Armistice Russian Peace Paris Treaty Versailles

Transcription

1 Armistice Russian Peace Paris Treaty Versailles

2 Initial Policies After the revolution support for the Bolsheviks was cool at best It was the decree which declared all land now belonged to the government Peasant committees had the right to declare that land as theirs to be used for the betterment of the party Changes: No peasant could work for hire Committees of the poor supervised the allocation of land Workers committees shared factory management Salary was based upon work done All social titles were gone Military ranks were abolished

3 People s tribunals Workers courts Replaced tsarist courts police Church and State separated Equality of sexes was decreed Divorce by mutual consent Alphabet reformed Gregorian calendar adopted Railroads, banks, shipping were nationalized Foreign trade State monopoly Russian debts repudiated

4 Nationalities of Russia declared equal Granted right of secession Finland separated from Russian in Dec 1917 Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Declared independence Bolsheviks didn t let them leave New reign of Terror Cheka Secret Police Vicious Citizens sat on Committees and tribunals let personal anger and vendetta guide committee and tribunal business Government regular business is undermined

5 Russia asked for a way out of war Asked for peace without any annexations War with Germany ended in Mar 1918 Trotsky attempts to negotiate a peace in Feb 1918 Not successful Germany: No peace; No War Russia would stop fighting Germany would stop advance to within 100 miles of Petrograd

6 March 1918 Decision by Lenin Accepted Treaty of Brest Litovsk Russia surrendered more than 1million square miles of land 1/3 of all arable land 1/3 of all factories ¾ of all its deposits of iron and coal Independence to Finland, Georgia, Ukraine German owning Russian Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia Ceded parts of Transcausasia to the Ottoman Empire

7 Territory lost to Germany March 1918 Map also shows the eventual Armistice line in December 1917

8 Treaty exposed problems with the revolution Discontent among non-russian nationalities New constitution declaring a Russian Federation Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) Russia extended through Siberia Power rested with the local Soviets Organized by occupation Elected by vote of all men and women except clergy They were declared as bourgeois nontoilers Thus not valued Every soviet elected delegates to a congress of soviets of their region or canton

9 Every congress sent delegates to a congress Continued up the ladder to real power Central Committee elected the smaller Politburo Ruling power Lenin was the dominant figure in both Civil War Bolsheviks Surrounded by enemies Allied troops occupied Murmansk, Archangel and Vladivostok Prevent war stocks from reaching the Germans

10 From day 1 resistance to the Bolsheviks were in trouble In addition to the allies There were a large group of opponents lined up against them The largest is the Csarists Others such as the Cossaks Pro-monarchists Liberals Just plain middle-class citizens who realized the threat that Lenin posed

11 Czech brigade was given permission to take Soviet rail to Vladivostok on the Pacific 30,000 men to move from the Eastern front to the Western around the world On rail journey Clashes with Hungarian prisoners and Germans Fighting spread to each of the rail stations Anti-Bolsheviks Russians joined the Czechs Captured one Rail Station after another Allied Leaders decided to try to support the civil war effort Ordered Czechs back along the rail line to join up with anti- Soviet factions

12 Trotsky began to organize the new Army Opposition are much better organized Kornilov, general in charge of the Tsarist army Leads a Cossack army against Trotsky Very vicious successful army Kornilov was known as anti- Bolsheviks From the Feb Revolution. He supported Kerensky against Lenin. He waited until he had a chance to Fight back against the Bolsheviks

13 Ttotsky was having trouble getting his military organized Across Russia everyone was protesting Food riots Battles over land Workers fighting workers for positions Ethnic hatred added to this growing violence through out Russia

14 Economy near collapse Lenin declares War Communism Means that attempt to gain control of the country Program to extract from the country enough men and supplies to fight the civil war Propaganda, repression, and terror Lenin s leadership Military talent of Trotsky Eventually will win Hard fought war Well over 5,000,000 casuality

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16 Mid 1919 armies attacking the Communists One from the Ural Mountains towards Moscow Another from Kiev in August reached within 300 miles of Moscow 3 rd from Petrograd Though weakened by conflicting agendas No popular supports Eventually became nothing more than raiding marauders By end of 1919 general retreat Withdrew to the Crimea Early 1920 Fought on till November 1920 Evacuated remaining soldiers

17 Communists had to fight against Poland Allied commission determined Russo-Polish border Poland wanted the 1772 borders Commission gave them territory Poles were majority West of new border Rejecting Russian offer of compromise Polish sent an army to Ukraine in March 1920 In August the Red army was sent against the Poles Attack threatened Warsaw Counterattack successful gained enough territory in Ukraine and White Russia

18 Treaty in 1921 ended the war with Poland gaining territory the in the Ukraine The Western border settled Southern border now a problem Armenia Georgia into the Soviet federation Kars and Ardahan to Turkey Eastern Border: Fighting continued in Asia 1922 Japan withdrew from Eastern Siberia Siberia was under Soviet control

19 Regimentation, Bloodshed were means of survival Communist party became more powerful as the war progressed 10 s of millions of Russian Dead Millions in exile Economy dragged to a halt Manufacturing in 1920 was less than 1913 Black Market flourished Through the Black Market the only goods into the cities Lenin s response New Economic Program (NEP)

20 Major turning point in developing the new Russia Departure of Marxist theory NEP Peasants were no longer subject to tax Business with less than 20 employees could run it as a private enterprise Nationalized industries could be leased to foreigners Financial reforms method to stabilize the currency Recover was slow millions died of famine Aid from the US American Relief Administration

21 NEP helped greatly Reaffirmation of Communist determination Social institutions were used to stabilize society Trade Unions, Newspapers, Public media taught efficiency and pride in class Schools were an extension of System Curriculum stressed official doctrine Workers children were favored for admission No rote memorization Women worked out of the home Though they tried to shed the idea of elitism it followed into the Communist Regime

22 Ruling class. Well Ruled! Bureaucracy created to follow the original hierarchy Massive bureaucracy Every aspect of life Factories, centers of education for adults Youth organizations Propagandizing and encouraging the Greatness in Communism 1922 cultural activities were placed under the Ministry of Education Western style of artist movement were encouraged Politically by 1924 Lenin s death most countries recognized USSR Only the US did not

23 Mussolini Corporate State

24 Il Duce Propaganda machine creating an optimistic view of authoritarian regime Not necessarily bad. With the economic world in the tank by 1931 Italians had something to be proud of Loyalty was the key to his control Early on he had outlawed all opposition parties He purged the civil service first then the judiciary Italian press was in his pocket (video) 1931 every professor at university had to sign a loyalty oath Only 11 refused and were disappeared Most people frightened into silence

25 Communist went underground or to France Between the military, secret police and the being scared of their neighbors to telling tribunals Opposition disappears New process for allowing the people who were out of the political process prior to Mussolini to become power Associations Teachers, firefighters, workers, student All working for Mussolini Youth organizations based upon the American Boy s Scouts Starting at age4 Even regular people replaced handshakes with the Roman salute of an extended right arm

26 Most important part of Fascism Institutionalizing ideology Every sector of the state was divided into a huge confederation or corporation Every confederation was an extension of the worker in a particular industry Farming, manufacturing, vintners, etc. These corporations established industry-wide policy Wage scales and by 1926 system to outlaw strikes, lockouts, and unions 1934: 22 Corporations

27 Il Duce president of everyone of those corporations Appointed every one of the corporate leaders to run the corporation Over all a National Council of Corporations. Mussolini destroyed all the good tried by the Council by ruling by decree Never really impacted all of Italy as originally designed Opposition was tolerated by Mussolini but only from a- far.

28 Accommodations with the Vatican Anti-clerical even atheistic Mussolini knew he had to gain the trust of the most powerful organization in Italy the Roman Catholic Church Allowed religion to be taught in every classroom in all public schools Raised money for repair of the churches of Italy Specifically Rome 1929 Lateran Treaty was signed Ended 60+ years of conflict between a new independent Italy and the Roman Catholic Church

29 Gave the Church, Vatican City as an independent state Guaranteed marriage laws to coincide with Church laws Promised to restrict Protestant activity in Italy Determined indemnity to paid to the Church for losses during Unification Publically from outside of Italy Mussolini had an ally of the RCC Special favor with Pope Pius XI Who greatly disliked Mussolini 1931 letter read at every Church in the world stated that conflict remained between Church and Fascism Helped give Mussolini respect