Trafficking in Persons
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- Vivian Sims
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1 p. 1 Trafficking in Persons United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development (July, 2005) by Irena Omelaniuk Migration Adviser, The World Bank
2 Trafficking Defined p. 2-3(A) Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs
3 p. 3 ROOT CAUSES. Poverty (particularly in rural areas)* Lack of opportunities/unemployment Conflicts/displacement Lack of information on safe migration Social and cultural practice - marginalization/subordination of women and girls - Entrusting children to friends or relatives - sale into marriage by family. Demand (military sites, demography)
4 p. 4 Trafficking and Development - Re-directs benefits of migration - depletes human capital - reduces returns to home country - leads to breakdown of families - forces children to work - reinforces illiteracy/poverty cycle - perpetuates social inequalities - cost to public health - cost to security
5 p. 5 IOM Counter Trafficking Database Cases assisted by IOM in January June 2005
6 p. 6 Type of Referring Organization Law enforcement 39% N/A 31% IOM mission 3% International organization 1% Embassy 4% Selfreferral/Walk-in 0% Other 5% Nongovernmental organization 17% Referring Organization Number Percentage Embassy % International organization % IOM mission % Law enforcement 2, % N/A 1, % Non-governmental organization % Other % Self-referral/Walk-in % Total 5, %
7 p. 7 OVERVIEW No. of Victims Assisted by Year Year June ,223 Cases No. of Assisted Victims 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, ,470 1,124 1, Year Number Percentage % , % , % , % % Total 5, %
8 Countries where Victims were trafficked to p. 8 Country/Province of Destination Number % ALBANIA % ARGENTINA % ARMENIA % AUSTRIA % AZERBAIJAN % BELARUS % BELGIUM % BOLIVIA % BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA % BULGARIA % COLOMBIA % COTE DIVOIRE % CROATIA % CYPRUS % CZECH REPUBLIC % DOMINICAN REPUBLIC % EAST TIMOR % ECUADOR % EGYPT % ETHIOPIA % FRANCE % GABON % GEORGIA % Country/Province of Destination Number % GERMANY % GHANA % GREECE % GUATEMALA % GUINEA % HONG KONG % INDONESIA % IRELAND % ISRAEL % ITALY % JAPAN % KAZAKHSTAN % KOREA, REPUBLIC OF % AND MONTENEGRO % KYRGYZSTAN % LEBANON % LIBERIA % YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF % MALAYSIA % MALI % MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF % NETHERLANDS % NICARAGUA % Country/Province of Destination Number % PERU % PHILIPPINES % POLAND % PORTUGAL % ROMANIA % RUSSIAN FEDERATION % SINGAPORE % SLOVENIA % SOUTH AFRICA % SPAIN % SWITZERLAND % SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC % TAJIKISTAN % TH AILAN D % TU RKEY % UKRAINE % UNITED ARAB EMIRATES % UNITED KINGDOM % UNITED STATES % Unknown Country % URUGUAY % UZBEKISTAN % Total 5, %
9 Nationality of Victims p. 9 Nationality Number Percentage ALBANIA % ARGENTINA % AZERBAIJAN % BELARUS % BENIN % BiH % BULGARIA % BURKINA FASO % CAMBODIA % CHINA % COLOMBIA % CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC % COTE DIVOIRE % CROATIA % CZECH REPUBLIC % DOMINICAN REPUBLIC % ECUADOR % EGYPT % EL SALVADOR % GEORGIA % GHANA % HONDURAS % HUNGARY % INDONESIA % IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF % KAZAKHSTAN % KENYA % KOSOVO % KYRGYZSTAN % Nationality Number Percentage LEBANON % LITHUANIA % MACAU % MACEDONIA, THE FORMER % MALDIVES % MALI % MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF % MONTENEGRO % MOROCCO % NIGERIA % PARAGUAY % PERU % PHILIPPINES % POLAND % ROMANIA % RUSSIAN FEDERATION % SERBIA % SLOVAKIA % SLOVENIA % SRI LANKA % TAJIKISTAN % TOGO % TURKMENISTAN % UGANDA % UKRAINE % Unknown Country % UZBEKISTAN % VIET NAM % Total %
10 Gender of the Victims p. 10 4,281 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Female Male Unknown - Sex Number Percentage Female 4, % Male % Unknown % Total 5, %
11 Age Range p. 11 2,975 3,000 2,500 2,000 1, , Under to to 35 Over 36 N/A Age Range Number Percentage Under % 18 to 25 2, % 26 to % Over % N/A % Total 5, %
12 Marital Status p. 12 N/A 34% Single 44% Common-law 2% Widowed 1% Separated 4% Divorced 7% Married 8% Marital Status Number Percentage Single 2, % Married % Divorced % Separated % Widowed % Common-law % N/A 1, % Total 5, %
13 Parenthood p. 13 a. Does the Victim have children? Have Children? Number Percentage N/A 1, % No 2, % Yes 1, % Total 5, % No 50% N/A 23% Yes 27% b. If Yes, how many? If Yes, how many? Number Percentage % % % More than % Total 1, % More than 3
14 Education p College/University High school Middle/Elementary school N/A None Other Primary school Trade/Technical/Vocational school Education Level Number Percentage College/University % High school % Middle/Elementary school % N/A % None % Other % Primary school % Trade/Technical/Voc ational school % Total 5, %
15 p. 15 Work experience before being trafficked? 2,201 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,611 1,411 - N/A No Yes Work Experience Number Percentage N/A 1, % No 1, % Yes 2, % Total 5, %
16 p. 16 Family Economic Status N/A 2,159 Well-off 8 Standard Very poor Poor , ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Family Ecomomic Status Number Percentage Poor 1, % Very poor % Standard % Well-off % N/A 2, % Total 5, %
17 Trafficked children p. 17 No. of Victims Assisted by Year Year June Minor Cases No. of Assisted Victims Years Number Percentage % % % % % Total %
18 Nationality of Child Victims p. 18 Nationality Number Percentage ALBANIA % ARGENTINA % BELARUS % BENIN % BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA % BULGARIA % BURKINA FASO % CAMBODIA % COLOMBIA % DOMINICAN REPUBLIC % ECUADOR % GEORGIA % GHANA % HONDURAS % INDONESIA % Iran % Nationality Number Percentage KOSOVO, PROVINCE OF % KYRGYZSTAN % MACAU % MACEDONIA, THE FORMER % MALDIVES % MALI % MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF % MONTENEGRO, PROVINCE % PARAGUAY % ROMANIA % RUSSIAN FEDERATION % SERBIA, PROVINCE OF % SLOVAKIA % TAJIKISTAN % UKRAINE % UZBEKISTAN % Total %
19 Gender of Child Victims p Female Male Unknown Sex Number Percentage Female % Male % Unknown % Total %
20 Age Range of Children p Below to 17 Age Range Number Percentage Below % 14 to % Total %
21 Recruitment p. 21 Sold by family members 3% Television Internet advertisement advertisement 0% 0% Personal contact 49% Other 2% Newspaper advertisement 4% N/A 42% Recruitment method Number Percentage Internet advertisement % N/A 2, % Newspaper advertisement % Other % Personal contact 2, % Sold by family members % Television advertisement % Total 5, %
22 Proposal Before Leaving Home Country p. 22 2,910 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,808 1,500 1, Job promise Marriage Study opportunity Tourism Other N/A What was the victim proposed? Number Percentage Job promise 2, % Marriage % Study opportunity % Tourism % Other % N/A 1, % Total 5, %
23 Type of Exploitation at Destination p. 23 Sexual 71% Delinquency 1% Forced labour 11% Other 17% Type of Exploitation Number Percentage Sexual 3, % Delinquency % Forced labour % Other % Total 5, %
24 p. 24 Freedom of Movement N/A 2,579 No restrictions imposed Only accompanied Totally denied 1,495-1,000 2,000 3,000 Freedom of Movement Number Percentage Totally denied 1, % Only accompanied % No restrictions imposed % N/A 2, % Total 5, %
25 p. 25 Much Study, Little Legislative Action? Lack of resources? Lack of political will? Lack of knowledge?*** Lack of persuasive, strategic, collaborative research? Methodology???
26 p. 26 Future steps - more empirical data/research - analysis of poverty, gender, labor markets, vulnerability/exclusion, family, community - model legislation - capacity building of NGOs, police, judiciary, teachers, diplomats etc - information campaigns/hotlines - cross-border collaboration - witness protection/legal status - better coordination of agencies
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