Kristen Rigsby- Junior Individual Website Robert McCormick: Defining the Rights and Responsibilities of a Free Press

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1 Primary Sources 1. "A Notable Press Victory." Sioux City Journal 24 Oct. 1921: n. pag. This newspaper article captures the reaction of local editors to McCormick s Near vs. Minnesota court victory. I used the opinions expressed in this article and specific quotes in the Rights section on my website. 2. Chafee, Zechariah. Freedom of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, Freedom of Speech is a book written during McCormick s control of the Tribune newspaper and the era of personalized journalism. It captures the importance of attaining a free press and the benefits a free press provides to society. 3. "Debates Swirled About McCormick." New York Times 1 Apr. 1955: n. pag. This newspaper article portrays the controversy of McCormick s actions regarding court cases and editorials. In the end, the article concludes that McCormick s work was essential to the protection of the free press and the protection of newspapers for future generations. I used quotes from this article in the Significance section on my website. 4. Lewis, David L. Henry Ford Meets the Press: An Encounter with the Chicago Tribune. 4th ed. Vol. 53. Dearborn, MI: n.p., Winter Michigan History. This book provides information on McCormick s first legal battle: Ford vs. The Chicago Tribune. It explains how this court victory led to McCormick s desire to fight for the rights of a free press. 5. "Freedom of the Press." Herald [Oskaloosa, IA] 18 Oct. 1921: n. pag. This newspaper article, published in response to McCormick s legal battle in Near vs. Minnesota, conveys how McCormick permanently influenced the style of newspaper editorials and paved the path for a truly free press.

2 6. Friendly, Fred W. Minnesota Rag: The Dramatic Story of the Landmark Supreme Court Case That Gave New Meaning to Freedom of the Press. New York: Random House, Minnesota Rag explains the significance of McCormick s victory in Near vs. Minnesota for not only the Chicago Tribune, but also for newspaper companies and publication industries in the United States. I used the information in this book to build my Near vs. Minnesota webpage. 7. "HENRY FORD FILES $1,000,000 LIBEL SUIT; Resents Chicago Tribune's Charge of Anarchy in Connection with Enlistment of His Employes." The New York Times 8 Sept. 1916: n. pag. This article, printed in the New York Times, informs readers of Ford s lawsuit against the Chicago Tribune. It thoroughly explains the reason of the lawsuit and predicts the repercussions of either side winning the case. 8. JFK Defends The First Amendment." YouTube. YouTube, 22 Jan Web. 9 Feb < In this video, President Kennedy describes the necessity of attaining a free press in America. He states that the free press is a vital source of sharing information about government works and events in the country. 9. "Libel Suits and Officials." Telegraph [Alton, IL] 05 Oct. 1921: n. pag. This newspaper article, published in response to McCormick s City of Chicago vs. The Chicago Tribune court victory, gives in-depth information on how the case will protect newspapers from government libel lawsuits, and how this protection will enable newspapers to expose government corruption. 10. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. Assaults upon the Constitution; a Series of Addresses Broadcast over WGN and the Mutual Broadcasting System, September 26-December 26, Chicago: Chicago Tribune, This compilation of McCormick s speeches projects McCormick s passion for First Amendment right and the lengths he would go to in

3 order to protect these rights. I used some of his quotes from these speeches on Defender of the People webpage and Responsibilities webpage. 11. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. The Freedom of the Press. New York: Arno, Freedom of the Press is essentially a list of reasons why Robert McCormick thought a free press is necessary in America. This book helped me develop my thesis and provided me with important knowledge regarding McCormick s views on press rights and responsibilities. 12. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. The American Empire. Chicago: Chicago Tribune, The American Empire reveals McCormick s personalized journalism writing approach that he always used in his newspaper editorials. The book helped me recognize McCormick s style of writing and views on common controversies during the 1900s. 13. McCormick, Robert R. The Case for the Freedom of the Press: An Address. Chicago, IL: Tribune, As a crusader for a free press, McCormick often gave long addresses on the necessity of a free press in America, some of which are complied in this resource. This book provided a multitude of quotes I used to expand upon my thesis on my website. 14. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. A Preliminary Study of the Freedom of the Press as It Affects the Rights of Advertisers. Chicago: S.n., This book gives in-depth information on how the freedom of the press affected companies publication rights and how they contributed to the basis of American society. I used McCormick s analysis of the free press on many of my webpages. 15. McCormick, Robert. Col. McCormick to Editors: Keep U.S. Press Free. Chicago Daily Tribune 12 Nov 1948: 3. This newspaper editorial contains quotes about McCormick s views of the free press and how it is necessary to promote the First

4 Amendment. McCormick s writing style of personal journalism is very apparent in this article. 16. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. The American Revolution and Its Influence on World Civilization. Chicago: Chicago Tribune, The American Revolution and Its Influence on World Civilization helped me understand McCormick s style of writing and his views of American society much better. I used a couple of quotes from this book on my website. 17. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. The Founding Fathers. Chicago: Tribune, McCormick believed that the right of a free press, as originally written by the Founding Fathers in the Constitution, was vital in American society. In this book, McCormick explains how he set out to define the rights and responsibilities of a free press through court cases and Chicago Tribune editorials. 18. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. The Army of New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, McCormick was not only influenced by his family of journalists to utilize the newspaper to serve as a check upon government, but also by his experiences in France during World War I. In this book, McCormick recounts his experience of being a war correspondent in Cantigny and how it shaped his view of a free press. 19. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. With the Russian Army: Being the Experiences of a National Guardsman. New York: Macmillan, In this book, McCormick explains how his experiences in Cantigny affected his outlook on a free press in America. This resource helped me understand where McCormick s ideals for a free press stemmed from. 20. McCormick, Robert Rutherford. What Is a Newspaper? Chicago: Chicago Tribune, Public Service Bureau, McCormick went to court a multitude of times to protect the rights of a free press. In What Is A Newspaper? McCormick justifies his

5 reasoning for supporting certain court cases and how the outcome of the cases affected the rights and responsibilities of the new press. 21. The People vs. the Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL: Union for Democratic Action, As Robert Smith, a biographer on McCormick, noted, McCormick needed enemies like a man needed friends. McCormick, an extreme Republican, sought enemies in the Democratic Party, who in turn, published material explaining why McCormick was a bad influence. This pamphlet made me realize the controversial subjects McCormick was involved in, and how his actions in dealing with these subjects shaped the American First Amendment rights. 22. "Valiant Free Press Necessary for Public Weal." Journal [East St. Louis, IL] 19 Oct. 1921: n. pag. This newspaper article speculates the effect McCormick s victory in Near vs. Minnesota will have on future generations of newspaper companies. This resource helped me realize the profound effect McCormick had on developing the rights of a free press. 23. What American Editors Said about the Ten Million Dollar Libel Suit: Editorial Comment in American Press on the Lawsuit in the Name of the City of Chicago against the Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL: Chicago Tribune, This book, a compilation of journal articles in reaction to McCormick s victory in the City of Chicago vs. The Chicago Tribune, explains how the court decision would affect the outcome cases dealing with libel against a city. In fact, many of the speculations made by the Chicago Tribune in this book actually appeared in succeeding court cases dealing with libel. Secondary Sources 24. Edwards, Jerome E. The Foreign Policy of Col. McCormick's Tribune: Reno (Nevada): University of Nevada, The Foreign Policy of Col. McCormick's Tribune: reflects on the effects of McCormick court case victories, including absolute freedom of press and a check upon government. This resource helped

6 me develop my Responsibilities webpage and also supplied me with useful quotes for other webpages. 25. Waldrop, Frank C. McCormick of Chicago; an Unconventional Portrait of a Controversial Figure. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, In McCormick of Chicago, Waldrop provides a different look into McCormick s life and legacy, analyzing small events in McCormick s life that left a large impact on his ideals in First Amendment rights and the rights of a free press. I used two pictures from this book on my website and also incorporated quotes from the chapters into different webpages. 26. "Colonel Robert R. McCormick." First Division Museum at Cantigny. The Robert R. McCormick Foundation, n.d. Web. 10 Mar < This website provided me with information on McCormick s military background, including his experience as a war correspondent in Cantigny, France. This website is credible because it was published by the McCormick Foundation. 27. "Chicago Children's Choir." Chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune Company, Web. 1 Mar < I used a picture of the Chicago Children s Choir, found on this site, on the Legacy page of my website. 28. "General Museum Photos." Welcome to The Museum of Science and Industry. Museum of Science and Industry, n.d. Web. 12 Feb < I used a picture of the Submarine Exhibit at the Museum of Science and Industry, found on this site, on the Legacy page of my website. 29. Gies, Joseph. The Colonel of Chicago. New York: Dutton, In The Colonel of Chicago, Gies provides an overview of McCormick s life, including his family s influence on journalism in the 1800s and 1900s, his childhood, and his impact on the Chicago

7 Tribune. The book helped me better understand McCormick s goals for the Tribune and First Amendment rights. 30. Gray, Susan. "Near v Minnesota." Near vs. Minnesota- The First Great Press Case. Public Radio Exchange. Minnesota, n.d. Radio. Near v. Minnesota McCormick strived to block the government from using prior restraint- the principle in question in the Near vs. Minnesota case- on newspapers by utilizing the Tribune s vast resources. I learned about how McCormick s contribution helped influence the outcome of the trial. I also used a multitude of audio clips from this audio file in my website. 31. Gray, Susan. "MinneCulture." Near v Minnesota: How a Local Rag Ignited a First Amendment Firestorm. KFAI. Minnesota, n.d. Radio. This audio file explained the Minnesota gag law and its effect on local publishers and newspapers. It also provided an overview explanation of the Near vs. Minnesota court case, which was a monumental court case for the freedom of the press. 32. "History and Mission." Home. The McCormick Foundation, n.d. Web. 10 Mar < This website provided an overview of McCormick s life and military honors. I used a couple of pictures of Robert McCormick in the military and his Cantigny estate on my website. This site is credible because it was published by the McCormick Foundation. 33. "Interview with Shawn Healy, First Amendment Expert and Civil Learning and Engagement Scholar at the McCormick Foundation." Telephone interview. 15 May This interview with First Amendment Expert Shawn Healy touched upon many aspects of my project, including the Jay Near vs. Minnesota case, the responsibilities of a free press, the background of a free press during McCormick s time, and the First Amendment. It helped me better understand how Robert McCormick envisioned the First Amendment and sought to redefine the element of a free press. A multitude of audio clips from this interview can be found on various pages throughout my website.

8 34. Landmark Supreme Court Cases and the Constitution: Near v. Minnesota (1931). Arlington, VA: Bill of Rights Institute, PDF. In Landmark Supreme Court Cases and the Constitution: Near v. Minnesota, the Bill of Rights Institute examines the effect of all three Robert McCormick court cases (Near vs. Minnesota, The City of Chicago vs. The Chicago Tribune, and Henry Ford vs. The Chicago Tribune) on the freedom of the press and First Amendment rights. 35. "McCormick Place - Chicago, Illinois." McCormick Place - Chicago, Illinois. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Jan < I used a picture of the McCormick Place, found on this site, on the Legacy tab of my website. 36. McKinney, Megan. The Magnificent Medills: America's Royal Family of Journalism during a Century of Turbulent Splendor. New York: HarperCollins, In The Magnificent Medills: America's Royal Family of Journalism during a Century of Turbulent Splendor, McKinney provides in-depth information on Robert McCormick s family, including his grandfather, Joseph Medill; his mother, Kate Medill; and his cousin, Cissy Patterson. This book helped me develop my Family tab on my website. 37. Morgan, Gwen, and Arthur Veysey. Poor Little Rich Boy (and How He Made Good). Carpentersville, IL: Crossroad Communications, Poor Little Rich Boy (and How He Made Good) is a biography on McCormick, including McCormick s advancements during his control of the Chicago Tribune, his influence on media empires around the United States, and his impact on First Amendment rights, specifically on the rights of a free press. I used a multitude of quotes and pictures from this book on various tabs on my website. 38. "Near v. State of Minnesota." FindLaw Cases and Codes. Thompson Reuters, n.d. Web. 25 Feb < &invol=697>.

9 This webpage gives legal text and quotes from the Near vs. Minnesota trial. I used the quotes to built my Near vs. Minnesota tab and my Rights tab. This source is credible because it is published by an educational organization. 39. "NEAR v. MINNESOTA EX REL. OLSON." Near v. Minnesota Ex Rel. Olson. Chicago Kent College of Law, n.d. Web. 3 Mar < This webpage provides the legal records and results of the Near vs. Minnesota trial. I used quotes from the page to develop my Near vs. Minnesota tab and to strengthen my thesis statement. This source is reliable because it was published by Chicago Kent College of Law. 40. "Pentagon Papers." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 02 Mar < This website provided in-depth information on the Pentagon Papers case. I learned how a newspaper s First Amendment rights applied to this case and helped inform the public of the government s lies and exaggerations. 41. "Public Building Commission of Chicago McCormick Tribune Ice Skating Rink." Public Building Commission of Chicago McCormick Tribune Ice Skating Rink. Public Building Commission of Chicago, n.d. Web. 22 Feb < =LMP-01>. I used a picture of the McCormick Tribune Foundation Skating Rink, found on this site, on my website s Legacy tab. 42. Robert R. McCormick: A Celebration of His Life and Legacy. Chicago: McCormick Tribune Foundation, This book provides a complete description of Robert McCormick s early life and upbringing, early life influences, control of the Chicago Tribune media empire, and court cases. I used many of the pictures found in this book on my website. 43. Smith, Richard N. Book Discussion on Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick. C-SPAN. Chicago, Illinois, 16 June C-SPAN.

10 National Cable Satellite Corporation, 16 June Web. 14 Feb < This video, an interview with Richard Norton Smith, a McCormick biographer, provides insight on McCormick s impact on First Amendment rights and the responsibilities of a free press. I used a multitude of video clips from this video file on my website. 44. Smith, Richard Norton. The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick, , a biography on Robert McCormick, provided in-depth information on McCormick s family, upbringing, control of the Chicago Tribune, court cases, significance, and legacy. I used many quotes and pictures from this book on various webpages. 45. Wendt, Lloyd. Chicago Tribune: the Rise of a Great American Newspaper. Chicago: Rand McNally, In Chicago Tribune: The Rise of Great American Newspaper, Wendt explains how the Chicago Tribune grew from a newspaper with a small circulation to one of the largest newspaper companies in the country under the control of Col. McCormick. It also explains how McCormick permanently influenced the rights and responsibilities of the Chicago Tribune and the press in general. 46. Zell, Sam. "Chicago Tonight." From the Vault The Story of Colonel Robert R. McCormick. WTTW. Chicago, Illinois, n.d. Television. This documentary on Col. McCormick s life gave me an overview of his life and legacy and also provided me with a multitude of useful video clips for my website.