive role for Islam in Central Asian state- and nation-building. (AK) On 7 May 2001 the Head of the Permanent Mission of Germany to the OSCE, Ambassador Reinhard Bettzuege, held meetings with CORE to exchange information. After a presentation of the current and future projects of the centre, the intensive discussion turned to the development of the conflict in the Republic of Moldova after the presidential elections. In addition, Mr. Bettzuege and members of CORE discussed the possibility of a peace-keeping mission to Nagorno-Karabakh in the case a solution is negotiated. Furthermore, the perspectives of OSCE regional strategy were on the agenda with respect to security interests in Central Asia. Last but not least, proposals for the reform and further development of the OSCE and its inter-institutional relationships were discussed. (AK) 5 NEW PUBLICATIONS Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg/IFSH (Ed.), OSCE Yearbook Yearbook on the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Baden-Baden 2001, 508 pp., hardback, 48 DM, ISBN X. More than 30 authors, academics as well as politicians, diplomats, some of these holding leading positions within the OSCE, deal with, inter alia: conflict prevention and dispute settlement; the human dimension and democratic development; arms control; environmental causes of conflict. Regional themes (Chechnya, South-eastern Europe, Kosovo) and in particular the Central Asian region, which has moved to the centre of internal OSCE discussions, are a further focus in the OSCE Yearbook The anthology is supplemented by an extensive annex, data and facts on the 55 OSCE participating States as well as a selected bibliography. The book is directed towards students and academics as well as politicians, journalists and all those interested in the subject. (US) The OSCE Yearbook 2000 can be ordered at: Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg/IFSH (Hrsg.), OSZE- Jahrbuch Jahrbuch zur Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE), Baden-Baden 2001, hardback (German version). Do women play a special role in conflict prevention, crises management and post conflict rehabilitation? This is only one of the questions dealt with in the 2001 OSCE Yearbook. Along with first-hand reports from the long-term missions in various conflict areas - among them reports from the Assistance Group in Chechnya, the Mission in Kosovo and the OSCE Presence in Albania - this year's issue includes articles on Yugoslavia's return to the OSCE; the conflict in Macedonia; regional strategies for Central Asia and the Caucasus; the continued discussion of Roma issues; OSCE and forced displacement; the democratic control of armed forces; CSBMs in the post-cold war environment; international police; OSCE external relations to the ASEAN Regional Forum and Korea - just to mention a few of the more than 30 articles written by national and international scholars and practitioners, all of them wellknown OSCE experts. (US) Forthcoming at:

6 The CSCE/OSCE and the Environment An Annotated Documentation of Selected Commitments, Decisions, Conclusions & Recommendations, edited by Claus Neukirch. This documentation contains decisions passed by CSCE/OSCE negotiating bodies, conclusions and recommendations elaborated within their framework and in seminars dealing with environmental questions. The OSCE's focus is on specific environmental issues primarily related to security. This documentation can be accessed at: (CN/VL) CORE - Working Papers: Randolf Oberschmidt/Wolfgang Zellner, OSCE at the Crossroads, Hamburg This study is an analysis of the background to the Ministerial Council Meeting in Vienna in The authors discuss proposals of OSCE participating States aimed at the better integration of the Russian Federation into OSCE activities. Additionally, they examine challenges and tasks for the current Romanian Chairman-in-Office. Claus Neukirch, Moldovan Headaches. The Republic of Moldova 120 days after the 2001 Parliamentary Elections, Hamburg In 2001, the Communist Party won the Parliamentary Elections in Moldova by a large margin. In this study, the potential consequences of this development are examined. First the developments preceding the elections including the campaigns and the election itself are closely scrutinized. Then the political decisions taken after 25 February are carefully analysed in order to provide a basis for answering pressing questions, such as: Are democracy and market reforms in danger? How will the Transdniestrian conflict be handled and what will happen to the Russian troops still stationed there? The Working Papers are available at CORE or may be accessed directly at: 6 INTERNSHIP AT CORE The IFSH/CORE is committed to supporting young academics and therefore offers a six-week unpaid internship programme. In the last half-year there were over 20 interns, mainly students of political science. About half of this group worked at CORE. We had the benefit of conscientious supervision and were able to work independently on projects of our choice. Our activities included researching current issues (also in the internet), editing short reports and also participating in scientific discussions, for example at the weekly research colloquium. Thus, we received an excellent introduction to scientific research at a peace research institute. (EJ, BK, MM, BR) STAFF Uwe Polley Dipl. Pol. started work as a researcher and documentalist at the IFHS/CORE on 15 January After completing his studies, he was employed as a freelance research assistant in the documentary department of the German Overseas Institute, specializing in the analysis and evaluation of literature on Africa and global issues. Mr. Polley is now working on a project in co-operation with the Specialized Information Network International Relations and Area Studies (FIV). In addition, he coordinates the OSCE Online Database Project, a joint enterprise between German and Swiss institutes and the FIV to provide the public with information on the OSCE. Dr Christina Boswell studied politics and philosophy at Oxford University and Bruges, before working for UNHCR Burundi and as a policy research consultant, UNHCR Geneva. Between 1997 and 2000 she completed a PhD at LSE, entitled "Refugee Policy and the Limits of Liberal Universalism". She is an Associate Fellow of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, where last year she carried out projects on European immigration and asylum. As of 1 July 2001, she will be spending 2 years at IFSH as an EUsponsored "Marie-Curie Fellow", researching EU External Relations and the prevention of refugee crisis.

7 7 In July 2001, Katri Kemppainen MSc began working as a researcher and editor at CORE. Ms Kemppainen was born in Vienna. She has also lived in Finland, which is her home country, and most recently in the United Kingdom, where she completed her MSc in International Relations at the London School of Economics. She is fluent in Finnish, English and German, and also speaks some French, Swedish and Mandarin. Veronica Trespalacios B.A., born in the US, joined ISFH in July 2001 as editor and translator for CORE. She holds a degree in Literature from New York University and is currently doing graduate work at the University of Hamburg in German Literature and Linguistics. Ms. Trespalacios has gathered a wide array of experience: In 1999, she interned at the U.S. Consulate in Hamburg at the Foreign Commercial Services Section where she was responsible for establishing business contacts for US companies. Fluent in English, Spanish and German, her work experience ranges from teaching English, editing and translating to interpreting. CORE-News Editing staff: Kim Bennett, Viola L Hommedieu (VL), Carsten Walter, Wolfgang Zellner (WZ); with contributions from: Christina Boswell (CB), Eva Jozwiak (EJ), Benjamin Klooß (BK), Anna Kreikemeyer (AK), Viola L Hommedieu, Marius Mader (MM), Randolf Oberschmidt (RO), Uwe Polley (UP), Bärbel Reißmann (BR), Ursel Schlichting (US), Thorsten Stodiek (TS), Wolfgang Zellner. CORE-News appears on an irregular basis (also in an internet version). While available, hard copies can be ordered from: Centre for OSCE Research at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, Falkenstein 1, Hamburg Tel: (040) , Fax: (040) core@public.uni-hamburg.de