DM-Ice A Direct Dark Matter Search at the South Pole

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1 DM-Ice A Direct Dark Matter Search at the South Pole Karsten Heeger University of Wisconsin on behalf of the DM-Ice Collaboration Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011 Alpha Spectra, Grand Junction, Oct 10, 2011

2 Elementary Particles in the Universe Neutrinos and photons are the most abundant particles in the Universe. 330 neutrinos per cm 3. There are 0.3GeV/cm 3 of galactic Dark Matter. We pass through this matter at 220km/s. Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

3 Dark Matter in Galactic Halo Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

4 Why Study Dark Matter? Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

Heavy Elements: 0.03% Ghostly Neutrinos: ~0.3% mν 0.0006 < Ω ν < 0.015 Matter in the Universe Stars: 0.

5 Heavy Elements: 0.03% Ghostly Neutrinos: ~0.3% mν < Ω ν < Matter in the Universe Stars: 0.5% Free Hydrogen and Helium: 4% Dark Energy: 70% Dark Matter: 25% Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

6 Going to the South Pole Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

7 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

8 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station runway runway IceCube Control Lab South Pole Station IceCube IceCube South Pole South Pole South Pole with IceCube Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011 AMANDA

9 Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station runway IceCube South Pole AMANDA South Pole with IceCube our laboratory Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

10 Dark Matter Annual Modulation Search at South Pole Annual Modulation Signal Phase of the dark matter modulation is the same. Opposite seasonal modulation, e.g. muon rate (max in December). Overburden with clean, radiopure ice (> 2500 m.w.e.) Many sources of backgrounds either non-existent or different from other underground sites. Clean ice Very little uranium/thorium. No radon. Ice is a great neutron moderator. Ice as an insulator No temperature modulation. Existing infrastructure - NSF-run Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station - Ice drilling down to 2500 m developed by IceCube - Muon rates well understood by IceCube/DeepCore - Infrastructure for construction, signal readout, and remote operation Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

Starting a Dark Matter Experiment at the Pole Window

2010 Currently infrastructure and drill for deep

Challenges Extreme environment Detector will be

.. NaI and CsI detectors have been launched into

11 Starting a Dark Matter Experiment at the Pole Window of Opportunity IceCube construction finished in Dec Currently infrastructure and drill for deep deployment of instrumentation at South Pole Challenges Extreme environment Detector will be inaccessible once deployed. But... NaI and CsI detectors have been launched into space (e.g. EGRET, Fermi LAT) Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

12 NaI(Tl) Detector Backgrounds Likely to be limited by intrinsic backgrounds in NaI crystals Growing NaI(Tl) crystals: know how to remove U/Th, but K is difficult. simulated backgrounds from intrinsic contamination in DAMA crystals Simulated background spectrum from intrinsic contamination in DAMA crystals simulated activity in NaI crystals from radioactivity in ice Journal of Physics: Conference Series 203 (2010) TAUP2009 Kudryavtsev, Robinson, & Spooner Kudryatsev et al. Kudryatsev et al. Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

13 DM-Ice: A Dark Matter Experiment at the Pole First step: A 17 kg Prototype IceCube lab Detectors Two 8.5 kg NaI detectors from NAIAD 50m IceCube In-Ice array 80 strings each with 60 DOMs Goals Assess the feasibility of deploying NaI(Tl) crystals in the Antarctic Ice for a dark matter detector 1450m AMANDA-II array (IceCube pre-cursor) Establish the radiopurity of the antarctic ice / hole ice Explore the capability of IceCube to veto muons Installed Dec m 2820m bedrock DeepCore 6 strings each with 60 high quantum efficiency DOMs; optimized for low energies Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

5 kg) quartz light guides (2) 35 m extension cable DOM 60 PTFE light reflectors (2) 7 m

14 DM-Ice 17kg Prototype 36 cm (14 ) DOM 59 2 IceCube mainboards + HV control boards ~1.0 m 5 ETL PMTs from NAIAD (2) NAIAD NaI Crystal (8.5 kg) quartz light guides (2) 35 m extension cable DOM 60 PTFE light reflectors (2) 7 m Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011 attached to end of IceCube strings DM-Ice

15 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

16 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

17 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

18 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

19 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

20 IceCube Counting Laboratory (ICL) Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

21 Text DM-Ice 250kg Conceptual Design and Plans Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

DM-Ice Concept Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 250kg NaI Detector Array Deep in the Ice runway IceCube local muon veto in ice South Pole South Pole with IceCube

22 DM-Ice Concept Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station 250kg NaI Detector Array Deep in the Ice runway IceCube local muon veto in ice South Pole South Pole with IceCube IceCube AMANDA ~250 kg NaI detector array in pressure vessel ~2500m local muon veto in ice Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011 arxiv:

DM-Ice Concept ~ 2500 m deep in the ice Local muon

center of IceCube for additional veto ~150 cm x2 or

23 DM-Ice Concept ~ 2500 m deep in the ice Local muon veto Stainless steel pressure vessel Copper shielding if needed Electronics & pulse digitization in the vessel Location: near the center of IceCube for additional veto ~150 cm x2 or 3 ~65 cm Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

DM-Ice Concept Design Concept Large pressure vessel portable detector, hermetically

) deployment segmented crystals with ~200-250 kg mass per pressure vessel 1500 kg total

Developing drilling and deployment plan for 2013/14 season R&D on low background

24 DM-Ice Concept Design Concept Large pressure vessel portable detector, hermetically sealed for in-ice (water?) deployment segmented crystals with ~ kg mass per pressure vessel 1500 kg total including pressure vessel 2 detectors to mitigate deployment risk Current Activities Developing drilling and deployment plan for 2013/14 season R&D on low background crystals Designing pressure vessels Investigating low background PMTs Customizing electronics x2 or 3 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

DM-Ice: A Dark Matter Experiment at the Pole Summary&Conclusions We have an opportunity for a unique annual modulation experiment in Southern Hemisphere.

25 DM-Ice: A Dark Matter Experiment at the Pole Summary&Conclusions We have an opportunity for a unique annual modulation experiment in Southern Hemisphere. Backgrounds and systematics very different from any other underground location. Two prototype NaI(Tl) detectors (17kg) installed and operating in the South Pole ice since Dec 2010 Full-scale (250kg) experiment currently under design. An unambiguous discovery of DM requires signal in multiple experiments with different targets. South Pole South Pole with IceCube Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station runway IceCube AMANDA see arxiv: Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

DM-Ice Collaboration University of Wisconsin

Karle, Reina Maruyama, Walter Pettus, Antonia

Sheffield Neil Spooner, Vitaly Kudryavtsev, Dan

Alberta Darren Grant University of Stockholm

Sanshiro Enomoto, Jarek Kasper, Andreas Knecht,

26 DM-Ice Collaboration University of Wisconsin Madison Francis Halzen, Karsten Heeger, Albrecht Karle, Reina Maruyama, Walter Pettus, Antonia Hubbard, Bethany Reilly, Moriah Tobin University of Sheffield Neil Spooner, Vitaly Kudryavtsev, Dan Walker, Sean Paling, Matt Robinson University of Alberta Darren Grant University of Stockholm Seon-Hee Seo University of Washington Seattle Sanshiro Enomoto, Jarek Kasper, Andreas Knecht, Michael Miller DigiPen Charles Duba, Eric Mohrmann Special thanks to the IceCube team! Penn State Doug Cowen Fermilab Lauren Hsu Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin Alpha Spectra, October 10, 2011

27 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009

DM-Ice A Direct Dark Matter Search at the South Pole

DM-Ice A Direct Dark Matter Search at the South Pole Karsten Heeger University of Wisconsin on behalf of the DM-Ice Collaboration TIPP2011, June 10, 2011 Techniques for Detecting Dark Matter Indirect detection