Yemen Return Migrants Survey

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2 Yemen Return Migrants Survey - 04 International Labour Organization Regional Office for Arab States.The report has been developed by Mr. Michele Brune, under supervision from Mr. Azfar Khan, former senior specialist on migration in the ILO Regional Office for the Arab States, with financial support from the Migration and Governance Network Project (MAGNET).

3 Copyright International Labour Organization 05 First published 05 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions) at the below address or by The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Yemen Return Migrants Survey 04 - Beirut: ILO, 05 ISBN ; (web pdf) ILO Regional Office for Arab States 3.07 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH- Geneva, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by pubvente@ilo.org Visit our website: For ILO Regional Office for Arab States publications, please contact: ILO Regional Office for Arab States P.O.Box Riad El Solh Beirut Lebanon Publications are available on:

4 Table of contents Preface Executive Summary Introduction The Yemeni economy and labour market Deportation from Saudi Arabia ILO survey Household composition and demographic characteristics Members and forcibly returned migrants Marital status Labour market participation Wages The forcibly returned migrants Interviews with the return migrants Work history in KSA Remuneration and benefit entitlements in KSA Working conditions in KSA Return to Yemen Annex (A): Questionnaire

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6 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Preface The Central Statistical Organization (CSO) of Yemen and the International Labour Organization (ILO) have the pleasure to present the results of the Migrants Return Survey in Yemen. The survey was carried out in 04 by the CSO with technical assistance of ILO and financial assistance by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The survey generated representative information about the background and employment profile and the future plans of the Yemeni migrants forcibly returned from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over 03/04. The survey also provides information on migration patterns, working conditions and remuneration while abroad, skills acquisition, and employment prospects after return to Yemen. The survey was administered in four governorates with a sample size of,44 households. The ILO would like to place on record its gratitude to the many members of CSO who participated in the successful implementation of the survey under the leadership of Mr. Abdulatif Al-Shibani, who led the entire survey process and Mr. Sam Al-Bashiri, for coordinating the field operations. The survey faced many challenges including the mapping out of the target group and changes in the household address. There were also significant practical challenges due to the events Yemen underwent during survey implementation. Thanks are also due to Mr. Azfar Khan, the former ILO Senior Migration Specialist and other relevant ILO colleagues in the Regional Office For the Arab States and in Sana a for providing assistance at all stages of the survey. ILO and CSO hope that the data and findings presented from this survey complement the recently launched findings of the Labour Force Survey 03/4. Both are envisaged to provide insights and tools to policymakers, international organizations, academics, and civil society organizations concerned with employment and migration policies in Yemen.

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8 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Executive Summary The migrants return survey in Yemen has been carried out to study the phenomenon of Yemeni migrants forced to return from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) after the Nitaqat programme was approved in March 03. The survey was conducted by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) of Yemen with technical and financial assistance from International Labour Organization (ILO). The main objective of this survey is to gain insights into the profile of Yemeni migrants that were forcibly returned from KSA, how they migrated, what they experienced abroad, and what their employment prospects are back home. These insights in turn are hoped to contribute to evidence-based employment and migration policies in Yemen. The total number of interviewed households was,44, located in four governorates: Taiz, Hajjah, Al-Hodeidah and Al-Mahweit.The main results of the migrants return survey are summarized in the selected indicators presented below. - Household composition and structure, and socio-economic characteristics of members. The,44 households that compose the sample are located in the four Governorates most affected by the repatriation process: Taiz, Hajjah, Al-Hodeidah and Al_Mhweit. The large majority of households (8 per cent) are in rural areas. The typical household is an extended family composed, on average, of 7 members spanning across three generations, with siblings of the household head living in the same dwelling. Household heads and their spouses make up just over one quarter of household members. Children of household heads were the most numerous category (54. per cent) followed by brothers or sisters of the household head. We have estimated the average age of household members (both men and women) at 3 years, almost 75 per cent being under 30 and only 7 per cent above 55. Almost 40 per cent of household members aged 0 and above are illiterate 3, and 73 per cent have never been to school. Educational attainment was found to be inversely related to age and is lower for women than for men; 68 per cent of male household heads did not complete primary education, compared with 88 per cent of their spouses. The data suggest that age at marriage is quite high, as only 33 per cent of women and men in the 5 9 age group are married. Also, women account for 73.5 per cent of divorcees and 85 per cent of household members whose partners have died. Some 9.7 per cent of household members aged 5 years and above are employed and. per cent are self-employed. It is, however, more informative to recall that the employment to population ratio (EPR) of men is around 35 per cent, while women are almost completely absent from the formal labour market. Both situations are in line with the results of the most recent nationally representative household survey 4.. The category in the dataset is labeled as Son or daughter. 3. notion of illiterate refers to the questionnaire item I am not able to read and write. 4. See findings of the Child Labour Survey (00).

9 8 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Participation in the labour market is directly related to educational attainment. For men, the proportion increases from 5 per cent for those that can to read and write, but have no formal schooling, to 60 per cent for those with greater than high school level of education. The average wage of respondents (56 per cent of those who declared to be in employment) amounted to US$50 per month, with approximately one third earning less than US$00, one third between US$00 and US$50, and one third earning more than US$50. Income was positively correlated with educational attainment. - The forcibly returned migrants Just over 3,000 members of the families interviewed are return migrants. They include 47.8 per cent of men aged 5 years and older. The age data suggest that more than half of Yemeni men migrate during their lifetime. Almost half are the head of their household, while 37 per cent are the sons of the household head. Just over 50 per cent of migrants have no formal schooling, yet some 9.7 per cent can read and write; around one quarter have completed primary education, per cent secondary education and.5 per cent have some higher level of schooling. Migration appears to be largely a personal decision, although in around one quarter of cases the family played a critical role. These data are not surprising given that more than two-thirds of interviewees are household heads. As expected, younger people were more likely to have migrated. - Returned migrants 5 In some 75 per cent of cases the decision to migrate was taken by the migrants themselves. Among the reasons for migrating were lack of job opportunities in Yemen and their limited working skills. Respondents generally displayed a good understanding of the migration process, which they had often acquired through previous experiences. The week before departure almost 55 per cent of the return migrants were unemployed and another 0. per cent were underemployed. Only one quarter had a full-time job, and more than half of these worked in the agricultural sector. Only 6 per cent of the migrants had some technical qualification, mostly acquired on-the-job, and mainly in the construction sector. Finally, more than 75 per cent of the repatriated migrants had previous migration experiences, and more than 30 per cent had migrated at least 6 times. All in all, the return migrants who participated in this survey represent the almost unlimited, mainly unqualified, supply of labour ready to leave Yemen a country characterised by a lack of job opportunities. They responded to the labour demand expressed by the KSA labour market, taking advantage of personal and family knowledge of the migration process. - The migration process In this situation, irregular migration represents the norm, the other channels playing a marginal role, with the internet and social media being used almost exclusively by the young. Less than 4 per cent of return migrants had entered KSA using the required documents (even fewer with a regular contract), while only a little more than half of those contracts were honoured in the destination country. Finally, a residual number of migrants were able to sign a contract in KSA, and it is safe to conclude that irregular migration flows were generally destined for jobs in the informal economy of KSA either in unregistered economic units, or in registered economic units but in forms of employment with serious decent work deficits. 5. The findings of the following sections relate to the,44 forcibly repatriated migrants, who responded to the questionnaire in full (Part to 5).

10 Yemen Return Migrants Survey The working experience in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Not all migrants interviewed were successful in their quest for a job, but more than 30 per cent found more than one. In 45 per cent of cases the jobs were full time; in more than 30 per cent regular part-time, while around 0 per cent were casual daily paid jobs. In more than 60 per cent of cases, the job required some overtime, generally at the request of the employer, and in 70 per cent of cases the working day was greater than 8 hours. Wages varied significantly, averaging almost US$500 per month, with 5 per cent earning more than US$,000. Thus, 87 per cent of interviewees considered the wage differential with Yemen very large or significantly large. However, one third of respondents considered the remuneration less than satisfactory or not very satisfactory. Payments, mostly on a monthly or daily basis, were made regularly in more than 90 per cent of cases. A little more than 0 per cent of interviewees received forms of remuneration complementary to their wage, mainly in the form of food and accommodation. A positive aspect of the migration process is that one quarter of the migrants acquired some technical skills, the majority through on-the-job training. Almost two-thirds of those who reported returning with additional skills had worked in the construction sector, whereas an additional 0 per cent acquired skills relevant for service-sector jobs. However, when asked for a general evaluation of working conditions in KSA, only around 6 per cent considered them good and around 0 per cent very poor, with more than 40 per cent judging them poor but bearable. - Remittances Almost all migrants sent remittances home. In more than two-thirds of cases the amount was in excess of half of their wage; in 70 per cent of cases remittances accounted for more than 50 per cent of the family s income. - Back to Yemen In 95 five per cent of cases, KSA authorities justified the forced repatriation of the migrant worker on the grounds of a lack of proper documents. After their return to Yemen, the migrants were confronted with serious difficulties in finding a job. Only a minority succeeded and, at the time of the interview, only around 46 per cent were working, mainly in construction or agriculture. Two-thirds of interviewees stated that it had been extremely difficult or quite difficult to find a job and the difficulty seemed to increase with age. However, in spite of the shortage of employment opportunities, 6. per cent of return migrants who had found employment reported having two or more jobs. The jobs performed by returnees were mostly poorly paid and poorly protected. In only 30 per cent of cases the wage exceeded US$59 per month. The majority were short-term jobs, generally paid on a daily basis. Only 5 per cent of jobs were expected to last more than one year. Around one third of returnees reported working less than 8 hours per day, while in 30 per cent of cases the employer required overtime work. Given the job market situation, it comes as no surprise that more than 90 per cent of interviewees affirmed that, given the opportunity, they would go back to KSA, and that almost half of them were willing to migrate through irregular migration channels.

11 0 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04. Introduction In March 03, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) approved the Nitaqat programme, aimed at increasing job opportunities for Saudi citizens, and ruled that illegal workers would no longer be tolerated. As a consequence, hundreds of thousands of illegal migrants were forcefully repatriated. Neighbouring Yemen was the country most affected. According to International Organization for Migration, (IOM) by the end of 04 almost 600,000 Yemenites had returned to Yemen, mainly through the border crossing point of Al-Tuwal. Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the world, was already in a deteriorating situation, when its backward economic system was faced with the impossible task of creating sufficient jobs to cope the sudden increase in labour supply brought about by the demographic transition. It was evident that the repatriation of such a high number of migrants would have an extreme impact on the economic situation of Yemen, which has relied heavily on remittances. ILO decided to carry out a Rapid Assessment Survey to collect the information necessary to devise and implement evidence-based relief policies. A questionnaire, comprised of a cover page and six sections, was submitted to,44 households. The questionnaire addressed such issues as who the returned migrants were, the demographic and economic profile of their household members, the migration experience and, finally, the labour market and economic situation of the forcibly returned migrants.. The Yemeni economy and labour market At the time of drafting this paper a coalition of ten countries led by Saudi Arabia, and including the other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and Egypt, is conducting a military campaign against Houthi rebels in Yemen. With the support of the United States of America, numerous targets have been bombed, including in the capital, Sanaa. Inevitably, this will lead to further deterioration of an already stressed social and economic situation. Poverty has been progressively increasing in Yemen so much that in 04 more than half of the population were affected and a similar proportion experienced food insecurity. Moreover, water resources remain scarce. The dismal situation of the Yemeni economy and labour market is also a product of demographic trends. Estimated at 4.8 million, Yemen s population has witnessed a fivefold increase in the last 50 years, making demographic pressure the dominant feature of the Yemeni labour market. The population is predominantly young, with 43 per cent below 5 years of age, and over 65 per cent below 5. Of these, almost half (48 per cent) are not in education, employment, or training 6. Even if the rate of population growth is decreasing, demographic pressure on Yemen s labour market will continue due to the palpable increase in the training age population (6 7) and especially Yemen s working age population (5 64). In the past decade, the number of children in compulsory education age has increased by around 750,000 and the working age population has increased by 4. million. Yemen s labour force participation rate currently stands at just 36.3 per cent. Almost 4 per cent of people in the labour force are unemployed, primarily in the 5 4 age group. Youth unemployment rates in Yemen are two times higher than adult employment rates; only one out of five young people in Yemen is employed one in three young men and one in 40 young women. In the coming years the number of entrants into the labour market will increase. Therefore, the number of additional jobs the Yemeni economy will need to create will be totally out of reach and 6. Bruni, Michele, Salvini Andrea, Uhlenhaut Lara (04), Demographic and labour market trends in Yemen: a background paper to frame the interface between the employment challenge and the national migration policy, International Labour Organization, ILO Regional Office for the Arab States, Beirut.

12 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 migration will be not an option, but a necessity, for a large share of the Yemeni population. An additional problem is that Yemen s young workforce still shows noticeable deficits in educational levels. More than half of Yemen s labour force (54.8 per cent) has not completed compulsory education and those with at least secondary education represent less than 30 per cent. Education deficits are also the result of a lack of an overarching unified vision for the development of Yemen s education, training and skills sectors. A skills gap (or deficit) continues to be the most widely reported problem by employers in Yemen. 3. Deportation from Saudi Arabia After decades during which Saudi Arabia used millions of (mainly illegal) migrants to do the manual jobs that Saudis did not want, in March 03 Riyadh approved a nationwide strategy (the Nitaqat programme) aimed at increasing job opportunities for Saudi citizens, and ruled that illegal workers would no longer be tolerated. After a short grace period, requested by Yemen and Ethiopia, the programme was implemented, prompting large-scale deportations, often without notice. Due to its immediate land proximity, Yemen has been the country most affected and the impact has been massive. Between June 03 and December 04, IOM counted 655,339 repatriated workers, mainly through the border crossing point of Al-Tuwal, approximately 0 km north of Haradh in the Hajjah Governorate 7. Such a phenomenon has obviously raised very serious concerns over the way the deportations have been carried out, especially their effects on Yemen 8. According to IOM Yemen snapshots, many deportees report being taken directly from the street to detention facilities with no chance to gather their belongings. Packed into cells, some say they were beaten and robbed of what little they had on them. It was also observed that the authorities in Sanaa were ill-equipped to cope with the long-term fallout because the country is in far worse condition than it was two decades ago. Yemen must also figure out how to fill a gaping hole in remittances as the billions of dollars that workers send home each will sharply decline. 4. ILO survey The situation in Yemen prompted the ILO to run a survey to collect the information necessary to devise and implement evidence-based relief policies. ILO indicated that the information should relate to the background profile of the returnees and their household s members, the labour utilization patterns adopted by the households, the process of recruitment, the employments they were holding in KSA, the remuneration from work, the proportion of household income constituted of remittances and the utilization pattern of remittances to gauge their importance for household reproduction and also the employment profile after return to Yemen, skills acquisition, their earnings from present work and their future plans IOM Yemen Snapshot: Yemeni Migrants from Sausdi Arabia Update (December 04; see also IOM provides vital assistance to Yemeni returnees from Mecca 8. On the same occasion IOM reported that interviews with the returning migrants suggested that only 9 per cent of them had been economically active in Saudi Arabia and only 4 per cent had sent remittances home to their families in Yemen. Of those who sent remittances, the majority sent between 400 SAR and 800 SAR (US$ 07 US$3.) The data collected seems to indicate that most of the returnees were short-term migrants who had managed to remain in Saudi Arabia for less than month (68 per cent), whereas 9 per cent of them had stayed between to months. Some 77 per cent of the returnees reported some form of abuse in Saudi Arabia, but 68 per cent said that they planned to return shortly. 9. The Questionnaire is contained in Annex.

13 Yemen Return Migrants Survey The questionnaire The questionnaire comprises a cover page and five sections, Section being split into two parts: Section A and Section B. Cover page The questions on the cover page were answered directly by the interviewers. Besides information on the interviewing process, these items included the number of families interviewed, their geographical distribution by district, their location in urban and rural areas, the total number of household members, as well as details on eligible return migrants. Section A: Household composition and demographic characteristics Section A included ten questions divided into two pages and numbered from 0 to 05 and from 0 to 05, respectively. The interviewer was instructed to address questions to the most knowledgeable member of the household. The first set of items included the name, sex, age, marital status, and relationship with the household head; the second set on educational attainment, employment situation, and main occupation. Section B: Migration history This section addressed the return migrants experience. It was comprised of 8 questions (0-8) on the following variables: sex and age of the migrant; the length of time spent in KSA before the forced return (date of departure and date of return); the channels (legal and illegal) through which the migrant reached KSA; who took the decision to migrate; the situation of the migrant before departure with respect to the labour market; the existence or not of a contract, whether it was honoured, and whether the migrant had regular working documents. Section : Work history in KSA This section comprised 7 questions (0-7), relating to the following variables: the number of migration experiences and the migration channels used to migrate; the skills and certified qualifications possessed prior to the last migration experience; the number of jobs held in KSA, their typology and sector; the acquisition of skills during the stay in KSA. Section 3: Income, remuneration and benefit entitlements This section included ten questions (30-30) on: the average wage earned in KSA; the wage differential between Yemen and KSA;

14 Yemen Return Migrants Survey the level of satisfaction derived from working in KSA; the punctuality and timing of payments; the presence and typology of fringe benefits; the amount of remittances in relation to the wage; the relevance of remittances for the Yemeni household and their utilization. Section 4: Working conditions in KSA This section included five questions (40-405) on: the average duration of the working day; any obligation to work overtime; working conditions. Section 5: Return to Yemen This section included 7 questions (50-57) on: the motivation adduced for repatriation; working conditions, including reliability of the job; difficulties encountered finding a job; characteristics of the job; wages; the average duration of the working day; overtime; willingness to migrate again. - The database Information collected via the questionnaire was entered in a database comprising three separate files, each identified by a code. The first file contains the answers to the questions on the cover page. These relate to the number of families interviewed, their geographical distribution, the number of components (as well as some basic information such as the relationship with the family head, the educational attainment, and economic activity) and the number of forcibly returned migrants. The second file contains the answers to the question in Section A and allows analysis of the household structure, and the main demographic and socio-economic characteristics of its members (including the forcibly returned migrants) and some basic information on labour market participation. The third file, the most voluminous one, contains all the information about the forcibly returned migrants, representing their family and economic situation before departure, the migration process, the working experience in KSA, and the situation after returning to Yemen. - Data analysis The three files containing the survey data were first analyzed separately as per the structure of the questionnaire moving from the households, onto the household members, and finally to the forcibly returned migrants. In a second phase the three files were combined in order to analyse some more complex issues.

15 4 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Interviewees The questionnaire was administered to,44 households. The interviewers were instructed to complete the cover page directly, to put the questions in Section A to the most knowledgeable member of household, and the questions of the other sections to the returned migrants. Our analysis has, however, shown that in,044 cases the interviewee was the migrant himself, while in the other 36 cases the respondent was another member of the family. Moreover, since in more than one quarter of the families there was more than one migrant, the interviewers were instructed to choose the person who had been in KSA for the longest period. - Critical observations The main limit of the questionnaire is represented by the fact that only five interviewees were women. For this reason, a comparison between women and men and any gender sensitive analysis of employment outcomes of returnees would not have been reliable. Therefore, this has not been attempted. Finally, if surveys with such questionnaires have to be repeated, it is suggested to include more information on how migrants entered KSA, how they found a job, and more questions on recruitment and placement processes. 5. Households - Geographical distribution The families interviewed are located in four out of the 0 governorates (and one municipality) that comprise Yemen: Taiz, Hajjah, Al-Hodeidah and Al_Mhweit. These governorates were chosen because they are the ones in which the majority of return migrants were directed. Figure shows the geographical distribution of the families. Around 34 per cent live in Al-Hodeidah, 5 per cent each in Hajjah and Taiz, and approximately 7 per cent in Al Mhweit. Figure : Percentage distribution of interviewed households by governorate % families Al-Hodeidah 33.8 Hajjah Taiz Al-Mhwit Some 8.9 per cent of households are in rural areas, with an average proportion of urban households across the survey of 8. per cent (Figure ).

16 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Figure : Percentage distribution of interviewed households in urban areas Al Hodeidah Hajjah Al-Mhwit Taiz Total % urban fam Members and forcibly returned migrants Household members totalled 7, people, 54.4 per cent of whom were male. The average size of each household was 7. people. The difference between rural (7.) and urban (7.0) households was found to be minimal (Table ), except for Taiz, where urban families were found to be larger than rural ones (9. versus 8.). Table : Average number of household members by governorate (urban/rural) Taiz Hajjah Al-Hodeidah Al-Mhweit Total Urban Rural Total This small difference in the average number of household members between governorates and the urban/rural locations impacts, although in a limited way, on the geographical distribution of the members (Table ). More specifically, in Taiz and Hajjah the percentage of household members is higher than that of the households, the opposite being true for the other two governorates.

17 6 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table : Household membership by governorate and urban/rural location (absolute values and percentages) According to the data from the cover page, the number of eligible return migrants interviewed is This implies that 7.8 per cent of household members were returned migrants and in almost 7 per cent of households there was more than one return migrant. The proportion of household members who are return migrants does not differ between governorates, the maximum being 0.3 per cent in Hajjah and the minimum of 5.7 per cent in Taiz. Greater differences were found (Figure 3) in the percentage of families with more than one return migrant, the phenomenon being more widespread in Hajjah (38.5 per cent) and Taiz (30.3 per cent) than in Al-Hodeidah (9.8 per cent) and Al_Mhweit (9.5 per cent).

18 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Figure 3: Households with more than one return migrant by governorate (percentages) Hajjah Taiz Al-Hodeidah Al-Mhwit Total % of migrants on the number of family members % of families wih more than migrant As we will discuss later, 650 eligible migrants were not interviewed and neither were almost all the women. Moreover, the household members file contains information for only 593 of these returned migrants. - Household members by relationship with the household head Almost 80 per cent of household members fall into three categories: 4. per cent are household heads (in only 0 cases was the head of the household found to be a woman), 3 per cent are spouses and 5.4 per cent sons or daughters. Of the remaining categories the most relevant is brother or sister (8.7 per cent) followed by father or mother (4. per cent) and grandchildren (4 per cent). Finally,.7 per cent are sons- or daughters in-law (Table 3). Table 3: Household members by relationship to household head

19 8 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 The first three categories for males are i) household head (5.7 per cent), ii) son (56.9 per cent), and iii) brother (9.5 per cent), totalling 9. per cent. Women are less concentrated. The first three categories for females are i) spouse (8.4 per cent), ii) daughter (44.7 per cent); and iii) sister (7.8 per cent), totalling 80.9 per cent. In the case of women the categories of mother (6 per cent) and daughterin-law (5.8 per cent) are also relevant. This difference between genders is explained by the fact that women live longer and 98 per cent of the in-laws are women. This reflects that the role of head of the household is nominally assigned to men for cultural reasons. The explanation of this last phenomenon is that at marriage women join the household of the husband. These extended families not only include two or three generations but, in case of marriage, the son brings his wife to his household. - Average age The average age is quite low, with almost 75 per cent of household members being aged under 30 years and only 7 per cent aged over 55 years. Figure 4: Household members by age group (percentages) HM More specifically, the average age is 3 for both men and women (Table 4). The average age of household heads is 4 and that of their spouses 36; a similar difference exists between the average age of fathers (6) and mothers (56) and that of sons (30) and daughters-in-law (4).

20 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Table 4: Average age of household members by relationship with the household head - Educational attainment Levels of educational attainment were found to be extremely modest. Almost 40 per cent of household members are illiterate and 33.5 per cent have only a basic capacity of reading and writing acquired outside the education system. Only 7.4 per cent have some schooling 4 per cent have completed primary education, 0.9 per cent secondary education and a meagre.5 per cent have some higher educational level. Figure 5: Literacy and educational attainment of household members aged 5 years and over (percentages) illiterate R&W Primary Secondary Over Sec

21 0 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Educational attainment was found to be inversely related to age. Almost all parents of household heads have no schooling; the percentage declines to 68 per cent for the household heads, but is still 88 per cent for spouses and 57 per cent for sons- and daughters-in-law (Table 5 and Figure 6). 0 Table 5: Education level of household members (by relationship to household head; percentages) Figure 6: Educational attainment of household members (by relationship to household head; percentages) Son/ Daughter in law Primary. More than primary 30.9 Brother/ Sister Household Son/ head Daughter Other relatives Spouse Total The gender differential is very pronounced. More than half of the women are totally illiterate compared with less than one quarter of men. Some 38.4 per cent of men have more than primary education compared with.9 per cent of women. 0. These data generally agree with those derived from the labour force survey.

22 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 6: Literacy and educational attainment by sex (percentages) Men Women Diff. Illiterate R&W (no schooling) < Than Secondary Secondary and Diploma University Marital status If we consider household members 5 years or older, only 58.6 per cent are or have been married. This goes together with observing that the age at marriage is quite high in fact, only one third of those between 5 and 9 are married. Even in the next higher age group the percentage of singles is still.3 per cent. However, the data also suggest that during their lifetime almost everybody gets married. Table 7: Marital status by age group (absolute values and percentages) Total Absolute values Married,67,60, ,075 Widow Divorced Total,90,357, ,485 Single 4, ,58 Total 6,57,688, ,067 Percentage composition Married Widow Divorced Total Single Total For reasons that are not clear, but could be connected to migration patterns, men represent the majority of household members 5 or older (55. per cent). Therefore, the percentage of women who are married (5.4 per cent) is higher than that of men (43. per cent). We also observe that women account for 73.5 per cent of divorcees and 85 per cent of household members whose spouses had died, which suggests that women have a higher life expectancy but they find it quite difficult to find a second husband.. The survey has also found a small number of household members already married in the 0 4 age group.. The term widow refers to both husbands and wives whose spouse/s have passed away.

23 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Figure 7: Marital status by sex (percentages) Men Women Married Single Divorced Widow Labour market participation Only around one out of five household members 0 years or older participate in some kind of activity. More specifically, 9 per cent are employees and per cent are self-employed (Table 8). As suggested by the Child Labour Survey (00), women are almost completely absent from the formal labour market. Obviously, this leaves completely open the question of their informal participation to productive activities, especially considering the rural location of the vast majority of households interviewed. 3 As shown by Salvini et al. (04), 35 per cent of men have some form of employment, while only per cent are self-employed. For women, the employment to population ratio is as low as.3 per cent. Table 8: Labour market participation of household members (aged 0 years and over) by sex Employed Self-employed Total employed Inactive Total Absolute value Men,333 37,470 4,667 7,37 Women ,706 5,78 Total,404 4,545 0,373,98 Percentage compoisition Men Women Total See Salvini et al., op. cit.

24 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Table 9: Labour market participation by age group (absolute values and percentages) Absolute values Employed 7, ,58 Self-employed Total active 8,498,68 84,950 Inactive,896 4,995, ,064 Population,94 6,493 3,38,93,04 As percentage of population 0 and + Employed Self-employed Total active Inactive Population The employment to population ratio for men is directly related to educational attainment. For men, the value increases from 5 per cent for those who can read and write (but have no formal schooling) to 60 per cent for those with more than high school, passing through a value of 4 per cent for those with primary school and 44 per cent for those with secondary or vocational school. Some 34 per cent of the total are illiterate. The number of observations for women is very low, but they suggest an even more extreme situation showing that women with high educational level are much more likely to be present in the labour market. Table 0: Labour market participation and employment to population ratio (RoE) by educational attainment and sex (Correct: RoE and Total Employment viz Totals)

25 4 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Wages Information on income earned the week before migrating to KSA was provided by,656 household members (representing 56 per cent of the employed). The average monthly wage amounts to just over 3,000 Riels (US$50). Approximately one third of those employed earned less than US$00, one third between US$00 and US$50, and 30 per cent earned more than the mean (Table ). Table : Wage levels by educational attainment (absolute values and percentages) Table shows the ratios of the specific share for each education group to the average share for the total, divided into the four wage categories we have defined. Data show a positive relationship between educational attainment and wage level. Vocational training appears to be especially rewarding. Table : Ratios of the specific shares to the average share for each wage category Illiterate R&W and Prepr Primary, Unif Vocational Secondary and Dipl. University up to 0, ,000 30,000 40,000 up

26 Yemen Return Migrants Survey The average monthly income of those who are self-employed is slightly lower than that of employees. Income levels of self-employed workers (absolute values and percentages) Independent workers Independent workers up to 0,000 0,000 30,000 40,000 up Total Absolute value Percentage composition The forcibly returned migrants While repatriated workers represent 7.5 per cent of household members, this figure is somewhat misleading as it does not apply equally to all categories. Firstly, only 68 of the 3,007 returnees are women. Secondly, only 5 are under 5 years of age. Rather, it is more useful to observe that return migrants comprise 47.8 per cent of men aged 5 and over. We also observe that return migrants account for 6 per cent of the age group. These data suggest that more than half of Yemeni men experience migration during their lifetime. Table 3: Forcibly returned migrants by age group and sex (absolute values and percentages) The first important characteristic of the repatriated migrants is that almost half of them are household heads and, even more interestingly, 67.3 per cent of the households heads interviewed are forcibly returned migrants. The second largest category is that of son or daughter, which represents 36.8 per cent of returnees and the third largest is brother or sister (7.4 per cent), leaving only a. per cent to all other categories.

27 6 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 4: Forcibly returned migrants by relationship to household head, interviewed or not (absolute values and percentages) 4 In agreement with previous data on the distribution of household members by marital status, some 6 per cent of returnees are married and 37.4 per cent are single. Table 5: Marital status of returned migrants (absolute values and percentages) Just over half of the return migrants have no formal schooling. Nevertheless, 9.7 per cent can still read and write. Around one quarter have completed primary education, per cent secondary education and.5 per cent have some higher level of schooling (Figure 8). Of the 60 women returnees for whom we have data on educational attainment, 58 have no formal schooling and completed secondary education. 4 It is important to note that only a share of the returnees were interviewed, and we highlight that interviewed and non-interviewed returnees shows different characteristics.

28 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Figure 8: Educational attainment of returned migrants (RM, percentages) RM illitreate R&W and Preprim Primary Unif. Vocational Secondary and Dipl. University The employment to population ratio is 57. per cent, including 6.6 per cent self-employed. In addition,.7 per cent declared being employed as well as working independently (Table 6). Table 6: Male returned migrants by labour market participation (absolute values and percentages) (review Table 6, category Both empl. And self employed) employed self-employed Total Inactive Total Both empl. and self employed Ab. Value,48 95,676,59, % comp The data suggest that, prior to departing Yemen, migrants wages were slightly higher than average, to be expected given their demographic and socio-economic characteristics (Table 7). Table 7: Wage levels of migrants prior to leaving Yemen (absolute values and percentages)

29 8 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04. Interviews with the return migrants As stated, only one return migrant for each household was interviewed. Where more than one returnee was present in the household, interviewers were instructed to interview the one who lived in KSA for a longer period. In,044 cases the interviewee was a returned migrant, while in the other 360 cases was another member of the family. Only five interviewees were women. - Age and sex On average, interviewed returnees are young 55. per cent were aged under 30 years and only 0. per cent over 50 years, a similar distribution to other household members. This age distribution fits also the few women present in the sample. Table 8: Forcibly returned migrants interviewed 5, age by sex (absolute values and percentages) - Working situation before departure The employment to population ratio of other interviewees is lower than that of the forcibly returned (45.3 per cent versus 57. per cent). If this information is suggestive of the motivation for migrating, it must, however, be noted that the answers to the question put to interviewees do not include self-employment. 5. From this table onwards, the tables refer to only returned migrants who were interviewed.

30 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Table 9: Return migrants, labour market participation by age group (absolute values and percentages) The employment to population ratio is 40. per cent for the first age group, peaks at 53. per cent in the central age group, then declines to 46.3 for the older migrants. More than half of the employed worked in non-agricultural sectors (7.9 per cent of the total), but only 7.7 per cent had full-time jobs, and 0. per cent had some form of part-time employment. The central age group registers values above average for both full-time and part-time employment. Agriculture provided employment to 7.4 per cent of the return migrants:.6 per cent attended their own fields, while 5.8 per cent worked on other properties. For the former the highest percentage (4.9 per cent) comprised older migrants, for the latter by those in the central age group (7. per cent). Obviously the indicator of inactivity presents a mirror image of the employment to population ratio. The proportion of inactive interviewees is higher than for the total of the forcibly returned (53.7 per cent versus 4.9 per cent). It is more pronounced for the young (59.9 per cent) and for the elderly (53.7 per cent), with a minimum for those in the central age group (46.8 per cent). The main point is, however, that inactivity was the prevailing situation of returnees the week before departure from Yemen (54.7 per cent). - The decision to migrate In some 73.3 per cent of cases the decision to migrate was taken by the migrants themselves, ranging from 68.8 per cent for the youngest group to 83. for the oldest. This is consistent with the central role that they tended to play in their households.

31 30 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 0: Decision to migrate by age group (absolute values and percentages) Total Own decision ,76 Household decision Total, ,40 Not stated 6 3 Total, ,44 Own decision Migration channels, documents and contracts Almost all migrants (95.8 percent) entered KSA illegally, the percentage declining slightly with age, but still above 90 per cent for the oldest group. Other possible channels (freelance agents, licensed companies, relatives and friends) all played a minor role, social networks being used mainly by the young in absolute terms (Table ). Table : Channels of migration by age group (absolute values and percentages) Only a small number (3.9 per cent) had proper documents, the number rising with age (Table ). Table : Legality of migration by age group (absolute values and percentages) Only a small minority of interviewed returnees (.6 per cent) left the country with a contract; moreover, just over half of these contracts were honoured once in KSA. An even smaller number were able to sign a contract. In short, none of the illegal immigrants was able to enjoy a legal situation once in the arrival country. In percentage terms, older people enjoyed a more regular contractual situation at departure, but they also saw their contracts less respected (Table 3).

32 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Table 3: Contractual situation by age group - Departure, return and duration of stay in KSA The great majority of interviewees were repatriated in 03 (85 per cent); the remainder, with very few exceptions, were returned in 04. Data suggest that the period spent in KSA by migrants was, on average, rather short: only per cent spent more than two years in KSA, and another 4.5 per cent between one and two years. The remaining 67 per cent had been in KSA for less than months. The migrants repatriated in 04 register an average stay a little longer than those repatriated in 03. Figure 9: Duration of stay in KSA by year of return (percentages, in months) up to over Total Work history in KSA Multiple periods of migration is very common. Some 78 per cent of return migrants have been abroad more than once, the percentage increasing with age from 69. per cent for the young to 90.9 per cent for the old (Table 4).

33 3 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 4: Multiple migration (more than once) by age group More than Return migrants % over the total Total 90, ,88, As expected, the number of migration experiences increased with age. The details are displayed in Table 5, separated into number of migration experiences. Table 5: Number of work experiences abroad by age group (absolute values and percentages) Total Total once twice times times times to times times times times times to More than Illegal migration is the norm; just.4 per cent of interviewed returnees have always travelled legally and 5.6 per cent sometimes legally. The percentage of always illegal is most pronounced for the young (95.6 per cent), declining with age to 8.4 per cent for those aged over 50 years (Table 6). Table 6: Legal status of migration by age group (absolute values and percentages)

34 Yemen Return Migrants Survey During their stay in KSA, around 70 per cent of interviewed returnees held only one job, 7.7 per cent held two, and.5 more than two jobs (Table 7). Table 7: Number of jobs held in KSA by age group (absolute values and percentages) According to their own evaluation, on average only 6 per cent of interviewed returnees had some qualification before migrating to KSA, although just. per cent of older migrants held qualifications. These pertained mainly to occupations in the construction sector (6. per cent), domestic work (5.9 per cent) and unspecified occupations in the service sector. No clear pattern of occupation typology emerged in relation to migrants age (Table 8). Table 8: Skill sector before migration to KSA by age group (absolute values and percentages) Skills had been acquired mainly through on-the-job training (8.4 per cent) and apprenticeships (3.8 per cent), with very few having received formal training (4.8 per cent) (Table 9).

35 34 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 9: Acquisition of skills in Yemen by age group (absolute values and percentages) Further, around one quarter of migrants acquired some skill while in KSA. The main sectors were construction (63. per cent), the service sector (0 per cent), and the industrial sector (6.7 per cent). In the case of construction the percentage increases with age, in the other two sectors we observe the opposite pattern (Table 30). Table 30: Sector in which skills acquired in KSA by age group (absolute values and percentages)

36 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Almost all learning took place on the job, apprenticeships accounting for less than 3 per cent (Table 3). Table 3: Method of skill acquisition in KSA by age group (absolute values and percentages) Almost 45 per cent of workers had a full-time job, 35.8 per cent held a regular part-time job, and 9.4 per cent were daily workers. Young people were more likely to hold full-time and regular parttime jobs, while older people were more likely to be employed on a daily basis. Table 3: Type of employment by age group (absolute values and percentages) A small minority of interviewed returnees, mainly young or in the central age group, held more than one job. In the case of the first job, 55. per cent were in the construction sector, 6. per cent in the service sector and.4 per cent in agriculture. In the case of the second job, the first three sectors are the same, but have a different ranking, and the inter-sector variance is much more pronounced.

37 36 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 33: First and second jobs by sector (percentage distribution) 3. Remuneration and benefit entitlements in KSA - Wages and other benefits Migrants earned an extremely high variation in wages in KSA, ranging from 30 to 30,000 SAR per month. The average wage is around,85 SAR (US$490), declining to,77 SAR (US$478) if we exclude wages below US$50 and above US$,500. Five per cent of these return migrants earned a wage above US$,000 (Figure 0). Figure 0: Earnings (SAR) of return migrants in KSA (percentage distribution) % up to more than A certain number of migrants received additional benefits (Figure ). The most common kinds of benefit were food and accommodation (living quarters), provided to around 5 per cent of the migrants. Other kinds of benefit included transport (6. per cent), bonuses (4.5 per cent) and health insurance (5.9 per cent) (Figure ).

38 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Figure : Additional benefits (percentages) Food Living quarters Transport Cost Health Insurance Bonuses % Income differential Moving to questions on the quality of life, the difference in income between KSA and Yemen was considered very large by 47.3 per cent of the respondents and somewhat large by 39. per cent (Table 34). Table 34: Opinion on the wage differential between Yemen and KSA by age group (absolute values and percentages) However, one third of the migrants judged the work and the earnings in KSA as not very satisfactory or less than satisfactory. Only 3.5 per cent found them very satisfactory, and 54. per cent adequate (Table 35).

39 38 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 35: Opinion on wage levels in KSA by age group (absolute values and percentages) - Frequency and regularity of payments Payments were largely made on a monthly basis (50.8 per cent) or on a daily basis (34. per cent). Only 0.3 per cent of the workers were paid per job performed (Table 36). Regularity of payments was assured in nearly 90 per cent of cases. Table 36: Frequency of payments by age group (absolute values and percentages) - Remittances Economic provision for the family at home represented the main motivation for migrants working abroad. Accordingly, sending remittances is the norm: 45. per cent of respondents declared that

40 Yemen Return Migrants Survey they were sending between 50 and 75 per cent of their income. An even greater proportion was remitted by.3 per cent (Table 37). There is some indication that older workers sent home a greater proportion of their income. Table 37: Proportion of earnings sent home by age group (absolute values and percentages) The economic importance of remittances is made clear by the fact that in 44. per cent of cases they represent more than 75 per cent of family income. In some 6. per cent of cases, remittances accounted for between 50 per cent and 75 per cent of family income (Table 38). Table 38: Economic relevance of remittances to the family by age group of return migrant (absolute values and percentages) 4. Working conditions in KSA This sections aims to assess the number of hours worked during the day, the reason for working overtime and the conditions of work.

41 40 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Number of hours worked per day Around one third of migrants worked eight hours per day. Sixty per cent worked more than 8 hours, and 6 per cent worked less than 8 hours per day. The percentage of people working more than 8 hours increases to almost 78 per cent when we consider the total time spent working during the day. In only in a very small percentage of cases (3 per cent) overtime was chosen by the worker. The percentage of people working overtime declines with age (Figure 3). (clarify that there are two questions) Figure 3: Number of hours worked per day (percentages) (there are two questions: one relates to day, the other to job) Job Day less than More than Working conditions Less that 6 per cent of respondents declared that their working conditions were good while.6 per cent defined them as very bad. When the question was extended to include total working activity, the percentage of very bad declined to 8.6 per cent and those that considered it good or adequate increased from 30.9 per cent to 37.6 per cent (Figure 4). Figure 4: Evaluation of working conditions in KSA (percentages) Specific general Diff Very bad Bud but bearable Adequate Good

42 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Return to Yemen - Forced repatriation In almost all cases (96.6 per cent) the migrants interviewed were forcibly repatriated and in 95.3 per cent of the cases the reason was lack of proper documentation. Table 39: Reason for repatriation (absolute values and percentages) Lack of documentation Other reasons Forced repatriation Valuntary Total Employment situation after returning to Yemen After their return to Yemen, migrants were confronted with serious difficulties looking for work. At the time of the interviews (i.e. six to 8 months after repatriation) only 45.6 per cent were employed, the percentage being slightly higher for those in the central age group. Table 40: Employment situation at time of interview (absolute values and percentages) Return migrants mainly obtained work in traditional sectors, such as construction (8.5 per cent) and agriculture (7.3 per cent). Table 4: Sector of employment after repatriation (absolute values and percentages)

43 4 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 If we analyze those who found a job by age and sector, we find that different age groups have been relatively advantaged in different sectors. That is, older workers in domestic work, the central age group in agriculture, freelance work and services, and younger workers in construction and industry (Table 4). Table 4: Employment by sector of activity and age group ( specialization index ), definition of specialization index, please Seventy per cent of the workers receive a wage below 0,000 Riels per month and more than half below,000; thus, only 30 per cent of the workers were earning more than $US50 per month (Table 5.5). Table 43: Employment by sector of activity and wage category (Riels; absolute values and percentages) Table 44: Employment by sector and wage category ( specialization index )

44 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Two-thirds of those employed stated that it had been extremely difficult or quite difficult to find a job, with the difficulty increasing with age. Table 45: Difficulty in finding a job by age group (absolute values and percentages) Despite the shortage of employment opportunities, 6. per cent of the employed held two jobs or more. This situation is more common for the young and workers in the central age group, suggesting that motivation or discrimination factors can play a relevant role in finding a job. Table 46: Number of jobs by age group (absolute values and percentages) % - Characteristics of the job The majority of those employed (5. per cent) either have jobs projected to last less than 3 months (7. per cent) or work in temporary jobs (35 per cent). Less than 5 per cent have a longterm job. The precariousness of the jobs is inversely related to age. The data also suggest that the most highly paid jobs are short-term jobs of less than 3 months.

45 44 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04 Table 47: Duration of the job by age group (absolute values and percentages) Table 48: Employment duration by wage category ( specialization index ) The frequency of job pay is polarized. At one end, 55 per cent of workers are paid daily; at the other, 4.7 per cent are paid on a monthly basis. More than 5 per cent are paid per job performed (Table 49). Table 49: Frequency of payment by wage category (absolute values and percentages)

46 Yemen Return Migrants Survey Lower incomes are associated with daily payments; middle and higher incomes are more likely to be paid monthly (Table 50). Table 50: Payment frequency by wage category ( specialization index ) More than one third of workers do not work full time. However, 3.8 per cent work more than 0 hours per day mainly younger workers. Interestingly, no relationship emerged between the number of hours worked and income, while working overtime was largely at the request of the employer. Table 5: Number of hours worked per day by age group (absolute values and percentages) - Back to KSA More than 90 per cent of the migrants interviewed said that, given the opportunity, they would go back to KSA. Even for the oldest group, the percentage is still above 75 per cent. Ninety per cent of those willing to go back asserted that they were going to look for such an opportunity. However, only 54 per cent said they would migrate illegally. Among those that did not want to go back to KSA, the predominant reason was that they had enough of working abroad. The second most important reason was that they were needed at home. Only 6 per cent stated that they wanted to start their own business.

47 46 Yemen Return Migrants Survey- 04

48 Annex A Questionnaire

49

50 Republic of Yemen Ministry of Planning and Int. Coop. Central Statistical Organization Rapid Assessment Survey of Return Migrants in Yemen Questionnaire No. Rapid Assessment Survey of Return Migrants in Yemen Household Questionnaire Govern orate District subdistrict -Rural Administrative Data Urban Status Urban Rural -Urban City Hara Street Village Subvillage Hai Intervewer Calls First visit Second visit Third visit Date D M Y 3 Interview Results Completed Partially completed 3 No competent respondent at home at time of visit 4 Postponed 5 Refused 6 Entire household absent for extended period of time 7 Dwelling vacant 8 Address not a dwelling 9 Dwelling destroyed 0 Dwelling not found 96 Other (specify): Time Started Time Ended Duration of Interview (MINUTES) Name Date Code Supervisor Office Editor Coder Data Entry Household Data Summary No. of members in household Total number of eligible return migrant For interviewer: If additional questionnaires used, mark ( ) in the box 4 5 Warning: The data of this questionnaire are secret under the article (5) of statistical law no. (8) for 995 and are not used for statistical unpurposes.

51 Republic of Yemen Ministry of Planning &Int.Coop Central Statistical Organization Rapid Assessment Survey of Return Migrants in Yemen Questionnaire No. Rapid Assessment Survey of Return Migrants in Yemen Household Questionnaire Administrative Data Urban Status Urban Rural Govern orate District subdistrict -Urban City Hai Hara Street Village Subvillage - Rural Census Data Section No. EA No. Block No. 3 4 Sector No. Intervewer Calls First visit Second visit Third visit Date D M Y 3 Interview results Completed Partially completed 3 No competent respondent at home at time of visit 4 Postponed 5 Refused 6 Entire household absent for extended period of time 7 Dwelling vacant 8 Address not a dwelling 9 Dwelling destroyed 0 Dwelling not found Time Started Time Ended Duration of Interview (MINUTES) Last visit Visit duration Household Data Summary No. of members in household Total number of eligible return migrant For interviewer: If additional questionnaires used, mark ( ) in the box 4 5 Warning: The data of this questionnaire are secret under the article (5) of statistical law no. (8) for 995 and are not used forstatistical unpurposes.

52 serial no. of HH members? (Adressed to the most knowleadgeable member of household) Section. Household Composition and Demographic Characteristics Can you please provide full (triple) names of all persons who are part of this household, beginning with the head of the household? Concept of household: A household is defined as a person or group of persons who live together in the same house or compound, share the same housekeeping arrangements and are catered for as one unit. Members of a household are not necessarily related (by blood or marriage). Relationship with head of household: What's (Name) relationship to head of the household? (Write the no. of suitable answer - Household head. - Spouse. 3- Son / Doughter. 4- Boy's wife/daughter's husband. 5- Grandchild. 6- Father/Mother. - Male Sex/ (Gender) 7- Brother/Sister. - Female 8- Other relatives. 9- Servant, Driver/Nanny. 0- Non-relative. What is the sex of each of these individual household members Age How old was (NAME) at his/her last birthday? For interviewer: If the age of child is less than year, write in the two boxes "0". Marital Status - Married -Single 3- Divorced 4- Widow * For interviewer: if HH members are more than (5), mark ( ) in

53 Serial number of HH members? 5 years & above - Doesn't read or write ( literacy) - Yes - Yes - Read and write without qualification. - No 3- Pre-primary. Section : Educational attainment & economic activity for all household's members What's the highest qualification that member has got? 4- Primary 5- Primary/secondary/unified 6- Vocational diploma before secondary. 7- Vocational secondary General secondary.. 9- Dipoma after secondary 0- Bachelor/licentiate - Diploma after university - Master 3- PhD Did (NAME) engage in any work at least one hour during the last week? - Yes, write no. () and skip to 04 - No, write no. () and continue Even though (NAME) did not do any of these activities in the last week, does he/she have a job, business, or other economic or farming activity that he/she will definitely return to? - No - Yes, write no. () and continue - No, write no. () and skip to 06 0 years & above Main occupation (write in detail) For interviewer: Main job refers to the work on which (NAME) spent most of the time during the week Occupation Code Monthly Wage (RY) For interviewer: Monthly wage should be estimated for those are working as unpaid with HH or other * For inte erviewer: Write down no. () If person is forcibly return migrant from Saudi Arabia, and () if person is other case

54 Republic of Yemen Ministry of Planning and Int. Coop. Central Statistical Organization Rapid Assessment Survey of Return Migrants in Yemen Questionnaire No. Name and Line Number of Return Migrant Individual Questionnaire for Yemeni Return Migrant from KSA Administrative Data Govern orate District subdistrict Urban Status -Urban -Rural City Urban Hai Hara Street Village Rural Subvillage Intervewer Calls 3 Date D M Y 3 Interview Resulth Completed Partially completed 3 No competent respondent at home at time of visit 4 Postponed 5 Refused 6 Entire household absent for extended period of time 7 Dwelling vacant 8 Address not a dwelling 9 Dwelling destroyed 0 Dwelling not found 96 Other (specify): Time Started Time Ended Duration of Interview (MINUTES) Name Supervisor Office Editor Coder Data Entry Date Code For interviewer: If additional questionnaires used, mark ( ) in the box Household Data Summary No. of members in household 4 Total number of eligible return migrant 5 Warning: The data of this questionnaire are secret under the article (5) of statistical law no. (8) for 995 and are not used for statistical unpurposes.

55 Republic of Yemen Ministry of Planning &Int.Coop Central Statistical Organization Rapid Assessment Survey of Return Migrants in Yemen Questionnaire No. Govern orate District subdistrict Individual Questionnaire for Yemeni Return Migrant from KSA Administrative Data Urban Status Urban Rural -Urban - Rural City Hai Hara Street Village Subvillage Census Data Section No. EA No. Block No. 3 4 Sector No. Intervewer Calls First visit Second visit Third visit Date D M Y 3 Interview results Completed Partially completed 3 No competent respondent at home at time of visit 4 Postponed 5 Refused 6 Entire household absent for extended period of time 7 Dwelling vacant 8 Address not a dwelling 9 Dwelling destroyed 0 Dwelling not found Time Started Time Ended Duration of Interview (MINUTES) Last visit Visit duration Household Data Summary No. of members in household Total number of eligible return migrant For interviewer: If additional questionnaires used, mark ( ) in the box 4 5 Warning: The data of this questionnaire are secret under the article (5) of statistical law no. (8) for 995 and are not used for statistical unpurposes. Name of workers in the survey by job -In field Position Name Worker's no Date Signature Enumerator 0 / / Team's head 0 / / - In office Stage Position Name Worker's no. Date of work completion of office work and data processing Signature Office work Coder Worker's no. 0 / / Data proces sing Data entry 0 / /

56 INTERVIEWER: Read the following introduction: This interview is about your experiences of migration. I would like to first ask you some questions regarding your life prior to your migration, then during your migration, and upon your return to Yemen from KSA. Section. Migration History Questions Coding Categories SKIP 0 INTERVIEWER: Record sex of Return Migrant (circle around the sex) Male Female 0 INTERVIEWER: Record age of Return Migrant Age in completed years 03 In what month and year did you last return to Yemen from KSA? Month (Don t Know=98) Year 04 When did you go to KSA? (before return) Month (Don t Know=98) Year (Don t Know=98 99) Through a freelance agent Through a licensed company 05 How did you go to KSA? Through social network (i.e. family, relatives and friends) 3 unofficial (smuggle) 4 06 Did you move there of your own dicision or your household's? Of your own decision/volition Household decision (household head) 07 Did you migrate through legal channels (i.e. in possession of a proper work visa prior to migration)? Yes No 08 Did you have a contract before you migrated? Yes No 0 09 If yes, then was the contract honored at your place of employment? Yes No 0 If no in Q (08), did you sign another contract? Yes No Did you have proper documentation (i.e. iqaama and work permit) when working in KSA? Yes No Fully employed(not agriculture) Underemployed (not agriculture) Prior to moving to KSA, what was your employment status in Yemen? during the past week of the migration) Working in agriculture/household earnings 3 agricultural work with others in paid 4 Unemployed (no ever work) 5 0

57 Section. Pre-Migration History Questions Coding Categories SKIP 3 What is your main job during (the past week)of migration, in which (NAME) spent most of the time? Occupation/ Main Work Code Work location Ministries, government institution or company Mixed institutions or companies Private institutions or companies 3 Shops / Workshops /Offices 4 Inside dwelling 5 4 Where did (NAME) carry out his/her main work during the past week of his/ her migration? Footpath kiosk in the market Hawker 7 Location of building and construction (not affiliated institutions) 6 8 Farm /meadow 9 Transport mean (not followed to an institution) 0 Another place didn't previously mention 5 INTERVIEWER: Write the main activity in which the migrator has practiced before the migration? Economic activity Code Written contract 6 Had (NAME) employed on the basis of: Oral agreement Nonapplicable Did you pay an income tax in Yemen before you migrated to KSA? Yes No 8 Did you get entitled to social protection? Yes No

58 Section. Work History in KSA Questions Coding Categories SKIP Occupation/ Main Work Code 0 After migrating to KSA, what kind of a job were you doing? 0 Have you migrated abroad on more than one occasion? [NOTE: The question pertains to return from termination of a job/employment and/or deportation and not return on leave from an existing job] Yes No If yes, how many times? No. of times 04 What channels did you use for your remigration? [NOTE: Migration through social networks BUT in possession of proper documents qualifies as legal. (he/she was in possession of proper documentation] Always legal Not always legal Illegal 3 How many jobs have you held in KSA after 05 No. of jobs your migration(s)? (no. of agencies where worked) 06 Did you possess any skills of certified qualifications prior your migration to KSA? Yes No 09 Construction 07 If yes in Q 06, which sector would you say suited your skills the best? Domestic work (Driver, cook, gardener, etc) Services sector (e.g. retail trade including accounting) 3 Industrial sector 4 08 From where you get these acquired skills? 09 If no in Q 06, did you acquire any skills while you were in KSA? Other (please specify) Formal vocational training Apprenticeship On the job Yes No Construction If yes in Q 09, which sector would you say suits your skills the best? Domestic work (Driver, cook, gardener, etc) Services sector (e.g. retail trade including accounting) 3 Industrial sector 4 Were you acquired these through: Were you employed on a full-time basis in your primary employment? Other (please specify) Formal vocational training Apprenticeship On the job Yes No If no, how would you describe your work status in KSA? Regular part-time Daily worker

59 Section. Work History in KSA 4 5 Questions In your last migration, were you involved in more than one employment (at the same time) in KSA? If yes in Q4, how many jobs were you performing? Two Three Coding Categories Skip Yes No 30 3 More than three Construction 6 If yes in Q4, with which sector would you associate your primary employment with? Domestic work (Driver, cook, gardener, etc) Services sector (e.g. retail trade including accounting) Free-lance work (odd jobs) agricultural sector indestrial sector 6 Other ( specify) 7 Construction 7 Which were the second sector would you say suited your skills the best? Domestic work (Driver, cook, gardener, etc) Services sector (e.g. retail trade including accounting) Free-lance work (odd jobs) agricultural sector indestrial sector 6 Other (please specify) 7

60 Section 3. income remuneration and benefits entitlements Questions Coding Categories SKIP Very large 30 If the answer of Q is one of (,,3,4) During your work did you find differences in the income between KSA and Yemen? Somewhat large Not very large 3 Equal 4 Not apply (jobless) 5 Very satisfactory 30 Did you find the work that you were performing in KSA and earnings from works satisfactory? Adequate Not satisfactory Less than satisfactory 3 4 Not work yet How much was your average monthly remuneration? SAR Yes () No () Health insurance 304 Did your employer provide you with: INTERVIEWER: Circle () if yes,() if no. Food Living quarters Transport costs Bonuses Please specify 305 Did you receive in your main work your payment on a: Monthly basis Fortnightly Weekly basis 3 Daily bases 4 Per job performed Were you paid your wages on time? How much of your monthly earnings were you able to remit to your household per month? What proportion of household income was constituted by the remittances? Yes No Less than 5% Between 5% and 50 %. Between 50% and 75% More than 75% Less than 5% Between 5% and 50 %. Between 50% and 75% More than 75%

61 Section 3. income remuneration and benefits entitlements while abroad Questions Coding Categories SKIP 309 What would you say about your wages in KSA when compared to earnings in Yemen? Comparable Somewhat higher Much higher 3 Almost double 4 More than double 5 Less than double 6 30 Where were the remittances essentially utilized by the household? (Rank from the list below) - Everyday basic needs (food and clothing) - Housing (construction and maintenance) 3- Health care 4- Children s education 5- Rites of passage (expenditure on marriages, deaths, etc.) 6- Investments (purchase of agricultural land, real estate, etc) 7- Other, Specify Section 4. Working conditions in KSA Questions Coding Categories SKIP 40 On average, how many hours per day were you working? Less than 8 hours a day 8 hours a day From 9-0 hours a day More than 0 hours a day 4 40 If working more than 8 hours, were you required to do so by your employer? (The two answers (3,4) of past Q) Yes No Of own volition/voluntarily 3 Less than 8 hours a day 403 What was the total time spent in a day on all work undertaken? 8 hours a day More than 8 hours but less than hours 3 More than hours a day 4 Very bad 404 How would you describe your conditions of work? Bad, but bearable. Adequate 3 Good In general, how would you describe the conditions of work taking account of all other employments? Very bad Bad, but bearable. Adequate 3 Good 4

62 Section 5. Return to Yemen Questions Coding Categories SKIP 50 Your return from KSA is because of 50 If forcibly repatriated, was it because Forced repatriation by authorities Voluntary You were without proper documentation You were with documentation but employment forcibly terminated Since your return, have you found a job in Yemen? If yes, what kind of work have you been involved in? 505 Do you perform more than one job? Was this/these employment(s) difficult to secure? Is/Are this/these employments of a longterm, short-term or of a temporary nature? 508 Was your payment on a: Yes No 506 Employed in construction Employed as a domestic worker Working in the services sector Doing free-lance work (odd jobs) Employed in agriculture (I really don t 3 4 know the situation about landless labourers) 5 Other (please specify) Yes more than two 6 Yes more than one No Extremely difficult Quite difficult Not very difficult Quite easy Long-term (over a year) Short-term (less than a year) Both long-term and short-term Extremely short-term (less than three months) Temporary Daily bases Weekly basis Fortnightly How much do you make on average from this/these employments? Monthly basis 4 Per job performed 5 YR 50 On average, how many hours per day do you work? Less than 8 hours a day 8 hours a day More than 8 hours but less than 0 hours 3 5 More than 0 hours a day 4

63 Section 5. Return to Yemen Questions Coding Categories SKIP 5 If working more than 8 hours, are you required to do so by your employer? Yes No Of own volition/voluntarily 3 Very bad 5 How would you describe your conditions of work? Bad, but bearable. Adequate 3 54 Good 4 Very confident 53 How secure do you feel about holding a job in Yemen? Somewhat confident Not very confident Somewhat insecure 3 4 Very insecure 5 54 Do you want to go back to KSA if you were given the opportunity to migrate? Yes No if yes in Q 54, would you be looking for the opportunity to migrate? Yes No If yes in Q 55, would you possibly be willing to migrate even through irregular/illegal channels? Yes No END Had enough of working abroad 57 If no in Qs. (4,5,6) then why not? Needed at home Want to go into own business Back in legal way 3 4 Other 5

64 Governora District Section:6 serial no. of(name) in Questions Coding categories 60 difficulties to get work contract for those who migrate to KSA High cost for getting work contract Difficulties to get visa 3 Why you didn't migrate to KSA in legal ch Other specify:. 4 Once per month 60 More than once per month How many times you transfer money to Once per two months 3 your household? Once per 3 months 4 Once per 6 months 5 Bank 603 What method of remittance transfer Private companies for transfering m was used? Relatives or friends 3 Other specify:. 4 High 604 Middle How was the cost of transfering remittanc Low 3 No cost During your stay in KSA, did you help Yes others to transfer money to? No Facilate their migration to KSA 606 During your staying in KSA, did you Help to get works help others: acommedate them up to get a work 3 Didn't help anybody Would you want to migrate to other Yes country, not just KSA? No Yes No Basic needs(food and clothing) 608 Housing (construction and maintena Since your return from KSA forcibly,did Health care your household face any problems or Children's education difficulties in covering these costs: Rites of passage(expenditure on ma Investments(purchase of agricultura Others specify Rarely Once per month 609 How often do you socialize with Twice per month 3 members of your community? Once per week 4 Several times per week 5 Everyday 6 Skip

65 Governorate Serial no. of(name) in district District Section: 6 Questions Coding categories Strongly agree Agree Neutral disagree Strongly disagree 60 Upon my return I have been welcomed by my community of origin I'm happy to be back in my community of origin It has been easy for me to integrate back into everyday life in my community of origin Member of my community of origin value me as a member of their community Since returning,i don't feel I have put any burden on my community of origin How much time you spent in KSA month Year 66 How often did you return to Yemen from KSA Number of times What were your reasons for returning: If yes, put() / If no,put () (you should answer all the following Returning to Yemen during migration Forced repatriation from KSA Visit Illness of one of HH members Death of HH members or For mirrage Iqamaa terminatio n Others Last return Return prior last one 67 Third return Fourth return Fifth return Sixth return Seventh return Thank you your End interview 0

66

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