Chapter Russia and Central Europe

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1 Chapter Russia and Central Europe

2 Natural Environments Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus cover 12% of the world s land area. Russia is the world s largest country. The Siberian rivers (Ob, Yenisey, and Lena) flow northward toward the Artic circle. humid continental, sub artic, and tundra climates. The south is the taiga, a forest of mainly evergreen trees that covers half of Russia. Siberian winters have reached -90 degrees F.

3 Winter in Siberia

4 History and Culture 800 s AD = Scandinavian traders called Rus (this is where Russia got it name) 1100 s AD = Russia became predominately Eastern or Orthodox Christian AD = Mongols invaded (but life went on the same.) 1400 s AD = the Czars (Kings) took control of from Mongols. Cossacks, (Ruthless group) played an important role in eastward expansion s AD = industrialization (remained largely a country of peasant farmers.)

5 Russian Cossack

6 History and Culture In 1917, Bolsheviks overthrew the government, (Russian Revolution.) Czar Nicolas II and his family were killed. Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin. Wanted to remake Russia using the ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx. (Marxism) Russian empire was renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). It had become a communist state.

7 Czar Nicolas and his Family Rasputin

8 Karl Marx

9 Street demonstration just after troops of the Provisional Government have opened fire with machine guns. 1917

10 The storming of the Czars Winter Palace

11 History and Culture The Soviet Union was a totalitarian state After Lenin s death Joseph Stalin took over. His brutal rule lasted until The government ran large state farms, but million of peasants died of starvation during the forced change.

12 Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin

13 History and Culture Personal freedoms restricted in Communism: Worship (believed it lessen state loyalty.) Press (Gov controlled what people read) Speech (Gov controlled what was said) Assembly (Gov controlled who got together.) Disagreement = jail or worse. Millions disappeared in labor camps called gulags.

14 History and Culture Cold War = the arms race and competition that occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. Iron Curtain = boundary between East and West Europe after World War II

15 History and Culture The Soviet Union collapsed in Life changed quickly for the people there. People can vote, worship more freely, and receive outside news more readily.

16 Church of the Resurrection

17 St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow

18 The Kremlin, Moscow

19 The Region Today Russia = 60 different Ethnic groups. 85% are Slavic and speak Slavic languages. 95% of Ukrainians and 98% of Belarusians are Slavic. 25% of Russia lies in Europe, but 85% of the population lives there. Moscow is the capital of Russia (9 million people) Eastern Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion.

20 The Region Today St. Petersburg, Russia represents the countries desire for western ideas. Heavy industry = Volga and Ural Mountains Siberia has contains many natural resources, but accessing these resources is difficult. Siberia contains the world s longest railway (5,800 miles)

21 Trans-Siberian Railroad

22 The Region Today Kiev = capital of the Ukraine (10% of the Ukraine population lives there.) Minsk = capital of Belarus (the country has few mineral resources and generally poor soil.) Much of the country is in need of repair since the fall of the USSR.

23 Problems in the Region Pollution has become a huge problem from actions of USSR. Tensions between those who want to return to Communism and those who want Demacracy.

24 Chernobyl Disaster In 1986 a disastrous nuclear accident happened at the power plant in Chernobyl, north of Kiev. It spread as far away as Sweden and France. The city is still abandoned to this day, and people will not be able to return for many years to come.

25 Arial photo of Chernobyl plant in 1986, after explosion

26 Central Asia The central Asian countries are: Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan

27 Central Asia All five countries are landlocked. Has all known landforms (below sea level to mountains) arid and semiarid climates. Water is a precious resource Formerly part of the Silk Road

28 Central Asia Sometimes called Turkistan. Nomadic culture Former Soviet Union

29 Central Asian Issues and challenges poor with few opportunities to improve their lives. Ethnic conflict threatens the region.

30 Central Asian Environmental Issues Former soviet nuclear and biological testing contaminated many areas. 1.5 million people. Uranium mining has also contaminated areas.

31 Central Asia s Future Kazakhstan is home to one of the largest oil fields in the world (13 billion barrels). BUT dependent on Russia for transport.

32 Kazakhstan

33 Nomads in Kazakhstan

34 Uzbekistan cotton farm

35 Bukhara, Uzbekistan

36 Uzbekistan

37 Turkmen with typical headgear

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